Class 7

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants

HBSE 7th Class Science Nutrition in Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do organisms need to take food?
Answer:
Food is needed by all living organisms for four main purposes:
(i) An important function of food is to help a living organism to grow, if enough food is not given or it is not of the right kind, growth will not be sufficient or healthy.
(ii) Second important function of food is to provide energy. We need energy for doing physical work. We use more energy when we run than when we walk and less energy when we sleep. Energy is given by hidden materials present in our food.
(iii) Food is also needed by living beings for replacement and repairing their damaged body parts.
(iv) Food gives us resistance against diseases and protects us from infections.

Question 2.
Distinguish between a parasite and a saprotroph.
Answer:
Parasite:
The mode of nutrition in organisms which derive their food from the body of some other living organism is called parasite nutrition. Such organism are called parasite. Examples of parasites are Tapeworm, Roundworm, Malarial parasite, Cuscutta, Puccinia (a fungus) etc.

Saprotroph:
The mode of nutrition in organisms which derive their food from the dead and decaying organic matter is called saprotroph nutrition and such organisms are called saprotroph. Examples of saprotrophs’^ire Mushrooms, Yeast and Bacteria.

Question 3.
How would you test the presence of starch in leaves?
Answer:
Starch Test:
(i) Take the green leaf to be tested.
(ii) Boil it in water for 5 minutes.
(iii) Keep it in the 60% angle amyle alcohol at 60°C till it becomes colourless.
(iv) Take the colourless leaf out from alcohol and wash it with cold water.
(v)Pour few drops of dilute Iodine solution on the leaf. The leaf becomes very blue with the solution which proves the presence of starch in the leaf.

Question 4.
Give a brief description of the process of synthesis of food in green plants.
Answer:
The process by which the green plants synthesize their own food in the presence of Sunlight and chlorophyll by taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil is known as photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis can be summarised as given below:

Green plants require four things to prepare their own food. These are:
1. Carbon dioxide, absorbed from the atmosphere through stomata present on the leaf surface.
2. Water, absorbed from the soil, through the root system.
3. Chlorophyll, present in the leaf.
4. Light, coming from the sun.
During photosynthesis, food is synthesized.
Oxygen is released in the process.

Question 5.
Show with the help of a sketch that the plants are the ultimate source of food.
Answer:

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Green plants are called ………….. since they synthesise their own food.
(b) The food synthesised by the plants isstared as …………… .
(c) In photosynthesis solar energy is captured by the pigment called …………… .
(d) During photosynthesis plants take in ………. and release ……………. .
Answer:
(a) autotrophs
(b) solar enetgy
(c) chlorophyll
(d) carbon dioxide, oxygen.

Question 7.
Name the following:
(i) A parasite plant with yellow, slender, tubular stem.
(ii) A plant that has both* autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
(iii) The pores through which leaves exchange gases.
Answer:
(i) Cuscuta (Amarbet)
(ii) Pitcher plant
(iii) Stomata

Question 8.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) Amarbel is an example of:
(i) Autotroph
(ii) Parasite
(iii) Saprotroph
(iv) Host.
Answer:
(iii) Parasite.

(b) The plant which traps arid feeds on insects is:
(i) Cuscuta
(ii) China rose
(iii) Pitcher plant
(iv) Rose.
Answer:
(iii) Pitcher plant.

Question 9.
Match the items given in column I with those in Column II:

Answer:

Question 10.
Mark ‘T’ if two Statement is true and ‘F’ if it is False.
(i) Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis.
(ii) Plants which synthesise their food themselves are called saprotrophs.
(iii) The product of photosynthesis is not a protein.
(iv) Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Answer:
(i) False
(ii) False
(iii) False
(iv) True.

Question 11.
Choose the correct option from the following:
Which part of the plant gets carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis?
(i) Root hair
(ii) Stomata
(iii) Leaf veins
(iv) Sepals.
Answer:
(ii) Stomata.

Question 12.
Choose the correct option from the; following:
Plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere mainly through their:
(i) Roots
(ii) Stem
(iii) Flowers
(iv) Leaves.
Answer:
(iv) Leaves.

Extended Learning – Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Project
Take a potted plant with broad leaves. Take a strip of black paper and cut out a small square in its centre. Cover a part of a leaf with this paper
and secure it the occurrence of photosynthesis

with paper clips. Keep the plant in the sunlight for 2-5 days. Observe the difference in the colour of the covered and the uncovered portions on the leaf. Perform iodine test on leaf. Did the two parts show any difference in results? Remove the strip and expose the covered part to the sunlight for 2-3 days and do the iodine test again. Describe your observations.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 2.
Visit a green house if there is one near your place. Observe how they raise plants. Find out how they regulate the light, water and carbon dioxide.
Answer:
Do yourself. Take the help of your teacher.

Question 3.
Try growing a sweet potato just in water. Describe your experiment and observations.
Answer:
Do yourself. Take the help of your teacher.

HBSE 7th Class Science Nutrition in Plants Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do all living organisms need food?
Answer:
All living organisms need food for getting energy for doing physical work.

Question 2.
Define the term Nutrition.
Answer:
The process of taking or consuming and utilising food is called nutrition.

Question 3.
Define Photosynthesis?
Answer:
The process by which the green plants prepare food using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll and light is called photosynthesis.

Question 4.
Mention the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis.
Answer:
The leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll. It helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight. Without chlorophyll, photosynthesis will not tajte place.

Question 5.
Plants make food from water and carbon dioxide. What else is needed?
Answer:
Chlorophyll and sunlight are also needed to the plant for photosynthesis.

Question 6.
What would happen if there are no green plants on the earth?
Answer:
In the absence of green plants there will not be any living being.

Question 7.
What is the purpose of starch test?
Answer:
The confirmation of the presence of starch in the green plants also confirms that photosynthesis has taken place in the plant.

Question 8.
Name three Carnivorous animals.
Answer:
(a) Lion
(b) Tiger
(c) Leopard.

Question 9.
Name three Omnivorous animals.
Answer:
(a) Dog
(b) Cat
(c) Crow.

Question 10.
Name three Herbivorous animals.
Answer:
(a) Rabbit
(b) Deer
(c) Cow.

Question 11.
Name two Insectivorous plants.
Answer:
(a) Aldrovenda
(b) Sundew.

Question 12.
Write chemical reaction that takes place during photosynthesis.
Answer:

Question 13.
Which are the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Answer:
The process of photosynthesis requires four raw materials:
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Water,
3. Chlorophyll
4, Light.

Question 14.
Why are green plants called autotrophs?
Answer:
Green plants can prepare their own food using inorganic substances from the environment. Hence they are called autotrophs.

Question 15.
What are heterotrophs?
Answer:
Human beings and other animals depend on plants for food. They cannot make their own food. They are called the heterotrophs.

Question 16.
What is the mode of nutrition in plants different from that of the animals?
Answer:
In plants the nutrition is autotrophic type in which anabolism takes place. While in animal, they are heterotrophs where catabolism takes place.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
‘All animals depend upon plants for food’. Justify the statement.
Answer:
Green parts of the plants have the ability to prepare their own food which is stored in their various parts. All the animals do not have such property. So they depend on plants for their food directly or indirectly.

Question 2.
Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
Answer:

Question 3.
Differentiate between carnivores, Herbivores and Omnivores.
Answer:
Carnivores: Animals like lion, tiger, snake and leopard that depend on other animals for their food are called carnivores.
Herbivores: Animals like cow, goat, horse, sheep, deer and elephant that depend on plants for their food are called herbivores.
Omnivores: Omnivores are those which depend on both plants and animals for food, e.g. man, pig, hen, bear, crow etc.

Question 4.
Differentiate between saprophytes and epiphytes.
Answer:
Saprophytes: These are the organisms that depend upon dead and decaying matter for food e.g., Monotropa (a bacteria) etc. These grow during or after the rainy season.
Epiphytes: These grow on the trees but only for support. They possess green leaves and can prepare their own food by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. They have special roots called the aerial roots for this purpose e.g. orchids.

Question 5.
What do you understand by parasite, saprophyte and symbiosis? Give one example for each.
Answer:
Parasites: Such living organisms are those which depend on other living beings for their food. They may also depend on host not only for food but also for shelter too. e.g., Lice, Leech, Bed bug.
Saprophytes: Such organisms are those which take the dead and decayed organic substances in the form of their food e.g., kite.
Symbiosis: It is the phenomenon in which two plants live together in such a way that both are beneficial for each other, e.g., Rhizobium bacteria live in the nodules of Leguminous plants.

Question 6.
Some plants are both parasite and saprophyte. Explain with examples.
Answer:
There are some plants which survive like parasite as well as saprophyte. For example, Lichen. In lichen algae which is green in colour and lives on the upper side of the plant in the sun and prepares its own food during photosynthesis. The lower part of lichen in fungus which is saprophyte in nature. Both live together in it.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe an experiment to prove that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
Answer:
1. Pluck one or two leaves from Croton and Coleus plant in the evening so that they have synthesised starch.
2. Make an outline sketch of the leaf to mark green and non-green areas of the leaf.
3. Boil the leaf in alcohol over a water bath till the chlorophyll and other pigments are washed out.

4. Now keep the leaf in a petridish and add sufficient amount of iodine solution over the leaf.
Only the green portion of the leaves turn blue-black showing the presence of starch in that region, As the green portion contained chlorophyll it could photosynthesise thereby forming starch. The non-green portion of the leaf does not have chlorophyll, which is essential for phtosynthesis.

Question 2.
Describe the factors affecting the process of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Factors affecting the process of Photosynthesis:
1. Light: It is essential for the process of photosynthesis. An increase in the intensity of light increases the rate of photosynthesis.
2. Carbon dioxide: It is the source of carbon for the synthesis of organic compounds formed in, the plant.
3. Water: It is also very important for the process of photosynthesis. Lack of water decreases the rate of photosynthesis.
4. Temperature: The optimum temperature required by most of the plants for photosynthesis is 350°C.
5. Chlorophyll: It is indispensable for the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis does not occur in the plants that lack chlorophyll.

Question 3.
Describe an experiment to prove that light is necessary for photosynthesis.
Answer:
1. Destarch the leaves of a potted plant by placing them in total darkness for about 24-48 hours.
2. Cover tightly one of the leaves with a leaf clasp or a strip of black paper on both the surface of the leaf. Use clips or cellotape to fix the black paper.
3. Put the experimental set up in sunlight for a few hours.

4. After that pluck the leaf that was covered with black paper or leaf clasp.
5. Test the leaf for the presence of starch by boiling it in alcohol over a water bath and then putting iodine solution over it.
The part of the leaf that was covered with black paper or leaf clasp did not get sunlight and thus no photosynthesis could occur in that region, hence, starch was not formed.
The part of the leaf that was exposed to sunlight could photosynthesise and so starch was formed in that region of leaf. This shows that light is essential for the process of photosynthesis.

Nutrition in Plants Class 7  HBSE Notes

1. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are components of food. These components of food are necessary for our body and are called nutrients.
2. Nutrition is the mode of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the body.
3. The mode of nutrition in which organisms make food themselves from simple substances is called autotrophic (auto = self; trophos = nourishment) nutrition. Green plants are autotrophs.
4. Animals and most other organisms take in ready-made food prepared by the plants. They are called heterotrophs (heteros = other).
5. (a) The process by which green plants prepare their own food is called photosynthesis.

(b) Photosynthesis can be summarized as follows:

(c) Photosynthesis takes place mostly in green leaves which contain green pigment, Chlorophyll inside Chloroplasts.
(d) Gaseous exchange in the leaves takes place through tiny pores called stomata
6. The mode of nutrition in organisms which derive their food from the dead and decaying organic matter is called saprophytic nutrition and such organisms are called
saprophytes.
7. The mode of nutrition in organisms which derive their food from the body of some other living organism is called parasitic nutrition. Such organisms are called parasites and other organism, from wlWh the food is derived by the parasite, is called the host.

8. In,sect,ivores are the green plants growing in marshy areas. They obtain their nutrition partly from the soil and atmosphere and partly from the insects, e.g,, pitcher plant, venus fly-trap, sundew plant and bladderwort.
9. Some organisms live together and share shelter and nutrients. This is called symbiotic relationship. For example, certain fungi live in the roots of trees. The tree provides nutrients to the fungus and, in return, receives help from it to take up water and nutrients from the soil. This association is very important for the tree.
10. In a lichen, algal and fungal partners live together and both are mutually beneficial. Algal component of a lichen is autotrophic. It provides food material to the fungal component in the lichen. In return, the fungus (heterotroph) provides shelter, water and minerals to the alga.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

HBSE 7th Class Science Respiration in Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why does an athlete breathe faster and deeper than the usual after finishing the race?
Answer:
During the race, the athlete has to run very fast. The demand for energy at that time increases, which increase the demand for more supply of oxygen, so, athelete has to breathe faster and deep to inhale moe oxygen.

Question 2.
List the similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration :

Similarities : (Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration produce energy and give out carbon dioxide.

Question 3.
Why do we often sneeze when we inhale, a lot of dust-laden air?
Answer:
We sneeze to get rid of the unwanted particles like dust etc from our body. It allows only clean and dust free air to enter our body.

Question 4.
Take three test tubes. Fill 3/4th of each tube with water. Label them A, B and C. Keep a snail in test tube A; a water plant in test tube B and in C, keep snail and plant both. Which test tube will have highest concentration of CO₂?
Answer:
There will be highest concentration of CO₂ in tube A.

