Class 8

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

HBSE 8th Class Science Reproduction in Animals Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.
Answer:
Reproduction is very important for the organisms. The organisms reproduce to produce young ones like them. It carries on their generation. If reproduction does not take place, no living being would survive on earth. Secondly, specials characters of an organism are carried over to its next generation through reproduction only.

Question 2.
Describe the process of fertilization in human beings,
Answer:
Human beings reproduce sexually. In human beings fertilization takes place internally i.e. inside female body. Males eject sperms inside females body. Sperms and ovum fuse to form the fertilized egg called zygote. During this process the nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the ovum thus forming a single nucleus.
Thus zygote is formed with a single nucleus, this completes the process of fertilization.

Question 3.
Choose the most appropriate answer:
(a) Internal fertilisation occurs:
(i) in female body
(ii) outside female body.
(iii) in male body.
(iv) outside male body.
Answer:
(a) In female body

(b) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of:
(i) fertilization
(ii) metamorphosis.
(iii) embedding
(iv) budding.
Answer:
(b) metamorphosis

(c) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is:
(i) none
(ii) one
(iii) two
(iv) four
Answer:
(c)two.

Question 4.
Indicate whether the following sentences as True (T) or False (F):
(a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones. ( )
(b) Each sperm is a single cell. ( )
(c) External fertilisation take place in frog. ( )
(d) A new human individual developed from a cell called gamete. ( )
(e) Egg laid after fertilisation is made up of a single cell. ( )
(f) Amoeba reproduces by budding. ( )
(g) Fertilisation is necessary even in asexual reproduction. ( )
(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. ( )
(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilisation. ( )
(j) An embryo is made up of a single cell.( )
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
(e) True
(f) False
(g) False
(h) True
(i) True
(j) False.

Question 5.
Give two differences between a zygote and a foetus?
Answer:
(i) Zygote is made up of a single cell while foetus is made up of many cells.
(ii) Zygote does not have well developed limbs, foetus has well developed and identifiable limbs.
(iii) Zygote is formed by the fertilization of sperms and ovum, foetus is formed by the repeated divisions of the zygote .

Question 6.
Define asexual reproduction. Describe the two methods of asexual reproduction in animals.
Answer:
Asexual reproduction is that type of reproduction in which only single parent is involved. Asexual reproduction takes place by different methods like budding, binary fission etc. Let us discuss these two methods:
(i) Budding:
This type of reproduction takes place in Hydra and Bacteria. A part of the organism starts bulging out. Slowly it grows and develops into a separate individual.

(ii) Binary fission:
In this type of reproduction, a single organism gets divided into two. This type of reproduction takes place in Amoeba. The nucleus of the Amoeba gets divided into two followed by division of their bodies, each part getting one nucleus and developing into separate individual.

Question 7.
In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded?
Answer:
Uterus.

Question 8.
What is metamorphosis? Give examples.
Answer:
Drastic changes which take place during the development of an animal is called metamorphosis. Animals like frog, butterfly undergo metamorphosis.

Question 9.
Differentiate between internal fertilisation and external fertilisation.
Answer:
Internal fertilisation takes place inside the body of the female while the external fertilisation takes place outside the body of the female.
In case of internal fertilisation sperms are ejaculated in female’s body by the male. In external fertilisation sperms are discharged in I open.

Question 10.
Complete the cross-word puzzle using the hints given below.
Across:
1. The process of the fusion of the gametes.
6. The type of fertilization in hen.
7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of Hydra.
8. Eggs are produced here.

Down:
2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs.
3. Another term for the fertilized egg.
4. These animals lay eggs.
5. A type of fission in amobea.

Answer:

Extended Learning – Activities And Projects

1. Visit a poultry farm. Talk to the manager of the farm and try to find out the answers to the following:
(a) What are layers and broilers in a poultry farm?
(b) Do hens lay unfertilised eggs?
(c) How can you obtain fertilised and unfertilised eggs?
(d) Are the eggs that we get in the stores fertilised or unfertilised?
(e) Can you consume fertilised eggs?
(f) Is there any difference in the nutritional value of the fertilised and unfertilised eggs?
Answer:
For self attempt.

2. Observe live hydra yourself and learn how they reproduce by doing the following activity:
During the summer months collect water weeds from ponds or ditches along with the pond water and put them in a glass jar. After a day or so you may see several hydra clinging to the sides of the jar.

Hydra is transparent, jelly-like and with tentacles. It clings to the jar with the base of its body. If the jar is shaken, the hydra will contract instantly into a small blob, at the same time drawing its tentacles in.

Now take out few hydras from the jar and put them on a watch glass. Using a hand lens or a binocular or dissection microscope, observe the changes that are taking place in their body. Note down your observations.
Answer:
For self attempts.

3. The eggs we get from the market are generally the unfertilized ones. In case you wish to observe a developing chick embryo, get a fertilized egg from the poultry or hatchery which has been incubated for 36 hours or more. You may then be.able to see a white disc-like structure on the yolk. This is the developing embryo. Sometimes if the heart and blood vessels have developed you may even see a red spot.
Answer:
For self attempt.

4. Talk to a doctor. Find out how twinning: occurs. Look for any twins in your neighbourhood, or among your Mends. Find out ifthe twins are identical or non-identical. Also find out why identical twins are always of the same sex? If you know of any story about twins, write it in your own words.
You could visit the following website for information on twins: www.keepkidshealthy.com/twins/ expecting_twins.html.
For more information , on animal reproduction, you can vjsit:

• www.Saburchill.com/chapters/ chap0031.html
• healthhowstuffworks.com/human- reproduction.htm
• www.teenshealth.org/teen/sexual_health

Answer:
For self attempt.

HBSE 8th Class Science Reproduction in Animals Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name different modes of reproduction.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

Question 2.
Define sexual reproduction.
Answer:
When male and female organisms are involved in reproduction, it is called sexual reproduction.

Question 3.
Define asexual reproduction.
Answer:
When only single parent involved, reproduction is called asexual reproduction.

Question 4.
What is another name for ovum or sperm?
Answer:
Gametfe.

Question 5.
What is fertilization?
Answer:
When male and female gametes fuse, it is called fertilization.

Question 6.
What is formed when male and female gametes fuse?
Answer:
Zygote.

Question 7.
Name female reproductory organs.
Answer:
Ovaries, oviduct, uterus.

Question 8.
Name male reproductory organs.
Answer:
Testes, sperm ducts and penis.

Question 9.
Name the female gamete produced by ovaries.
Answer:
Ova.

Question 10.
Which male organ produce male gamete?
Answer:
Testes.

Question 11.