Question 5.
Tick the correct answer :
(a) In cockroaches air enters the body through :
(i) Lungs
(ii) Gills
(iii) Spiracles
(iv) Skin
Answer:
(iii) Spiracles

(b) During heavy exercise, we get cramps in the legs due to the accumulation of :
(i) carbon dioxide
(ii) lactic acid
(iii) alcohol
(iv) water
Answer:
(ii) lactic acid

(c) Normal range of breathing rate per minute in an average adult person at rest is :
(i) 9-12
(ii) 15-18
(iii) 21-24
(iv) 30-33
Answer:
(ii) 15-18

(d) During exhalation, the ribs :
(i) move outwards
(ii) move downwards
(iii) move upwards
(iv) do not move at all
Answer:
(ii) move downwards.

Question 6.
Match the items in column I with those in column II.

Answer:
(a) (iii)
(b) (iv)
(c) (i)
(d) (v)
(e) (ii)
(f) (vi).

Question 7.
Make ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘f if it is false.
(i) During heavy exercise the breathing rate of a person slows down. (T/F)
(ii) Plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day and respiration only at night. (T/F)
(iii) Frogs breathe through their skins as well as their lungs. (T/F)
(iv) The fishes have lungs for respiration. (T/F)
(v) The size of the chest cavity increases during inhalation. (T/F)
Answer:
(i) False
(ii) False
(iii) True
(iv) False
(v) True.

Question 9.
Given below is a square of letters in which are hidden different words related to respiration in organisms. These words may be present in any direction – upwards, downwards, or along the diagonals. Find the words for your respiratory system. Clues about those words are given below the square.

(i) The air tubes of insects.
(ii) Skeletal structures surrounding chest cavity.
(iii) Muscular floor of chest cavity.
(iv) Tiny pores on the surface of leaf.
(v) Small openings on the sides of the body of an insect.
(vi) The respiratory organs of human beings.
(vii) The openings through which we inhale.
(viii) An anaerobic organism.
(ix) An organism with tracheal system.
Answer:
(i) Trachea
(ii) Ribs
(iii) Diaphragm
(iv) stomata
(v) spiracles
(vi) lungs
(vii) nostrils
(viii) yeast
(ix) ant.

Question 10.
The mountaineers carry oxygen with them because :
(a) At an altitude of more than 5 km there is no air.
(b) The amount of air available to a person is less than that available on the ground.
(c) The temperature of air is higher than that on the ground.
(d) The pressure of air is higher than that on the grow.
Answer:
(b) The amount of air available to a person is less than that available on the ground.

Extended Learning – Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Observe fish in an aquarium. You will find flap like structures on both sides of their heads. These are flaps which cover the gills. These flaps open and close alternately. On the basis of these observations, explain the process of respiration in the fish.
Answer:
Do yourself. Take help your teacher.

Question 2.
Visit a local doctor. Learn about the harmful effects of smoking. You can also collect material on this topic from other sources. You can seek help of your teacher or parents. Find out the percentage of people of your area w ho smoke. If you have a smoker in your family, confront him with the material that you have collected.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
Visit a doctor. Find out about artificial respiration. Ask the doctor:
(a) When does a person need artificial respiration?
(b) Does the person need to be kept on artificial respiration temporarily or permanently?
(c) From where can the person get supply of oxygen for artificial respiration?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Measure the breathing rate of the members of your family and some of your friends. Investigate :
(a) If the breathing rate of children is different from that of adults.
(b) If the breathing rate of males is different from that of females.
If there is a difference in any of these cases, try to find the reason.
Answer:
Do yourself.

HBSE 7th Class Science Respiration in Organisms Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is respiration?
Answer:
Respiration is a process of taking oxygen into the cells to break down simple food materials to release energy.

Question 2.
What is breathing?
Answer:
Breathing is inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.

Question 3.
Where does cellular respiration take place?
Answer:
Cellular respiration takes place inside the cells of the body.

Question 4.
What is aerobic respiration?
Answer:
Process of respiration taking place in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.

Question 5.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
Process of respiration without the presence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.

Question 6.
Does the process of anaerobic respiration take place in human body?
Answer:
Yes, during heavy physical activities, when supply of oxygen is not sufficient, anaerobic respiration takes place in the muscle cells.

Question 7.
What is diaphragm?
Answer:
Diaphragm is a large muscular sheet which forms the floor of the chest cavity.

Question 8.
Name the main respiratory organs in mammals.
Answer:
Lungs are the main respiratory organs in the mammals.

Question 9.
Name the main respiratory organs in insects.
Answer:
Spiracles and tracheae are the main respiratory organs in insects.

Question 10.
Name the respiratory organs in the fish.
Answer:
Gills are the respiratory organs in the fish.

Question 11.
How does earthworm respirate?
Answer:
Earthworm respires through its moist skin.

Question 12.
Where does exchange of gases take place in plants?
Answer:
In plants the exchange of gases takes place through tiny openings called stomata on the leaves.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between breathing and respiration.
Answer:
Breathing and respiration have following differences:

Question 2.
How does aerobic respiration takes place?
Answer:
In aerobic respiration oxygen is taken into the cells. The food is broken down into simple food materials and energy is released. Carbon dioxide and water is also released.
Gulcose \(\frac{\text { presence of }}{\text { Oxygen }}\) Carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 3.
What is breathing rate? How is it counted and what is the breathing rate in an adult at the position of rest?
Answer:
Breathing rate is the number of times a person breathes in a minute. To count the breathing rate, we have to count an inhalation and an exhalation as one. Breathing rate in an adult at rest is 15-18 times in a minute.

Question 4.
How is air pushed out during exhalation?
Answer:
During exhalation the ribs move downwards and inwards. The diaphragm moves up and chest cavity gets contracted and air is thrown out.

Question 5.
How do insects breathe?
Answer:
Insects have small openings on the outside of their bodies. These openings are called spiracles, which are connected to the air pipes called tracheae. In tracheae the exchange of gases take place.

Question 6.
How are frogs peculiar in their way of breathing?
Answer:
Frogs breathe differently in water and differently on land. They use their moist skin to breathe in water. They use lungs to breathe on land.

Question 7.
How do plants respirate?
Answer:
Plants also take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide for respiration. They have small openings called stomata on the surface of there leaves. Exchange of gases take place through these openings.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the process of respiration.
Answer:
In respiration, there is a gaseous exchange between the organism and the environment. The process of respiration can be divided in two parts. Breathing and cellular respiration.

Breathing or external respiration: Oxygen is inhaled and Carbon dioxide is exhaled during breathing. This process takes place out side the cells and, thus is called external breathing.

Cellular respiration or internal respiration : This is a biochemical process which takes place inside the cells of the body. In this process food i.e. glucose is broken into simpler forms. Energy is released during this process which is used by body to perform various functions. Carbon dioxide and water is also released. The Carbon dioxide is expelled out during breathing.
Food + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy.

Question 2.
Explain the process of respiration in plants.
Answer:
In plants the process of respiration leads to the release of energy. It is a cellular process in which molecules of glucose break down in the presence of oxygen to release energy along with water and carbon dioxide. Exchange of gases take place through small openings on the surface of the leaves. These are called stomata. Lower plants lack the organs of breathing. In such plants gaseous exchange occurs due to simple process of diffusion. The rate of exchange of gases in plants is not as fast as in animals.

Respiration in Organisms Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Respiration is a process of taking oxygen into the cells in order to break down simple food materials to release energy and eliminate waste products.
• Breathing is inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
• Breathing takes place out side the cells.
• Cellular respiration takes place inside the cells.
• Inside the Cells the food is broken into water and carbon dioxide. This is called cellular respiration. This process seleases a lot of energy.
• When the process of respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration.
• When the process of respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.
• Human beings have a fully developed respiratory system.
• Nostrils inhale oxygen, which reaches lungs through nasal cavity.
• Lungs are organs, where exchange of gases takes place. Carbon dioxide is expelled out and oxygen is consumed for cellular respiration.
• Smaller animals like cockroach have structure called spiracles, for breathing. Earthworm breathe through their skin and fish have gills for respiration.
• In both plants and animals mitochondria is the site of respiration.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 8 Winds, Storms and Cyclones Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 8 Winds, Storms and Cyclones

HBSE 7th Class Science Winds, Storms and Cyclones Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill the missing word in the blank spaces in the following statements:
(a) Wind is …………… air.
(b) Winds are generated due to …………… heating on the earth.
(c) Near the earth’s surface air rises up whereas …………… air comes down.
(d) Air moves from a region of …………… pressure to a region of …………… pressure.
Answer:
(a) moving
(b) uneven
(c) warm, cooler
(d) high, low.

Question 2.
Suggest two methods to find out wind direction at a given place.
Answer:
(i) Take a piece of a paper in your hand. Let it fall from your hand. It will blow in the direction in which wind is blowing.
(ii) You can use a wind vane (a device helps us to make accurate measurements of wind direction) to find out the direction of wind.

Question 3.
State two experiences that made you think that air exerts pressure (other than those given in the text).
Answer:
(i) Balloons and balls can be used only when they are inflated with air.
(ii) Compressed air is used in the brake system for stopping trains.

Question 4.
You want to buy a house. Would you like to buy a house having windows but no ventilators? Explain your answer.
Answer:
No. A house which has no ventilators is not a healthy house to live in. The air circulation is not there in such a house and hence it has no fresh air.

Question 5.
Explain why holes are made in hanging banners and hoardings.
Answer:
Air exerts pressure. It is due to this pressure banners and hoardings flutter when the wind is blowing. Holes are made in the banners and hoardings as wind pass through that holes and they does not become loose and fall down.

Question 6.
How will you help your neighbours in case cyclone approaches your village/town?
Answer:
(i) A cyclone forecast and warning service.
(ii) Rapid communication of warnings to the Government agencies, the ports, fishermen, ships and to the general public.
(iii) Construction of cyclone shelters in the cyclone prone areas, and Administrative arrangements for moving people fast to safer places.

Question 7.
What planning is required in advance to deal with the situation created by a cylone?
Answer:
In order to deal with cyclone, it is important to follow the following points:
(i) listening carefully to warnings being transmitted on TV and radio.
(ii) moving to safer places or taking adequate steps to ensure safety at home.
(iii) keeping an emergency kit ready.
(iv) storing food in water-proof bags.
(v) not venturing into sea.
(vi) keeping all the emergency numbers handy.

Question 8.
Which one of the following place is unlikely to be affected by a cyclone?
(i) Chennai
(ii) Mangalore
(iii) Amritsar
(iv) Puri
Answer:
(iv) Puri.

Question 9.
Which of the statements given below is correct?
(i) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean.
(ii) In summer the winds flow from the land towards the ocean.
(iii) A cyclone is formed by a very high pressure system with very high speed winds revolving around it.
(iv) The coastline of India is not vulnerable to cyclones.
Answer:
(i) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean.

Extended Learning – Activities And Projects

Question 1.
You can perform the Activity 8.5. in the chapter at home slight differently at home. Use two plastic bottles of the same size. Stretch one balloon on the neck of each bottle. Keep one bottle in the sun and the other in the shade. Record your observations. Compare these observations and the result with those of Activity 8.5.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 2.
You can make your own anemometer. Collect the following items:
4 small paper cups (used ice-cream cups), 2 strips of cardboard (20cm long and 2cm wide), gum, stapler, a sketch pen and a sharpened pencil with eraser at one end.
Take a scale; draw crosses on the cardboard strips as shown in the Fig. 8.4. This will give you the centres of the strips.

Finding centre of the strips

A model of an anemometer
Fix the strips at the centre, putting one over the other so that they make a plus (+) sign. Now fix the cups at the ends of the strips. Colour the outer surface of one cup with a marker or a sketch pen. All the 4 cups should face in the same direction.

Push a pin through the center of the strips and attach the strips and the cups to the eraser of the pencil. Check that the strips rotate freely when you blow on the cups. Your anemometer is ready. Counting the number of rotations per minute will give you an estimate of the speed of the wind. To observe the changes in the wind speed, use it at different places and different times of the day.

If you do not have a pencil with attached eraser you can use the tip of a ball pen. The only condition is that the strips should rotate freely.
Remember that this anemometer will indicate only speed changes. It will not give you the actual wind speed.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
Collect articles and photographs from newspapers and magazines about storms and cyclones. Make a story on the basis of what you learnt in this Chapter and the matter collected by you.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Suppose you are a member of a committee, which is responsible for creating development plan of a coastal state. Prepare a short speech indicating the measures to be taken to reduce the suffering of the people caused by cyclones.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 5.
Interview eyewitness to collect the actual experience of people affected by a cyclone.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 6.
Take an aluminium tube about 15 cm long and 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter. Cut slice of a medium sized potato about 2 cm thick. Insert the tube in the slice, press it, and rotate it 2-3 times. Remove the tube. You will find a piece of potato fixed in the tube like a piston head.

Repeat the same process with the other end of the tube. Now you have the tube with both ends closed by potato pieces with an air column in between.

Take a pencil with one end unsharpened. Place this end at one of the pieces of potato. Press it suddenly to push the potato piece in the tube. Observe what happens. The activity shows rather dramatically how increased air pressure can push things.
Caution: When you perform this activity, make sure that nobody is standing in front of i e tube.
Answer:
Do yourself.

HBSE 7th Class Science Winds, Storms and Cyclones Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a wind?
Answer:
The moving air is called wind.

Question 2.
Define the term ‘cycle’.
Answer:
It is an event or phenomenon which repeats itself after sometime.

Question 3.
Define term ‘evaporation’.
Answer:
The process of changing water from its liquid form to its vapour is known as evaporation.

Question 4.
Is evaporation a slow process or fast process?
Answer:
Evaporation is a slow process.

Question 5.
Name two processes through which water vapour add continuously into the air.
Answer:
The two processes are:
(i) Evaporation
(ii) Condensation.

Question 6.
Define condensation.
Answer:
The process of conversion of water vapours into liquid form of water is called condensation.

Question 7.
Define water cycle.
Answer:
The water in its vapour form goes into air by evaporation and transpiration forms cloud and, then comes back to the surface of the earth through the process of condensation and precipitation. This process is called ‘water cycle’.

Question 8.
At what speed wind becomes (i) gentle breeze, (ii) storm?
Answer:
When the wind blows gently, it is called a breeze. But, when it blows very fast it causes storm.

Question 9.
What is sea breeze?
Answer:
In coastal areas, during the day, the cool air blows from sea towards the land called sea breeze.

Question 10.
What is land breeze?
Answer:
In coastal areas, during the night, the cool air blows from land to sea called the land breeze.

Question 11.
What is tornadoes?
Answer:
In our country tornadoes are not very frequent. A tornado is a dark funnel shaped cloud that reaches from the sky to the ground.

Question 12.
What is ‘hurricane’?
Answer:
The ‘hurricane’ is the term used for storm in America and West Indies.

Question 13.
What is the eye of hurricane?
Answer:
The region of chimney like low pressure around which warm water vapour spirals is called the eye of hurricane.

Question 14.
What is Beaufort Scale?
Answer:
The number and name of.a wind is determined by the speed at which it flows on an internationally accepted scale, called Beaufort scale.

Question 15.
Name two properties of air.
Answer:
(i) Air occupies space
(ii) It has mass.

Question 16.
Write two importances of air in agriculture.
Answer:
(i) Air helps rotate wind-mill which is used to draw water from tube-wells.
(ii) Air helps in dispersion of seeds and pollen grains of flowers of several plants.

Question 17.
How are high building protected from lightning?
Answer:
High buildings are protected from lightning by fixing lightning conductor on the building.

Question 18.
What is the cause of atmospheric electricity?
Answer:
Atmospheric electricity is due to ionisation of air by the ultraviolet rays of sunlight.

Question 19.
Is our body a conductor?
Answer:
Yes, our body is a good conductor of electricity.

Question 20.
What damage can lightning do?
Answer:
Lightning damage the high buildings and the trees on which it strikes. The buildings and trees can be set on fire by lightning. It can do a high loss of life and property.

Question 21.
Why do chimneys made of steel not require lightning conductor?
Answer:
Steel is a good conductor of electricity. Due to this reason steel chimneys do not require lightning conductor. They themselves pass the discharge to the earth.

Question 22.
Why is it advised not to take shelter under a tree during lightning?
Answer:
We should not stand under a tree during lightning, due to the danger of the lightening, because it can destroy the trees and can set it on fire.

Question 23.
Which gas is produced in air during lightning that absorbs ultraviolet radiation present in sunlight?
Answer:
During lightning ozone (oz) gas is produced due to higher temperature which absorbs ultraviolet radiation. It is dangerous for the living being.

Question 24.
Name the arrangement used for the protection of buildings against damage from lightning.
Answer:
To protect buildings from damage by lightning, a good lightning conductor is used. This is done by installing a lightning conductor on the buildings.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is rain caused?
Answer:
Water, on land, is present in different sources, e.g., sea, river, pond, lake, etc. The water from all these sources change into vapour form due to sun’s heat and goes up into the air. This change of water into vapour form is called evaporation. The water vapour, when reaches high up in the air, cools down and forms clouds. This cooling down of water vapour to form clouds is called condensation. On cooling, the water vapour changes to water droplets. These group together farm clouds. When the droplets become very heavy they fall down as rain.

Question 2.
What is water cycle? What does it indicate?
Answer:
Evaporation of water from oceans, ponds, rivers, lakes and from roads and streets to form cloud by condensation at higher altitude. When clouds rain, the rain water flows into the seas and oceans through rivers and streams. Some water percolates into the soil to form underground water. It comes again out in the form of spring and well. This is called water cycle.

Because of water cycle, the amount of water on the earth remains more or less the same. The water cycle also indicates that all the water in world is on the move all the time.

Question 3.
How does water cycle help in maintaining global climate?
Answer:
Water cycle plays an important role in the world climate. Oceans absorb vast quantities of heat and help in global warming. By absorbing heat water evaporates and on condensation releases heat. This absorption and releasing of heat in the form of energy drives weather pattern in the short term and regulate the climate for long time.

Question 4.
How is storm caused?
Answer:
When the wind blows gently, it is called a breeze. But, when it blows very fast it causes storm. Storm may be defined as something taking place in the weather of a violent nature. At sea, a storm may be a strong wind or gale. On land, a storm usually means a weather situation marked by heavy rain and often with strong winds, lightning and thunder.

Question 5.
How a thunderstorm becomes a cyclone?
Answer:
Water requires heat when it changes from liquid to vapour state. Before cloud formation water takes up heat from the atmosphere to change into vapour. When water vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, this heat is released to the atmosphere. The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around. The air tends to rise and causes a drop in pressure. More air rushes to the centre of the storm. This cycle is repeated. The chain of events ends with the formation of a very low pressure system with very high speed winds revolving around it. It is this weather condition that we call a cyclone.

Question 6.
How is lightning useful in nature?
Answer:
Lightning is useful in nature because during lightning intense heat and high temperature are produced. As a result, nitrogen combines with oxygen to form its oxides. These oxides of nitrogen further get dissolved in water to form a dilute solution of nitric acid that comes to the ground with rain. This is how nature provides nitrogenous compounds to plants that are important for their growth.

Question 7.
How is ozone layer useful for us?
Answer:
During lightning, a part of oxygen gets converted to ozone. Ozone provides protection against harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun that cannot reach the earth’s surface.

Question 8.
What are the precautions to be taken against a storm is accompanied by lighting?
Answer:
If a storm is accompanied by lightning, we must take the following precautions:
(i) Do not take shelter under an isolated tree. If you are in a forest take shelter under a small tree. Do not lie on the ground.
(ii) Do not take shelter under an umbrella with a metallic end.
(iii) Do not sit near a window. Open garages, storage sheds, metal sheds are not safe places to take shelter.
(iv) A car or a bus is a safe place to take shelter.
(v) It you are in water, get out and go inside a building.

Question 9.
Why is it advisable to switch off TV sets during lightning?
Answer:
Lightning in the sky also effects radio and TV transmission in our radio and TV sets during lightning and thunder is due to this reason. TV antina and dish antina has fixed on tall buildings are especially prove to lightning strikes. So it is advisable to stop our TV set during lightning to save them from damage.

Question 10.
What is a lightning conductor? Why is it fixed on the top of high tall buildings?
Answer:
A lightning conductor is a long flat thick strips of copper with sharp point or spikes. The lower end of it is connected to copper plate deep into the earth. It is fixed on the top of the building because the thundering electricity comes in the contact first and the building will not be damaged.

Question 11.
How are lightning and thunder caused?
Answer:
When two oppositively charged clouds are near each other, the air between them becomes good conductor because charges begin, to move in air very speedily. The presence of electric charges in very large quantities in the air causes to appear as steaks of lightning and thunder.

Question 12.
When do we say that lightning has struck on the earth?
Answer:
Sometimes the direction of the wind changes; then the clouds move and the charges in the clouds are discharged into the earth when it happens, then it is said that lightning has struck on the earth.

Question 13.
Why should we not stand under a tree during a thunderstorm?
Answer:
We should not stand under a tree during a thunderstorm due to the danger of the lightning because it can destroy the tree, and can set it on fire.

Question 14.
What are tornadoes?
Answer:
In our country tornadoes are not very frequent. A tornado is a dark funnel shaped cloud that reaches from the sky to the ground. Most of the tornadoes are weak. A violent tornado can travel at speeds of about 300 km/h. Tornadoes may form within cyclones.

Question 15.
Write short note on ‘lightning conductor’.
Answer:
A lightning conductor is made up of long, thick metal rod having sharp spikes at its upper end. The spikes pointing towards the sky are fixed at the highest points of the building. The lower end of the metal rod is connected to a large copper or aluminium plate which is hurried deep inside the earth which is called earthing.

When a highly charged cloud passes over a tall building, it induces an opposite charge on the spikes. This charge quickly flows to the earth through the copper rod. Hence, the lightning discharge is prevented and the building is saved from damage.

Question 16.
Explain how lightning takes place?
Answer:
Normally air is a bad conductor of electricity. However, when two clouds having huge amount of positive and negative state charges approach each other, the air becomes a good conductor of electricity.

Thus the electrons from the negatively charged cloud push their way through air so as to reach the positively charged cloud. In doing so the air gets white hot and hence a dazzling bluish white streak of light is formed which is called lightning.

Question 17.
What precautions should be taken to provide protection against lightning?
Answer:
Precautions should be taken to provide protection against lightning:
Answer:
(i) Lightning conductor provides us a simple means to protect against damage due to lightning property and life.
(ii) When lightning strikes, it provide a path to the entire charge through it to the earth.
(iii) We should not stand under, I tree during a thunderstorms due to the air of lightning, because it destroys trees set it on fire.
(iv) Lightning conductor should be installed on large buildings and tall chimneys of factories.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe water cycle in nature.
Answer:
Water constantly moves from the earth to the air and back again.
The constant circulation of water is known as the water cycle.

The water in seas, rivers, lakes, ponds or streams evaporates because of the heat of the sun.

Plants also give out large amounts of water from their leaves. The water vapour rises up. The air higher up in the atmosphere is cooler. This cools the water vapour and it condenses to form tiny drops of water on dust particles. These drops of water together form clouds. As the clouds get cooled further, the water drops become bigger and heavier. When they become too heavy, they fall to the earth as rain. The rain water enters the seas, rivers, lakes, ponds and streams and then evaporates again. Thus the water cycle in nature goes on.

Question 2.
Explain destructions caused by cyclones.
Answer:
Cyclones can be very destructive. Strong winds push water towards the shore even ;f the storm is hundreds of kilometres away. These are the first indications of an approaching cyclone. The water waves produced by the wind are so powerful that a person cannot overcome them.

The low pressure in the eye lifts water surface in the centre. The rising water may be as high as 3-12 metres. It appears like a water wall moving towards the shore. As a result the seawater enters the low-lying coastal areas, causing severe loss of life and property. It also reduces the fertility of the soil.

Continuous heavy rainfall may further worsen the flood situation. High speed winds accompanying a Cyclone can damage houses, telephones and other communication systems, trees, etc; causing tremendous loss of life and property.

Question 3.
What is lightning? How does ligthning takes place in the clouds?
Answer:
When the air gets white hot and hence a dazzling bluish white streck of light is framed, is called lightning. Normally air is a bad conductor of electricity. However, when two clouds having J e amount of positive and negative charges a proach each other, the air becomes a good conductor of electricity.

Thus the electrons from the negatively charged cloud push their way through air so as to reach to the positively charged cloud. In doing so air gets white hot and hence a dazzling bluish white hot and hence a dazzling bluish white streak of light is formed, which is called lightning. Because of this intense heat produced, the air suddenly expands and sends out huge pressure waves. These waves produced thunder.

Question 4.
How does lightning takes place between the clouds?
Answer:
Normally air is a bad conductor of electricity. However when few clouds having huge amount of positive and negative static charges approach each other, the air becomes a good conductor of electricity.

Thus the electrons from the negatively charged cloud push their way through air. So as to reach to the positively charged cloud. In doing so the air gets white hot and hence a dazzling bluish white streak of light is formed which is called lightning. Because of this intence heat produced, the air suddenly expands and sends out huge pressure causes. These waves produce thunder.

Winds, Storms and Cyclones Class 7 HBSE Notes

1. Air around us exerts pressure.
2. Air expands on heating and contracts on cooling.
3. Warm air rises up, whereas comparatively cooler air tends to sink towards the earth’s surface.
4. As warm air rises, air pressure at that place is reduced and the cooler air moves to that place.
5. The moving air is called wind.
6. Uneven heating on the earth is the main cause of wind movements.
7. Winds carrying water vapour bring rain.
8. Thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas like India very frequently. The rising temperatures produce strong upward rising winds. These winds carry water droplets upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again. The swift movement of the falling water droplets alongwith the rising air create lightning and sound. It is this event that we call a thunderstorm.
9. A cyclone is a storm in which the wind blows at a speed of about 300 km per hour. Cyclones develop over oceans but never close to the equator. They never originate from the land mass but may penetrate the margins of continents.
10. A cyclone is known by different names in different parts of the world. It is called a ‘hurricane’ in the
11. American continent. In Philippines and Japan its called a ‘typhoon’ and in Australia its called ‘willywillies’.
12. It has become easier to monitor cyclones with the help of advance technology like satellites and radars.
13. Self-help is the best help. Therefore, it is better to plan in advance and be ready with defence against any approaching cyclone.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Transportation in Animals and Plants Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Transportation in Animals and Plants

HBSE 7th Class Science Transportation in Animals and Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match structures given in column I with functions given in column II.

Answer:
(i) (b)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (c)

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :
(i) The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the __________.
(ii) Haemoglobin is present in __________ cells.
(iii) Arteries and veins are joined by a network of __________.
(iv) The rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is called __________.
(v) The main excretory product in human beings is __________.
(vi) Sweat contains water and __________.
(vii) Kidneys eliminate the waste materials in the liquid form called __________.
(viii) Water reaches great heights in the trees because of suction pull caused by __________.
Answer:
(i) Arteries
(ii) Red Blood Cells
(iii) Capillaries
(iv) Heart beat
(v) Urine
(vi) Urea
(vii) Urine
(viii) Transpiration

Question 3.
Choose the correct options:
(а) In plants, water is transported through :
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Stomata
(iv) Root hair
Answer:
(i) Xylem

(b) Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the plants :
(i) in the shade
(ii) in dim light
(iii) under the fan
(iv) covered with a polythene bag.
Answer:
(iii) under the fan

Question 4.
Why is transport of materials necessary in a plant or an animal? Explain.
Answer:
Transport of materials is necessary in plant or animal because due to it the nutrients are made available to all the parts of the body. If the transport of necessary nutrients does not take place in the body, the body will not be able to survive. So, the circulation of nutrients takes place in the whole body through the process of transportation.

Question 5.
What will happen if there are no platelets in the blood?
Answer:
The blood platelets are responsible for the clotting of the blood. When some injury occurs blood starts flowing. But it clots on its own due to the blood platelets. If there are no platelets in the blood, the blood will not be able to clot and keep on flowing through a wound or injury. This can prove fatal for the organisms as no blood will remain in the body.

Question 6.
What are stomate? Give two functions of stomata.
Answer:
There are small openings on the lower surface of the leaves and stems. These pores are called stomata. These opening are covered with guard cells. Two functions of stomata are:

• It helps in the transpiration of water i.e. the loss of excess water from the plant.
• Loss of water from the stomata creates an upward pull i.e a suction pull which helps in absorption of water to great height in tall trees.

Question 7.
Does transpiration serve any useful function in the plants? Explain.
Answer:
Transpiration is an important function in plants. It serves the following purposes:

• It helps to enhance the absorption of water by creating a suction pull.
• It helps the plant in getting rid of the excess water.
• It produces a cooling effect on the plant which prevents the heat of the sun light from damaging plants.
• It helps in transport of water and minerals to leaves and leaves use the water for the process of photosynthesis.

Question 8.
What are the components of blood?
Answer:
There are four components of the blood.

• Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which is yellowish in colour and contains 90 percent water. It contains food, enzymes, wastes and proteins etc.
• Red blood cells (R.B.Cs) are disc shaped cells containing red coloured pigment called haemoglobin in it. Haemoglobin helps in transportation of oxygen.
• White blood cells (W.B.Cs) are the fighting cells, which protect us against bacteria and foreign material causing infections
• Platelets help in clotting of the blood.

Question 9.
Why is blood needed by all the parts of a body?
Answer:
Blood is needed by all parts of the body because, it contains the digested food in it. It supplies the digested food to various parts of the body and provide essential energy to them. This energy helps the body to perform various functions and activities.

Question 10.
What makes the blood look red?
Answer:
A red coloured pigment called haemoglobin gives the blood its red colour. This pigment helps in carrying oxygen to various part of the body by blood.

Question 11.
Describe the function of the heart.
Answer:
The heart functions in the following way:
The right auricle and ventricle receives blood with carbon dioxide from all the parts of the body. The collected blood is then pumped to the lungs for the purification. In lungs the exchange of gases take place and purified blood is sent back to the left auricle. It pumps it to the left ventricle, which in turn pumps off the purified blood to all the parts of the body through arteries.

Question 12.
Why is it necessary to excrete waste products?
Answer:
The build up of waste and poisonous products in our body is always harmful. The waste products like urea etc. are toxic. When such toxic materials are not removed from the body, they get mixed with blood and can damage the cells of the body, thus proving fatal. It is, therefore, necessary to remove such poisonous waste materials from our body.

Question 13.
Draw a diagram of the human excretory system and label the various parts.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Extended Learning – Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Find out about blood groups and their importance.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
When a person suffers from chest pain, the doctor immediately takes an ECG. Visit a doctor and get information about ECG. You may even look up an encyclopaedia or the internet.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

HBSE 7th Class Science Transportation in Animals and Plants Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is circulatory system?
Answer:
Circulatory system is that system which transport nutrients to various parts of the body.

Question 2.
What makes the blood red?
Answer:
A red pigment called haemoglobin makes the colour of the blood red.

Question 3.
Name various kinds of cells present in blood.
Answer:
Blood has liquid part called plasma which has Red Blood Cells, white blood cells and platelets in it.

Question 4.
What role does the red pigment haemoglobin play in our body?
Answer:
Haemoglobin gets bound with the oxygen and supplies oxygen to various parts of the body. Oxygen is essential for respiration.

Question 5.
Why platelets are important for humans?
Answer:
Platelets are very important because they cause clotting of the blood. Without platelets blood will flow from the wounds unstopped and cause death.

Question 6.
What is pulse?
Answer:
Number of times the heart beats in a minute is called pulse. In resting position pulse rate of a normal human is 72-80 beats/min.

Question 7.
What is the main difference between an artery and a vein?
Answer:
Artery carries purified blood i.e. blood carrying oxygen and vein carries blood rich in carbon dioxide.

Question 8.
What is transpiration?
Answer:
Transpiration is the loss of excess water from the leaves through the small pores called stomata.

Question 9.
What is excretion?
Answer:
Excretion is the process of throwing out the unwanted and waste products from the body.

Question 10.
What is dialysis?
Answer:
Dialysis is a process of separating small molecules from the large molecules using a semipermeable membrane.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain briefly how the following are transported in plants.
(a) Water and mineral
(b) Food
Answer:
(a) Water and minerals are transported through the vascular tissues called xylem. Roots absorbs water from the soil and xylem transport it leaves prepare food by photosynthesis and this food is transported from leaves to different part by phloem.

(b) Food is transported in plants through vascular tissue called phloem.

Question 2.
What is transpiration? How is it different from translocation?
Answer:
Transpiration is the process of loosing excess water from the plants through small pores present on leaves called stomata. While the process of transportation of food through phloem is called translocation. Phloem transfer glucose from leaves to other parts of the plant while transpiration is evaporation of water to the environment.

Question 3.
List the factors affecting transpiration.
Answer:
Following factors affect transpiration in plants :
(i) Sunlight : Bright sunlight fastens the process of transpiration. No transpiration takes place during night.

(ii) Temperature : High temperature increases the rate of-transpiration while low temperature lowers the rate of transpiration.

(iii) Wind : Blowing wind increases the transpiration as water vapours are quickly removed from the leaves.

(iv) Humidity: Humid day lessens the rate of transpiration.

Question 4.
How does transportation occur in lower animals?
Answer:
The transportation occurs in lower animals through diffusion. The nutrients circulate in the body of lower animals by the flow of cytoplasm. In some multicellular aquatic plants transportation takes place by water which circulates the nutrients through their bodies.

Question 5.
What is stethoscope? What are its main parts?
Answer:
Stethoscope is an instruments used to measure the heart beat by the doctors. It has three parts :

• a chest piece that is sensitive to heart beats.
• two ear pieces.
• a tube joining the chest piece and ear pieces.

Question 6.
Write a short note on heart beat and pulse?
Answer:
Number of times a heart beats in a minute is called pulse. It can be felt by feeling the pressure of movement of blood through the artery at our wrist and by feeling the thumping of heart in our chest. It increases with physical activities. In children it varies from 90 to 100 times per minute and in adults from 70-72 beats per minute.

Question 7.
Mention the functions of the blood.
Answer:
Blood performs the following functions

• It transports nutrients to various parts of body.
• It carries oxygenated blood to different parts of the body.
• It collects deoxygenated blood from various parts of the blood and takes it to lungs for purification.
• It maintains the body temperature.
• White blood cells fight against the infections and protect us from diseases.

Question 8.
Name various organs of excretion in humans.
Answer:
Various organs of excretion in humans are :

• Lungs – for exchange of gases.
• Skin – for sweating.
• Large intestine – for excretion faeces.
• Kidneys – for excretion urine.
• Liver – for excretion excess sugar.

Question 9.
What is the importance of sweating?
Answer:
Sweat is water, salt and urea eliminated by skin in liquid form. The sweat is secreted by the sweat glands. Sweat is important in expelling the wastes like urea and salt from the body, It keeps the body cool and maintain the body temperature.

Question 10.
Explain the process of dialysis in brief.
Answer:
Process of Dialysis is used to remove the waste from the body of those people, whose kidneys are not working. Dialyses machine help in removing the waste. A tube of the machine is connected to patients blood. Blood is purified in a semipermeable membrane inside the machine and purified blood is sent back to the body.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the circulatory system in Human beings.
Answer:
The Human circulatory system consists of mainly three parts : (i) Heart, 2. Blood vessels, 3. Blood.
1. The Heart: Heart is the pumping organ present in our body. It pumps blood to all the parts of the body. It equals a clenched fist in its size. It is located in the chest cavity on the left side. It is made up of muscles and protected by a cardial membrane called paracardium. It has four chamber – two upper chambers called Auricles and two lower chambers called Ventricles. Blood is received by auricles and pumped by ventricles. The contraction and relaxations of these chambers is called the heart beat.

2. Blood vessels : Arteries, veins and capillaries are three types of blood vessels. Arteries carry oxygenated blood while veins collect deoxygenated blood. All arteries and veins are interconnected through the network of capillaries.

3. Blood : It is red coloured fluid carrying digested food to all the parts of the body and waste products to the excretory system. It has fluid portion called plasma. Plasma has Red blood cells, White blood cells and platelets in it. Red colour of the blood is due to the red pigment called haemoglobin in it. White blood cells fight against infections and platelets cause clotting of the blood.

Question 2.
Explain the Excretory System of human beings.
Answer:
Human Excretory System consists of following organs:

• A pair of Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra.

→  Kidneys : Kidneys are bean shaped structures, located on each side of the backbone above the waist. Kidneys have a number of coiled tubes like structures called nephrons. Nephron consists of a Bowman’s Capsule. It is a cup like structure having a network of blood capillaries. Nephron has a long tubule surrounded by renal capillaries. Nephrons filter the excess of water salt, urea from the blood passing through it. This waste in liquid form is called urine.

→ Ureters : Ureters are long tubes passing urine formed in the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Both kidneys send a ureter to the urinary bladder.

→ Urinary bladder : Urinary bladder is an elastic sac like structure which collects the urine from ureters. Urine remains stored in it until excreted.

→ Urethra : Urethra is the opening through which the urine is passed out of the body.

Question 3.
Explain the process of transport of substances in plants.
Answer:
In plants water and minerals is transported to the leaves and other parts and similarly food is transported from leaves to all the parts of the plant.

Transport of material in plants take place through vascular tissues. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants called xylem and phloem. Xylem forms a continuous network of channels. This connects roots to the leaves through stems and through branches. This network is used to supply water and minerals to the various parts of the body. The roots absorb water from the soil and transport it to leaves and branches through xylem. This is called ascent of sap. Similarly a network of channels use to transport the food prepared by the leaves to the other parts of the plants is called phloem. This process is called translocation.

Transportation in Animals and Plants Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Every organism needs food and water to survive.
• Food and water is supplied to all parts of the bodies of the organisms by the transportation of these substances.
• Transportation of materials in human body is conducted by the circulatory system.
• Circulatory system in human beings consists of three organs : Blood, Blood vessels and Heart.
• Blood is the liquid which carries the digested food to various parts of the body.
• Blood contains liquid portion called plasma, Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
• Red blood cells carry a red pigment called haemoglobin. Haemoglobin gives red colour to the blood and is responsible for carrying oxygen to all parts of body.
• White blood cells fight against the infections in our body.
• Platelets cause clotting a blood.
• Blood vessels are of two types : Arteries carrying oxygenated blood to all parts of the body and veins collect deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body and take it to heart.
• Arteries and veins are interconnected with thin tubes called capillaries.
• In plants, vascular tissues are responsible for transporting food, water and minerals to the various parts of the plant.
• Xylem carries absorbed water and mineral to all parts of plant, while phloem carries food from leaves to the rest of the plant.
• After the process a digestion our body produces some waste products – these wastes are thrown out of the body and this is called excretion.
• In humans, kidneys are the main excretory organs.
• In plants excess water is thrown out by transpiration.
  Transpiration is the process of loosing excess water by evaporation through small opening on the surface of leaves called stomata.
• Dialysis is conducted to remove waste from humans body with damaged kidneys.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Reproduction in Plants Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Reproduction in Plants

HBSE 7th Class Science Reproduction in Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) Production of new individuals from the vegetative part of parent is called _________.
(b) A flower may have either male or female reproductive parts. Such a flower is called _________.
(c) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or of another flower of the same kind is known as _________.
(d) The fusion of male and female gametes is termed as _________.
(e) Seed dispersal takes place by means of _________ and _________.
Answer:
(a) vegetative reproduction,
(b) bisexual flower
(c) pollination
(d) fertilization,
(e) wind, water, insects.

Question 2.
Describe the different methods of asexual reproduction. Give examples.
Answer:
Different methods of asexual reproduction are :
(a) Binary fission : This process takes place in unicellular organisms. Parent cell elongates and get divided into two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell grows into an independent adult, e.g. in case of bacteria.

(b) Endospore formation : In this method a spore wall is formed around a bacterial cell to form an endospore. This endospore germinates to form an active bacterium under favourable conditions.

(c) Fragmentation : This occurs mainly in Algae. Body of the organism breaks up into two parts. Then each part grows into a new filament thus forming two organisms from a single one.

(d) Spore formation : The spores are tiny, spherical unicellular structures protected by a thick wall. The spores are stored in a hard outer covering and this is called sporangia. Under favourable conditions the hard cover breaks and spores spread for germination.

(e) Budding : In yeast, new organisms are produced by the bud formation from the parent organism. After growing to full size, the bud gets detached and form a new independent individual.

(f) Vegetative reproduction : When vegetative part of a plant like stems, leaves and root etc. give rise to new ones, it is called vegetative reproduction.

Question 3.
Explain what do you understand by sexual reproduction?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction means involvement of two parents in the process of reproduction. It is found mainly in higher plants. Male gamete and female gamete fuse to form a zygote. These zygotes develop into individuals which are not identical. Offspring inherit the characteristics of both the parents. In sexual reproduction both parents survive after the process of reproduction.

Question 4.
State the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Answer:

Question 5.
Sketch the reproductive parts of a flower.
Answer:

Question 6.
Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Answer:

Question 7.
How does the process of fertilization take place in flowers?
Answer:
When the pollen grain reaches the stigma of a same flower, it starts growing out in pollen tube of the stigma. This tube continues to grow inside the style till it reaches the ovule. Male cells are released in the ovule for the fertilization with female cells and thus the zygote is formed. After this process of fertilization, the ovary develops into fruit and ovule into seeds.

Question 8.
Describe the various ways by which seeds are dispersed.
Answer:
Following are the ways in which the seeds get dispersed:
(i) Some light seeds like that of Madar, which are hairy, dry and small are carried away by the wind to different places. Some seeds having winged structure e.g. that of Maple and Drumstick are also dispersed by air.

(ii) Spiny seeds and fruits like that of Xanthium and Gokhru, the seeds stick to the clothes of passers-bye and animals. These seeds are carried away by these agents to different places.

(iii) In some cases having heavy seeds like that of Coconut, water acts as the dispersing agents.

(iv) Some seeds are diprersed when the fruit bursts like in case of Balsam and castor.

Question 9.
Match the items in Column I with those of Column II :

Answer:
(a) (iii)
(b) (v)
(c) (ii)
(d) (i)
(e) (iv)

Question 10.
Tick (✓) the correct answer :
(a) The reproductive part of a plant is the :
(i) Leaf
(ii) Stem
(iii) Root
(iv) Flower
Answer:
(iv) Flower

(b) The process of fusion of the male and the female gametes is called :
(i) fertilization
(ii) Pollination
(iii) reproduction
(iv) seed formation
Answer:
(i) fertilization

(c) Mature ovary forms the:
(i) Seed
(ii) Stamen
(iii) Pistil
(iv) Fruit
Answer:
(iv) Fruit

(d) A spore producing plant is :
(i) Rose
(ii) Bread mould
(iii) Potato
(iv) Ginger
Answer:
(ii) Bread mould

(e) Bryophyllum can reproduce by its :
(i) Stem
(ii) Leaves
(iii) Roots
(iv) Flower
Answer:
(ii) Leaves

Extended Learning-Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Make your own cactus garden by collecting pieces cut from different kinds of cacti. Grow the variety in one single flat container or in separate pots.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Visit a fruit market and collect as many local fruits as possible. If many fruits are not available, you can collect tomatoes and cucumbers (these are fruits, though we use them as vegetables). Make drawings of the different fruits. Split the fruits and examine the seeds within. Look for any special characteristics in the fruits and their seeds.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
Think of ten different fruit-bearing plants. Remember that many vegetables are also fruits of the plants. Discuss with your teacher, parents, farmers, fruit growers and agricultural experts (if available nearby) and find out the manner of their dispersal. Present your data in the form of a table as shown below :

Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 4.
Suppose there is one member of a particular kind of organism in a culture dish, which doubles itself in one hour through asexual reproduction. Work out the number of members of that kind of organism which will be present in the culture dish after ten hours. Such a colony of individuals arising from one parent is called a “clone”.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

HBSE 7th Class Science Reproduction in Plants Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term reproduction?
Answer:
Reproduction is the process by which the living organisms produce more of their ownkind.

Question 2.
Name the methods by which plants reproduce.
Answer:
Plants reproduce in two ways :

• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction.

Question 3.
What is pollination?
Answer:
Pollination is a process in which pollen grains get transferred from anther to the stigma of the‘flower.

Question 4.
Name different methods of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
Various methods of asexual reproduction are :

• Binary fission
• Endospore formation
• Fragmentation
• spore formation
• Budding
• Vegetative reproduction.

Question 5.
What do you mean by the term fertilization?
Answer:
Fertilization is a process in which fusion of male and female gametes takes place to produce the zygote.

Question 6.
What is vegetative reproduction?
Answer:
It is the simplest method of reproduction in plants. In this method the vegetative parts like stem, roots and leaves produce new ones.

Question 7.
What is the advantage of the vegetative reproduction?
Answer:
The vegetative reproduction occurs very fast and easily. So quick reproduction is possible.

Question 8.
What is difference between unisexual and bisexual flowers?
Answer:
Unisexual flower has either a male or female reproductive part and bisexual flower has both of them.

Question 9.
Write any one advantage of seed dispersal.
Answer:
It prevents the plants from competing for sunlight, water and minerals.

Question 10.
Where are the male and female gametes found?
Answer:
The male gametes are found inside the pollen grains and the ovule contains the female gametes.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is reproduction? Name various methods of reproduction in plants.
Answer:
Reproduction is the process by which the living organisms produce more of their ownkind. Plants reproduce by two methods asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction means the birth of new ones by single parent only. Sexual reproductions means involvement of two parents in the process.

Question 2.
List the different methods of asexual reproduction. In which type of plants does asexual reproduction occur?
Answer:
Asexual reproduction occurs in lower form of plants, where they do not have any reproductive part. It occurs through following methods.

• Binary fission
• Budding
• Endospore formation
• Spore formation
• Fragmentation
• Vegetative reproduction.

Question 3.
What is pollination? How is it brought about?
Answer:
The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower is called pollination. Pollination is brought about by many agents like water, air, animals and insects. Pollen grains are carried by these agents from anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of same kind.

Question 4.
What do you mean by cross-pollination and self-pollination?
Answer:
Transfer of pollens occur in two ways. When pollen grains ate transferred to stigma of the same flower, it is called self pollination. When transfer of pollen grains take place from anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of same kind, it is called cross pollination.

Question 5.
Write a short note on vegetative propagation.
Answer:
Vegetative reproduction! means the birth of new ones from the vegetative parts of the plant like leaves, stem, roots and buds. This is an asexual type of reproduction. Eyes on potato, buds sprouting on the leaves of bryophyllum, new plant growing out of cactus’ stem etc are examples of vegetative reproduction.

Question 6.
Write atleast three advantages of vegetative propagation methods.
Answer:
Following are the advantages of vegetative propagation:

• It is a fast method of reproduction.
• Plants produced by vegetative propagation have same features as that of parent plant.
• Plants produced by vegetative reproduction bear flowers and fruits earlier than the plants grown out of seeds.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Asexual reproduction? Explain various methods of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
Asexual reproduction means obtaining new plants from one parent without seeds. Various methods of asexual reproduction are as follows :

Different methods of asexual reproduction are :
(a) Binary fission : This process takes place in unicellular organisms. Parent cell elongates and get divided into two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell grows into an independent adult, e.g. in case of bacteria.

(b) Endospore formation : In this method a spore wall is formed around a bacterial cell to form an endospore. This endospore germinates to form an active bacterium under favourable conditions.

(c) Fragmentation : This occurs mainly in Algae. Body of the organism breaks up into two parts. Then each part grows into a new filament thus forming two organisms from a single one.

(d) Spore formation : The spores are tiny, spherical unicellular structures protected by a thick wall. The spores are stored in a hard outer covering and this is called sporangia. Under favourable conditions the hard cover breaks and spores spread for germination.

(e) Budding : In yeast, new organisms are produced by the bud formation from the parent organism. After growing to full size, the bud gets detached and form a new independent individual.

(f) Vegetative reproduction : When vegetative part of a plant like stems, leaves and root etc. give rise to new ones, it is called vegetative reproduction.

Question 2.
What is vegetative reproduction ? Describe vegetative reproduction in different parts of the plant.
Answer:
Vegetative reproduction means growing of off springs from the vegetative parts of the plant like roots, stems, and leaves.
(i) Vegetative propagation by roots : Thick roots of sweet potato, dahlia or asparagus give rise to new ones, inside the soil only.

(ii) Vegetative propagation by stems : In certain plants like potato, ginger, sugarcane etc, new plants grow from the stems of these plants. In potatoes these are small ‘eyes’ on the swollen stem. These eyes germinate to give rise to new plants. Ginger and turmeric also give rise to new plants rom the small buds growing on their swollen stems.

(iii) Vegetative reproduction by leaves : In plants like Bryophyllum Small plantlets grow from the margins of the leaves. These plantlets when detached from the leaf and grown develops into an independent plant.

Question 3.
Explain Sexual Reproduction in plants.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction occurs in plants having well developed reproductive parts in them. Flowers are the reproductive parts of the plant. Flowers can be unisexual i.e. having only male or female reproductive parts, and Bisexual i.e. having both male and female reproductive parts.

Female reproductive part of the flower i.e. the pistil form female ovules and male reproductive parts i.e. Androecium give rise to male gametes. When male and female gametes fuse in the ovary of the flower the process of fertilisation takes place. Male gametes are carried to the female flowers far away by agents like wind, water, insects and animals. This is called pollination. After fertilization the ovary of the flower becomes pulpy and juicy to form fruits. The ovules become the seeds.

Reproduction in Plants Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Reproduction is the process by which all the living organisms produce more of their own kind.
• The reproduction in plants occur by two methods : asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
• Asexual reproduction is reproduction without seeds involving only single parent.
• Asexual reproduction occurs in lower forms of the plants.
• Various methods of asexual reproduction are : Binary fission, fragmentation, Endospore formation, spore formation, Budding and vegetative reproduction.
• Binary fission is division of elongated parent cell into two daughter cell. It mostly occurs in bacteria. Some bacteria reproduce by endospore formation.
• Fragmentation is splitting up of filaments of algae in two or more than two parts, which develop into complete organism.
• Spores are formed in fungi, spores along with outer hard covering are called sporangium. Sporangium burst to release spores.
• Bud is a small bulb like projection, which comes out of yeast cell. It grows and detach from the parent cell to form a new yeast cell.
• Vegetative propagation is the birth of new ones from the vegatative parts of the plant like leaves, roots, stems etc.
• Sexual reproduction is the reproduction by seeds involving both male and female plants.
• Male and female gametes fuse to form zygote which grows into a developed new plant.
• Ovaries of the plant develop into fruit after fertilization and ovules becomes seeds.
• Male pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another and this is called pollination.
• When pollen grain of same flower are transferred from anther to stigma of same flower, it is called self pollination.
• When pollens of a flower are transferred to stigma of another flower of same kind, it is called cross pollination.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate

HBSE 7th Class Science Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the elements that determine the weather of a place.
Answer:
The temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind-seed etc. are called the elements of the weather, that determines the weather of a place.

Question 2.
When are the maximum and minimum temperature likely to occur during the day?
Answer:
The maximum temperature of the day occurs generally in the afternoon while the minimum temperature occurs generally in the early morning.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:
(i) The average weather taken over a long time is called ………… .
(ii) A place receives very little rainfall and the temperature is high throughout the year, the climate of that place will be………….. and ………….. .
(iii) The two regions of the earth extreme climatic conditions are …………… and ……………. .
Answer:
(i) the climate of the place
(ii) hot, dry
(iii) polar, tropical

Question 4.
Indicate the type of climate of the following areas:
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Kerla
(c) Rajasthan
(d) North-East India.
Answer:
(a) Jammu and Kashmir – moderately hot and moderately wet climate
(b) Kerala – very hot and wet climate
(c) Rajasthan – hot and dry climate
(d) North-east India – The north eastern India receives rain for a major part of the year. Therefore, we can say that the climate of the north-east is wet.

Question 5.
Which of the two changes frequently, weather or climate?
Answer:
Weather.

Question 6.
Following are some of the characteristics of animals:
(i) Diets heavy on fruits
(ii) White fur
(iii) Need to migrate
(iv) Loud Voice
(v) Sticky pads on feet
(vi) Layer of fat under skin
(vii) Wide and large paws
(viii) Bright colours
(ix) Strong tails
(x) Long and large beak
For each characteristic indicate whether it is adaptation for tropical rainforests or polar regions. Do yQU think that some of these characteristics can be adaptations for both the regions?
Answer:
(i) Diets heavy on fruits – tropical rainforests
(ii) White fur – polar regions
(iii) Need to migrate – pblar regions
(iv) Loud Voice – tropical rainforests
(v) Sticky pads, on feet – tropical rainforests
(vi) Layer of fat under skin – polar regions
(vii) Wide and large paws – polar Regions
(viii) Bright colours – tropical rainforests
(ix) Strong tails – tropical regions
(x) Long and large beak – tropical rainforests.

Question 7.
The tropical rainforests has a large population of animals. Explain why it is so?
Answer:
The tropical region has generally a hot climate because of its location around the equator. Even in the coldest month the temperature is generally higher than about 15°C. During hot summers, the temperature may cross 40°C. Days and nights are almost equal in length throughout the year. These regions get plenty of rainfall.

An important feature of this region is the tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests are found in Western Ghats and Assam in India, South East Asia, Central America and Central Africa. Because of continuous warmth and rain, this region support wide variety of plants and animals. The major types of animals living in the rainforests are monkeys, apes, gorillas, lions, tigers,, elephants, leopards, lizards, snakes, birds and insects.

Question 8.
Explain, jirith examples, why we find animals of certain kind living in particular climatic conditions?
Answer:
Animals are adapted to survive in the conditions in which they live. Animals living in very cold and hot climate must possess special features to protect themselves against the extreme cold or heat.

Penguins are found in cold regions. They have a feathery coat as well as a layer of fat under the feathery coat. The coat covers their bodies right down to their legs. These adaptations keep the body warm.

Polar bear Eire found in the Arctic region where it is very cold. They have a thick layer of fur Emd a lot of fat in their bodies to keep them warm. Their soles are covered with fur to keep them warm. The white fur also helps the polar bears to blend with the snowy surroundings so that they are detected by the prey.!

Question 9.
How do elephant living in the tropical! rainforest adapt itself
Answer:
It has adapted to the conditions of rainforests in many remarkable ways. Trunks uses it as a nose because of which it has a strong sense of smell. The trunk is also used by it for picking up food. Moreover, its tusks are modified teeth. These can tear the bark of trees that elephant loves to eat. So, the elephant is able to handle the competition for food rather well. Large ears of the elephant help it to hear even very soft sounds. They also help the elephant to keep cool in the hot and humid climate of the rainforest.

Choose the correct option which answers the following questions (Question 10-12).

Question 10.
A carnivore with stripes on its body moves very fast while catching its prey. It is likely to be found in:
(i) polar regions
(ii) deserts
(iii) oceans
(iv) tropical rainforests
Answer:
(iv) tropical rainforests

Question 11.
Which features adapt polar bears to live in extremely cold climate?
(i) A white fur, fat below skin, keen sense of smell.
(ii) Thin skin, large eyes, a white fur.
(iii) A long tail, strong claws, white large paws.
(iv) White ‘body, paws for swimming, gills for respiration.
Answer:
(i) A white fur, fat below skin, keen sense of smell.

Question 12.
Which option best describes a tropical region?
(i) hot and humid
(ii) moderate temperature, heavy rainfall
(iii) cold and humid
(iv) hot and dry
Answer:
(i) hot and humid

Extended Learning – Projects And Activities

Question 1.
Collect weather reports of seven successive days in the winter months (Preferably December). Collect similar reports for the summer months (Preferably June). Now prepare a Table for sunrise and sunset times as shown:

Try to answer the following questions:

• Is there any difference in the time of sunrise during summer and winter?
• When do you find that the sun rises earlier?
• Do you also find any difference in the time of sunset during the month of June and December?
• When are the days longer?
• When are the nights longer?
• Why are the days sometimes longer and sometimes shorter?
• Plot the length of the day against the days chosen in June and December. (Instructions for plotting graphs are given in Chapter 13).
  Answer:
  Do yourself.

Question 2.
Collect information about the Indian Meteorological Department. If possible visit its website: htt/www.imd.gov.in.
Write a brief report about the things this department does.
Answer:
Do yourself.

HBSE 7th Class Science Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is raingauge?
Answer:
Rainfall is measured by an instrument called the rainguage. It is basically a measuring cylinder with a funnel on top to collect rainwater.

Question 2.
Define weather.
Answer:
The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at,’a place with respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, etc., is called the weather of that place.

Question 3.
Who prepares the weather reports?
Answer:
The weather reports are prepared by the Materological Department of the Government. This department collects data on temperature, wind etc., and makes the weather prediction.

Question 4.
Define climate.
Answer:
The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25 years, is called the climate of the place.

Question 5.
Why do some places have hotter climate than others?
Answer:
The places nearer to the equator are usually hotter. This is because the sun’s rays are more concentrated near the equator than they are farther North or South.

Question 6.
Give two examples of animals found in cold climates.
Answer:
(i) Penguins
(ii) Polar bear.

Question 7.
Give two examples of animals found in hot and humid climate.
Answer:
(i) Red-eyed frog
(ii) Beard ape.

Question 8.
Name three desert animals.
Answer:
(i) Camel
(ii) Snake
(iii) Lizard.

Question 9.
Can a polar bear live happily on land?
Answer:
No, it lives where the land is fully covered with snow.

Question 10.
Where do the elephant live?
Answer:
Elephant lives in forest.

Question 11.
Where does penguin live?
Answer:
Penguin lives in very cold places.

Question 12.
Define adaptation.
Answer:
The particular features of an organism that makes it suited to a particular climate is called adaptation.

Question 13.
What do you understand by ‘summer sleep’?
Answer:
Animals like frog, crocodiles and alligators live in mud during the summer months. This is called the ‘summer sleep’.

Question 14.
What do you understand by hibernation?
Answer:
During winter, some animals like bears, bats, snakes, lizards, frogs and squirrels go to sleep. This is called the winter sleep or hibernation.

Question 15.
Where do the following animals live?
(i) Monkeys
(ii) Snakes
(iii) Rabbit
(iv) Fish.
Answer:
(i) On land and trees
(ii) On land and water
(iii) On land
(iv) In water.

Question 16.
Name three animals which are active during night;
Answer:
(i) Bat
(ii) Owl
(iii) Cockroach.

Question 17.
What is the difference between climate of Kashmir and Kerala?
Answer:
Kerala is very hot and wet in comparison to Kashmir, which has a moderately hot and moderately wet.

Question 18.
Name two countries where polar regions are found?
Answer:
(i) Canada
(ii) Sweden.

Question 19.
Name two countries where the tropical rainforests are found?
Answer:
(i) India
(ii) Malaysia.

Question 20.
Name a migratory bird.
Answer:
Siberian crane.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do desert animals have thick skin?
Answer:
Animals living in hot places, such as snakes, desert rats and lizards are not able to get sufficient water. So these animals have a thick skin, which prevents evaporation. Since they do not sweat, they can survive| without water for a longer time.

Question 2.
How is camel adapted live in/ desert?
Answer:
Camel lives in desert. It has long legs which help it to lift its body above the ground. Thus camel is able to avoid direct contact with the hot ground. The camel drinks water 50 litre or above in one time and store it in its body. So it lives without water for longer time. Its skin is also thick which prevents transpiration of ‘ water. Thus camel is suited to live in desert.

Question 3.
How cold place animals protect themselves from cold?
Answer:
The animals which live in cold places like waives seals, and penguins have thick skin which protects them from cold. They also have thick ,fur.

Question 4.
How fishes are adapted to live in water?
Answer:
Fishes are best suited to live in water. They have boat like structure which help them in swimming in water. They have gills from which they get oxygen and food. The body of fishes contain different types of fins which help them from swimming in water. Fishes shape tapers which provide least resistance in swimming water.

Question 5.
Why do polar bears have white fur?
Answer:
Polars bears have white fur so that they are not easily visible in the snowy white background. It protects them from their predators. It also helps them in catching their prey. To protect them from extreme cold, they have two this layers of fur. They also live a er of fair under their skin.

Question 6.
Differentiate between weather and climate.
Answer:

Question 7.
Give some examples of sea water animals.
Answer:
Almost all types of animals live in sea water. Most of the sea water animals are actively swimming animals like fishes and whales. Animals like corals, star fish, and urchin live at the bottom of the sea.s

Question 8.
Write the factors which the climate of a region depend.
Answer:
The climate of a region depends on:
(i) The presence or absence of water (rainfall).
(ii) Amount of sunshine it gets.
(iii) The ability to transfer water to the atmosphere (evaporation), and
(iv) The place whether it is a hilly or a plain region.

Question 9.
Mention the adaptive features of the animals found n cold climates.
Answer:
The animals found in cold climates have a thick layer of fat under the skin. This gives them nourishment in winter. They also have thick coat of fur on their body which helps the stay warm. The examples of animals 6 in cold regions are reindeer, arctic fox, polar bear, etc.

Question 10.
Mention the adaptations in hot and dry climates.
Answer:
Animals living in hot and dry places usually have following adaptations:
(i) Short shiny fur to reflect the sun’s rays.
(ii) Keep the body cool through sweating and panting.
(iii) To avoid the strong sun, they feed in the morning or evening and hide behind rocks and in burrows during the day.
Examples: Camel, Ostrich and Snail.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The Earth is the only planet on which life is exists, why? Explain.
Answer:
The Earth is not the only planet revolving around the Sun. There are eight other planets that revolve Ground tfye Sun. But Earth is the only planet on which life exists. A number of factors are responsible for it. These are:
(i) Distance of Earth from the Sun; this is sufficient to keep the temperature’ on the surface of Earth at an average of 30°C; life can exist at this temperature.
(ii) The layer of carboh dioxide and watervapour which surrounds Earth prevents too much heat from leaving Earth into space; otherwise the temperature of Earth would be -30°C.
(iii) The layer of Zone which surrounds Earth does not allow ultraviolet rays to reach Earth from the sun, other wise living onganisns will die.

Question 2.
Describe the adaptive features of camel.
Answer:
The camel is the animal that thrives on the best in such hpt climate. It is also called the ship of the desert. The camel is called so because of the following adaptations it has:
(i) Thick skin that prevents water loss through perspiration or evaporation.
(ii) Humps (one or two) present in the body. These are the storehouse of fat. The camel uses this fat when food is scarce.
(iii) Pouches in the body to store water. This enables the camei to go without water for many days.
(iv) Pads of skin under the feet that act like cushions and enable the camel to walk easily in the sand without sinking.
(v) Long curly eyelashes preventing the entry of sand into eyes and thick eyebrows to protect eyes from sun. The plants and animals living in cold regions also have certain features. These are different from those possessed by plants and animals living in hot regions.

Question 3.
Defind adaptation. Mention various adaptations in terrestrial animals.
Answer:
Climate influences living organisms directly. Hence, they develop certain traits that help them to thrive well in that particular climate. This is called adaptation.

The animals that live on land are called terrestrial animals. These animals have different types of habits and ways of living. The terrestrial animals may be runners (cursorial habit), burrowers and diggers (fossorial habit), climbers (scansorial or arboreal habit) and fliers (aerial habit). Accordingly, these animals have different types of adaptations, as described below.
A. Modification of foot: Terrestrial animals have different types of foot for locomotion.
(i) Pentadactily: Terrestial animals have pentadactyl (five digits) foo; bearing claws for walking and running. Pentadactyl foot are of following three types:
(а) Plantigrade: In this type of foot, the entire palm and sole rest on the ground e.g. bear, baboon, raccoon.
(b) Digitigrade: In this case, animals perform walking and running on the digits e.g. dogs, cat, hyaena.
(c) Unguligrade: In this case, animals perform walking and running on the tips of digits covered with modified nail called hoof. The distal toe bones (unguals) are depressed or flattened, e.g. pig, horse, donkey, rhinoceros.

(ii) Bipedality: Some terrestrial animals have two footed or bipedal mode of locomotion, which spares forelimbs for other types of jobs. e.g. human beings.

B. Modification of body and head:
(i) The fast moving animals like horse, dog, etc. have streamlined body to reduce the resistance offered by the air.
(ii) In burrowing and digging animals, the head and snout are tapering. e.g. snakes, shrew, mole.

C. Modification for respiration:
The majority of terrestrial animals are lung breathers. They have lungs for respiration, e.g. Frog, lizards, all mammals.

D. Protective adaptations:
Many terrestrial animals are able to modify their form, appearance, structure or behaviour to escape predation or to increase the chances of capturing the prey. For example frog can change its body colour to match the back ground.

Question 4.
Mention various adaptations in aquatic animals.
Answer:
A large number of animals live in aquatic habitat. They include both fresh water and marine (sea water) forms. Several invt ibrates such as prawn, Octopus, some insects are aquatic or semi aquatic. A number of vertebrates such as fishes, whales, dolphins are well adapted to aquatic mode of life. They have following adaptation for aquatic mode of life.
(i) Body contour: They have streamlined laterally compressed body to reduce friction. This allows swift passage in water while swimming.
(ii) Swimming organs: The fishes have fins and whales possess flippers which help them in swimming. Frogs and ducks have webbed feet for swimming.
(iii) Protective covering: The body of fishes is covered with scales and that of frog with a mucilaginous covering, which protect them from decaying effect of water.
(iv) Gills: Fishes have special breathing organs called gills, which use dissolved oxygen of water.
(v) Swim bladder or Air bladder:
Certain fishes (bony fishes) have swim bladder or air bladder. It is filled with air and maintain buoyancy.

Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate Class 7  HBSE Notes

1. The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind-speed, etc.; is called the weather at that place.
2. The temperature, humidity and other factors are called the elements of the weather. The weather of a place charges day after day and week after week.
3. The maximum temperature of the day occurs generally in the afternoon while the minimum temperature occurs in the early morning.
4. The times of sunrise and sunset also change during the year.
5. All the changes in the weather are driven by the sun.
6. The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25 years, is called the climate of the place.
7. The tropical and the polar regions are the two regions of the earth, which have severe climate conditions. .
8. Animals are adapted to the conditions in which they live.
9. The polar regions are very cold throughout the year. The sun does not set for six months in a year and in the other six months it does not rise.
10. Animals in the polar region are adapted to the extremely cold climate by having some special characteristics such as white fur, strong sense of smell, a layer of fat under the skin, wide and large paws for swimming and walking etc.
11. Migration is another means to escape the harsh, cold conditions.
12. Because of the hospitable climatic conditions, huge populations of plants and animals are found in the tropical rainforests.
13. Animals in the tropical rainforests are adapted such that they eat different kinds of food to overcome the competition for food and shelter.
14. Some adaptations of animals living in the tropical rainforests include living on the trees, development of strong tails, long and large beaks, bright colours, sharp patterns, loud voice, diet of fruits, sensitive hearing, sharp eyesight, thick skin, ability to camouflage in order to protect themselves from predators etc.

Haryana Board HBSE 7th Class Hindi Solutions वसंत भाग 2

• Chapter 1 हम पंछी उन्मुक्त गगन के
• Chapter 2 दादी माँ
• Chapter 3 हिमालय की बेटियाँ
• Chapter 4 कठपुतली
• Chapter 5 मीठाईवाला
• Chapter 6 रक्त और हमारा शरीर
• Chapter 7 पापा खो गए
• Chapter 8 शाम एक किशान
• Chapter 9 चिड़िया की बच्ची
• Chapter 10 अपूर्व अनुभव
• Chapter 11 रहीम की दोहे
• Chapter 12 कंचा
• Chapter 13 एक तिनका
• Chapter 14 खानपान की बदलती तस्वीर
• Chapter 15 नीलकंठ
• Chapter 16 भोर और बरखा
• Chapter 17 वीर कुवर सिंह
• Chapter 18 संघर्ष के कराण मैं तुनुकमिज़ाज हो गया धनराज
• Chapter 19 आश्रम का अनुमानित व्यय
• Chapter 20 विप्लव गायन

HBSE 7th Class Hindi Vyakaran व्याकरण

• वर्ण-विचार : उच्चारण और वर्तनी
• संधि
• शब्द-विचार
• संज्ञा
• संज्ञा के विकार
• सर्वनाम
• विशेषण
• क्रिया
• काल
• अव्यय (अविकारी शब्द)
• शब्द-ज्ञान (भंडार)
• वाक्य-विचार
• वाक्य-रचना की अशुद्धियाँ
• मुहावरे-लोकोक्तियाँ

HBSE 7th Class Hindi Rachana रचना

• पत्र-लेखन
• निबंध-लेखन
• अनुच्छेद लेखन

Haryana Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions

HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

HBSE Class 7 Social Science History: Our Pasts – II (इतिहास – हमारे अतीत – II)

• Chapter 1 हज़ार वर्षों के दौरान हुए परिवर्तनों की पड़ताल
• Chapter 2 नए राजा और उनके राज्य
• Chapter 3 दिल्ली के सुलतान
• Chapter 4 मुग़ल साम्राज्य
• Chapter 5 शासक और इमारतें
• Chapter 6 नगर, व्यापारी और शिल्पिजन
• Chapter 7 जनजातियाँ, खानाबदोश और एक जगह बसे हुए समुदाय
• Chapter 8 ईश्वर से अनुराग
• Chapter 9 क्षेत्रीय संस्कृतियों का निर्माण
• Chapter 10 अठारहवीं शताब्दी में नए राजनीतिक गठन

HBSE Class 7 Social Science Geography: Our Environment (भूगोल – हमारा पर्यावरण)

• Chapter 1 पर्यावरण
• Chapter 2 हमारी पृथ्वी के अन्दर
• Chapter 3 हमारी बदलती पृथ्वी
• Chapter 4 वायु
• Chapter 5 जल
• Chapter 6 प्राकृतिक वनस्पति एवं वन्य जीवन
• Chapter 7 मानविय पर्यावरण : बस्तियाँ, परिवहन एवं संचार
• Chapter 8 मानव पर्यावरण अन्योन्यक्रिया : उष्णकटिबंधीय एवं उपोष्ण प्रदेश
• Chapter 9 शीतोष्ण घासस्थलों में जीवन
• Chapter 10 रेगिस्तान में जीवन

HBSE Class 7 Social Science Civics: Social and Political Life – II (नागरिक शास्त्र – सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक जीवन – II)

• Chapter 1 समानता
• Chapter 2 स्वास्थ्य में सरकार की भूमिका
• Chapter 3 राज्य शासन कैसे काम करता है
• Chapter 4 लड़के और लड़कियों के रूप में बड़ा होना
• Chapter 5 औरतों ने बदली दुनिया
• Chapter 6 संचार माध्यमों को समझना
• Chapter 7 विज्ञापनों को समझना
• Chapter 8 हमारे आस-पास के बाज़ार
• Chapter 9 बाज़ार में एक कमीज़
• Chapter 10 समानता के लिए संघर्ष

HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions in English Medium

Haryana Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography: Our Environment

• Chapter 1 Environment
• Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth
• Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth
• Chapter 4 Air
• Chapter 5 Water
• Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life
• Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication
• Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions
• Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands
• Chapter 10 Life in the Deserts

Haryana Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History: Our Pasts – II

• Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years
• Chapter 2 New Kings and Kingdoms
• Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans
• Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire
• Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings
• Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftpersons
• Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
• Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine
• Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures
• Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations

Haryana Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics: Social and Political Life – II

• Chapter 1 On Equality
• Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health
• Chapter 3 How the State Government Works
• Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls
• Chapter 5 Women Change the World
• Chapter 6 Understanding Media
• Chapter 7 Understanding Advertising
• Chapter 8 Markets Around Us
• Chapter 9 A Shirt in the Market
• Chapter 10 Struggles for Equality

Haryana Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions

HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions in English Medium

• Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants
• Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals
• Chapter 3 Fibre to Fabric
• Chapter 4 Heat
• Chapter 5 Acids, Bases and Salts
• Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes
• Chapter 7 Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate
• Chapter 8 Winds, Storms and Cyclones
• Chapter 9 Soil
• Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms
• Chapter 11 Transportation in Animals and Plants
• Chapter 12 Reproduction in Plants
• Chapter 13 Motion and Time
• Chapter 14 Electric Current and its Effects
• Chapter 15 Light
• Chapter 16 Water: A Precious Resource
• Chapter 17 Forests: Our Lifeline
• Chapter 18 Wastewater Story

HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

• Chapter 1 पादपों में पोषण
• Chapter 2 प्राणियों में पोषण
• Chapter 3 रेशों से वस्त्र तकग
• Chapter 4 ऊष्मा
• Chapter 5 अम्ल, क्षारक और लवण
• Chapter 6 भौतिक एवं रासायनिक परिवर्तन
• Chapter 7 मौसम, जलवायु तथा जलवायु के अनुरूप जंतुओं द्वारा अनुकूल
• Chapter 8 पवन, तूफ़ान और चक्रवात
• Chapter 9 मृदा
• Chapter 10 जीवों में श्वसन
• Chapter 11 जंतुओं और पादप में परिवहन
• Chapter 12 पादप में जनन
• Chapter 13 गति एवं समय
• Chapter 14 विद्युत धारा और इसके प्रभाव
• Chapter 15 प्रकाश
• Chapter 16 जल: एक बहुमूल्य संसाधन
• Chapter 17 वन: हमारी जीवन रेखा
• Chapter 18 अपशिष्ट जल की कहानी

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 पर्यावरण Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 पर्यावरण

HBSE 7th Class Geography पर्यावरण Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए:
(क) पारितंत्र क्या है?
उत्तर:
पारितंत्र वह तंत्र है जिसमें समस्त जीवधारी आपस में एक-दूसरे के साथ तथा पर्यावरण के उन भौतिक एवं रासायनिक कारकों के साथ परस्पर क्रिया करते हैं जिसमें वे निवास करते हैं। ये सब ऊर्जा और पदार्थ के स्थानांतरण द्वारा संबद्ध हैं।

(ख) प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण से आप क्या समझते हैं ?
उत्तर:
प्राकृतिक तत्वों से मिलकर बना पर्यावरण प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण कहलाता है। भूमि, जलवायु, पेड़-पौधे एवं जीव-जंतु मिलकर प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण बनाते हैं।

(ग) पर्यावरण के प्रमुख घटक कौन-कौन से हैं?
उत्तर:
पर्यावरण के प्रमुख घटक निम्नलिखित हैं:

1. प्राकृतिक घटक : जैसे-जल, वायु, मृदा, पेड़-पौधे आदि।
2. मानव निर्मित घटक : जैसे-सड़कें, इमारतें, पुल, स्मारक आदि।
3. मानव घटक : जैसे-व्यक्ति, परिवार, समुदाय आदि।

(घ) मानव-निर्मित पर्यावरण के चार उदाहरण दें।
उत्तर:
मानव-निर्मित पर्यावरण के उदाहरण हैं:

1. भवन
2. पार्क
3. पुल
4. सड़क, आदि।

(च) स्थलमंडल क्या है?
उत्तर:
पृथ्वी की ऊपरी कठोर परत या पर्पटी को स्थलमंडल कहते हैं। यह चट्टानों व खनिजों से बना होता है।

(छ) जीवीय पर्यावरण के दो प्रमुख घटक क्या हैं?
उत्तर:
जीवीय पर्यावरण के दो प्रमुख घटक हैं-पादप और जीव-जंतु।

(ज) जैवमंडल क्या है?
उत्तर:
पृथ्वी का संकीर्ण क्षेत्र जो वायुमंडल, स्थलमंडल, जलमंडल के संपर्क में आता है, जैवमंडल कहलाता है। यहाँ जीवन पाया जाता है। इस क्षेत्र में पेड़-पौधे तथा जानवर यहाँ तक कि जीवाणु भी मिलते हैं। अधिकांश जीवित प्राणी चाहे वे पौधे हों या जीव, पृथ्वी पर स्थल या जल की सतह पर पाए जाते हैं जो वायु से घिरी होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
सही उत्तर चिह्नित (√) कीजिए :
(क) इनमें से कौन-सा प्राकृतिक पारितंत्र नहीं है?
(i) मरुस्थल
(ii) ताल
(iii) वन।
उत्तर:
(ii) ताल

(ख) इनमें से कौन-सा मानवीय पर्यावरण का घटक नहीं है?
(i) स्थल
(ii) धर्म
(iii) समुदाय।
उत्तर:
(i) स्थल

(ग) इनमें से कौन सा मानव निर्मित पर्यावरण है?
(i) पहाड़
(ii) समुद्र
(iii) सड़क।
उत्तर:
(iii) सड़क।

(घ) इनमें से कौन सा पर्यावरण के लिए खतरा है?
(i) पादप वृद्धि
(ii) जनसंख्या वृद्धि
(iii) फसल वृद्धि।
उत्तर:
(ii) जनसंख्या वृद्धि

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित स्तंभों को मिलाकर सही जोड़े बनाएँ:
(क) जैवमंडल – (i) पृथ्वी को घेरने वाली वायु की चादर
(ख) वायुमंडल – (ii) जलीय क्षेत्र
(ग) जलमंडल – (iii) हमारे आसपास का क्षेत्र
(घ) पर्यावरण – (iv) वह संकीर्ण क्षेत्र जहाँ स्थल, जल एवं वायु पारस्परिक क्रिया करते हैं।
उत्तर:
(क) (iv)
(ख) (i)
(ग) (ii)
(घ) (iii)

प्रश्न 4.
कारण बताइए:
(क) मानव अपने पर्यावरण में परिवर्तन करता है।
उत्तर:
मनुष्य अपनी आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए अपने पर्यावरण में परिवर्तन लाता है। मानव ने पर्यावरण के उपयोग और उसमें परिवर्तन करने के नए तरीके सीख लिए हैं। जैसे-फसल उगाना, पशुपालन आदि। पर्यावरण में परिवर्तन से उसकी आवश्यकताओं की संतुष्टि होती है।

(ख) पौधे एवं जीव-जंतु एक-दूसरे पर आश्रित हैं।
उत्तर:
सभी पेड़-पौधे तथा जीव-जंतु एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर करते हैं क्योंकि ये सब मिलकर प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण का निर्माण करते हैं। एक के बिना दूसरे का अस्तित्व संकट में पड़ सकता है।

प्रश्न 5.
क्रियाकलाप (Activity)
एक आदर्श पर्यावरण की कल्पना कीजिए जिसमें आप रहना चाहेंगे। अपने इस आदर्श पर्यावरण का चित्र बनाएँ।
उत्तर:
छात्र स्वयं करें।
कल्पना : समतल मैदान में एक गाँव/शहर हो। जनसंख्या कम हो। पीने के लिए स्वच्छ पानी उपलब्ध हो। गाँव/शहर से बाहर जंगल हो। वन को काटने पर प्रतिबंध हो। आने-जाने के मार्ग सुलभ हों। प्रदूषण रहित वातावरण हो। इसके अतिरिक्त अन्य सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध हों।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सही विकल्प चुनो:
(i) सजीव प्राणियों का संसार:
(क) जैविक
(ख) अजैविक
(ग) जैवमंडल
उत्तर:
(क) जैविक।

(ii) निर्जीव पदार्थों के संसार में सम्मिलित हैं:
(क) पादप
(ख) जंतु
(ग) स्थल
उत्तर:
(ग) स्थल।

(iii) पर्यावरण शब्द की उत्पत्ति एनवायरोनेट से हुई है, जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ है:
(क) आस-पास
(ख) पड़ोस
(ग) प्रकृति
उत्तर:
(ख) पड़ोस।

(iv) मानव निर्मित पर्यावरण का उदाहरण है:
(क) स्थल
(ख) जीव
(ग) स्मारक
उत्तर:
(ग) स्मारक।

(v) पृथ्वी की ठोस पर्पटी कहलाती है:
(क) स्थलमंडल
(ख) जलमंडल
(ग) वायुमंडल
उत्तर:
(क) स्थलमंडला

प्रश्न 2.
सत्य और असत्य बताएँ:
(i) हमारा पर्यावरण स्थायी है।
(ii) विभिन्न प्रजातियाँ जैव विभिन्नता कहलाती हैं।
(iii) लोग जैवमंडल के अंग नहीं हैं।
(iv) जल वायुमंडल में भी पाया जाता है।
(v) जैवमंडल एक संकीर्ण क्षेत्र है।
उत्तर:
(i) असत्य
(ii) सत्य
(ii) असत्य
(iv) सत्य
(v) सत्य।

प्रश्न 3.
रिक्त स्थान भरें:
1. पौधे, …………….. और मनुष्य पर्यावरण से प्रभावित होते हैं।
2. …………….. विशाल जलराशि है।
3. दोनों पर्यावरण …………….. हैं।
4. सभी ………………. एक-दूसरे से जुड़े हैं।
5. ……….. वायु की पतली परत है।
6. स्थलमंडल ……………….. की परत है।
उत्तर:
1. जानवर
2. महासागर
3. एक-दूसरे से संबंधित
4. महासागर
5. वायुमंडल
6. जैवमंडल।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्न के जोड़े बनाएँ:

उत्तर:
1. (क)
2. ग)
3. (घ)
4. (ख)
5. (ङ)

HBSE 7th Class Geography पर्यावरण Important Questions and Answers

अति लघु उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
पर्यावरण के दो प्रमुख घटक लिखिए।
उत्तर:
पर्यावरण के दो अवयव हैं:

• जीविय
• अजीविय।

प्रश्न 2.
स्थल, जल तथा वायु से बने पर्यावरण का प्रकार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
भौतिक पर्यावरण।।

प्रश्न 3.
पौधों तथा जानवरों से बने पर्यावरण का नाम बताएँ।
उत्तर:
जैविक पर्यावरण।

प्रश्न 4.
पर्यावरण क्या है?
उत्तर:
हमारे आस-पास पाई जाने वाली प्रत्येक अवस्था को सम्मिलित रूप से पर्यावरण कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
पर्वत क्या है?
उत्तर:
समतल भूमि से अधिक ऊँचे उठे भाग पर्वत कहलाते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
महासागर से आप क्या समझते हैं?
उत्तर:
विस्तृत क्षेत्र में फैली जलराशि को महासागर कहते हैं।

लघु उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
जैव विभिन्नता क्या है? समझाएँ।
उत्तर:
हमारी पृथ्वी ही सौर मंडल में केवल एक ऐसा ग्रह है जिस पर जीवन पाया जाता है। शताब्दियों से रह रहे जीवन में विभिन्नता गई है। इस प्रकार की विभिन्नता की प्रक्रिया में विभिन्न प्रकार की प्रजाति उत्पन्न हो गई हैं। विभिन्न प्रजातियों के कारण

प्रश्न 2.
पर्यावरण की परिभाषा दें।
उत्तर:
हमारे आसपास की सभी वस्तुएँ और दशाएँ पर्यावरण कहलाती हैं। पर्यावरण हमारे जीवन का आधार है। इससे हमें वायु, जिसमें हम साँस लेते हैं, पीने के लिए जल, रहने के लिए भूमि मिलती है। पर्यावरण स्थान-स्थान पर भिन्न होता है। उदाहरण के लिए भारत के विभिन्न भागों में पर्यावरण की दशाएँ भिन्न हैं। कहीं मरुस्थल है तो कहीं पर अधिक वर्षा वाले क्षेत्र। यह प्राकृतिक व मानव निर्मित परिघटनाओं का मिश्रण है।

प्रश्न 3.
भौतिक पर्यावरण या अजीविय पर्यावरण के बारे में आप क्या जानते हैं?
उत्तर:
भौतिक पर्यावरण हमें प्राकृतिक दशाएँ प्रदान करता है जिनमें भूमि, जल तथा वायु सम्मिलित हैं। भूमि पर पर्वत, पठार, मैदान और घाटियाँ पाई जाती हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
खान-पान की आदतें पर्यावरण पर क्यों निर्भर
उत्तर:
लोगों की खान-पान की आदतें पर्यावरण पर निर्भर करती हैं। जो वस्तुएँ हमें पर्यावरण से प्राप्त होती हैं उन्हीं के अनुसार हमारी आदतें बनती हैं। यहाँ तक कि वस्त्र भी पर्यावरण के भोजन में मछली प्रमुख है।

दीर्घ उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
हमें अपने पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा क्यों करनी चाहिए?
उत्तर:
हमें अपने पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा करनी चाहिए क्योंकिः
1. पर्यावरण हमारे जीवन का आधार है। यह हमें साँस लेने के लिए हवा, पीने के लिए पानी, खाने के लिए भोजन तथा रहने के लिए भूमि प्रदान करता है।

2. यह प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रदान करता है। जैसे-ईंधन और खनिज।

3. पर्यावरण के कई भागों को संसाधनों के असावधानीपूर्वक प्रयोग से क्षति पहुंच चुकी है। जैसे वनों का प्रयोग, खनिजों का प्रयोग आदि।

4. बहुत सी मानव क्रियाएँ एक या दूसरे प्रकार से पर्यावरण को क्षति पहुँचाती हैं।

5. यदि यह क्षति इसी प्रकार चलती रही तो पर्यावरण की क्षति इतनी अधिक हो जाएगी कि उसके परिणाम घातक सिद्ध होंगे।

प्रश्न 2.
पर्यावरण में जैवमंडल के कार्य का वर्णन करें।
उत्तर:
जैविक प्रक्रिया अपनी ऊर्जा के लिए सूर्य किरणों पर निर्भर करती है। जैवमंडल का विकसित होना तथा जीवित रहना ऊर्जा के स्थानांतरण तथा पदार्थ पर ही निर्भर करता है। किसी क्षेत्र में पाए जाने वाले जीव-जंतु तथा पौधे वहाँ के भौतिक पर्यावरण से संबंधित होते हैं। एक क्षेत्र में रहने वाले सभी प्राणी एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर करते हैं। इस प्रकार एक क्षेत्र के प्रणी तथा वनस्पति न केवल भौतिक पर्यावरण में रहते हैं बल्कि एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर करते हैं। यह घटना जैवमंडल में ही घटती है।

पर्यावरण Class 7 HBSE Notes in Hindi

1. प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण (Natural Environment) : प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण में प्राकृतिक घटक जैसे भूमि, जल और वायु तथा पेड़-पौधे, जानवर, मनुष्य आदि सम्मिलित हैं।

2. पर्यावरण के भाग (Spheres of Environment) : पर्यावरण के चार भाग हैं:

• वायुमंडल
• स्थलमंडल
• जलमंडल
• जैवमंडल।

3. पारितंत्र (Ecosystem) : वह तंत्र जिसमें समस्त जीवधारी आपस में एक-दूसरे के साथ तथा पर्यावरण के उन भौतिक एवं रासायनिक कारकों के साथ परस्पर क्रिया करते हैं जिसमें वे निवास करते हैं। ये सब ऊर्जा और पदार्थों के स्थानांतरण द्वारा संबद्ध हैं।

4. मानवीय पर्यावरण (Human Environment) : मानव अपने पर्यावरण के साथ अपनी आवश्यकताओं के अनुसार परिवर्तन करता है। मानव पर्यावरण के उदाहरण हैं-पुल, बाँध, उद्योग, स्मारक आदि।

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 परिमाप और क्षेत्रफल Ex 11.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 परिमाप और क्षेत्रफल Ex 11.1

प्रश्न 1.
एक आयताकार भूखण्ड की लम्बाई और चौड़ाई क्रमशः 500 मीटर तथा 300 मीटर है। ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) भूखण्ड का क्षेत्रफल
(ii) भूखण्ड का मूल्य, यदि 1 मीटर² का मूल्य ₹ 10,000 है।
हल :
लम्बाई = 500 मीटर, चौड़ाई = 300 मीटर
(i) क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई
= (500 × 300) मीटर²
= 1,50,000 मीटर² उत्तर

(ii) ₹ 10,000 प्रति मीटर² से जमीन की कीमत
= ₹ (10,000 × 1,50,000)
= ₹ 1,500,000,000 उत्तर

प्रश्न 2.
एक वर्गाकार पार्क का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए जिसका परिमाप 320 मीटर है।
हल :
वर्गाकार पार्क का परिमाप = 320 मीटर
∴ वर्गाकार पार्क की भुजा = \(\left(\frac{320}{4}\right)\) मीटर
= 80 मीटर।
∴ वर्गाकार पार्क का क्षेत्रफल = (भुजा)²
= (80 मीटर)² = 80 × 80 मीटर²
= 6400 मीटर²। उत्तर

प्रश्न 3.
एक आयताकार भूखण्ड की चौड़ाई ज्ञात कीजिए यदि इसका क्षेत्रफल 440 मीटर² और लम्बाई 22 मीटर हो। इसका परिमाप भी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना एक आयताकार भूखण्ड की चौड़ाई = b मीटर है।
भूखण्ड की लम्बाई = 22 मीटर है।
भूखण्ड का क्षेत्रफल = 440 मीटर²
∴ भूखण्ड का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई
440 मीटर² = b मीटर × 22 मीटर
b = \(\frac{440}{22}\) मीटर = 20 मीटर
अत: भूखण्ड का परिमाप = 2 × (ल. + चौ.)
= 2 × (22 + 20) मीटर
= 2 × 42 मीटर
= 84 मीटर। उत्तर

प्रश्न 4.
एक आयताकार शीट का परिमाप 100 सेमी है। यदि लम्बाई 35 सेमी हो तो इसकी चौड़ाई ज्ञात कीजिए। क्षेत्रफल भी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना आयताकार शीट की चौड़ाई = b सेमी है। तथा लम्बाई = 35 सेमी और परिमाप = 100 सेमी
∴ परिमाप = 2 × (ल. + चौ.)
⇒ 100 = 2 × (35 + b)
⇒ \(\frac{100}{2}\) = 35 + b
⇒ 50 – 35 = b
⇒ 15 = b
⇒ शीट की चौड़ाई = 15 सेमी
∴ शीट का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई
= (35 × 15) सेमी²
= 525 सेमी²। उत्तर

प्रश्न 5.
एक वर्गाकार पार्क का क्षेत्रफल एक आयताकार पार्क के बराबर है। यदि वर्गाकार पार्क की एक भुजा 60 मीटर हो और आयताकार पार्क की लम्बाई 90 मीटर हो तो आयताकार पार्क की चौड़ाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
वर्गाकार पार्क का क्षेत्रफल = (भुजा)²
= (60)² मीटर²
= 3600 मीटर²
माना आयताकार पार्क की चौड़ाई = 5 मीटर है।
∴ क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई = 90 × b मीटर²
लेकिन आयताकार पार्क का क्षेत्रफल = वर्गाकार पार्क का क्षेत्रफल
∴ 90 × b = 3600
⇒ b = \(\frac{3600}{90}\) = 40
∴ आयताकार पार्क की चौड़ाई = 40 मीटर। उत्तर

प्रश्न 6.
एक तार आयत के आकार का है। इसकी लंबाई 40 सेमी और चौड़ाई 22 सेमी है। यदि उसी तार को दुबारा मोड़कर एक वर्ग बनाया जाता है तो प्रत्येक भुजा की माप क्या होगी? यह भी ज्ञात कीजिए कि किस आकार का क्षेत्रफल अधिक होगा?
हल :
जब तार आयत की आकृति का हो :
लम्बाई = 40 सेमी, चौड़ाई = 22 सेमी
तार की परिमाप = 2(लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
= 2(40 + 22) सेमी
= 2 × 62 सेमी = 124 सेमी
इसका क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई
= (40 × 22) सेमी² = 880 सेमी²
जब वही तार वर्ग के आकार में मोड़ा जाता है तब इसका परिमाप आयत के आकार के समान होगा।
∴ परिमाप = 124 सेमी
⇒ 4 × भुजा = 124
⇒ भुजा = \(\frac{124}{4}\) सेमी = 31 सेमी
इसका क्षेत्रफल = (31)² सेमी2 = 961 सेमी²
अतः वर्ग की भुजा की माप = 31 सेमी है और वर्गाकार आकृति का क्षेत्रफल अधिक है। उत्तर

प्रश्न 7.
एक आयत का परिमाप 130 सेमी है। यदि आयत की चौड़ाई 30 सेमी हो तो आयत की लम्बाई ज्ञात कीजिए। आयत का क्षेत्रफल भी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना आयत की लम्बाई = l सेमी है।
परिमाप = 130 सेमी और चौड़ाई = 30 सेमी
परिमाप = 2 × (ल. + चौ.)
⇒ 130 = 2 × (l + 30)
⇒ \(\frac{130}{2}\) = l + 30
⇒ 65 – 30 = 1
⇒ l = 35
आयत की लम्बाई = 35 सेमी
आयत का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई
= (35 × 30) सेमी²
= 1050 सेमी²। उत्तर

प्रश्न 8.
2 मीटर लम्बाई और 1 मीटर चौड़ाई वाले दरवाजे को एक दीवार में लगाया जाता है। दीवार की लम्बाई 4.5 मीटर तथा चौड़ाई 3.6 मीटर है। (आकृति देखें) ₹ 20 प्रति मीटर² की दर से दीवार पर सफेदी (white wash) कराने का व्यय ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
दीवार का कुल क्षेत्रफल
= लम्बाई × चौड़ाई
= (4.5 × 3.6) मीटर²
= 16.2 मीटर²
दरवाजे का क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई
= (2 × 1) मीटर² = 2 मीटर²
∴ दीवार पर सफेदी का क्षेत्रफल = दीवार का क्षेत्रफल – दरवाजे का क्षेत्रफल
= (16:2 – 2) मीटर²
= 14.2 मीटर²
∴ सफेदी करने का खर्च ₹ 20 प्रति मीटर² की दर से
= ₹ 20 × 14.2 = ₹ 284। उत्तर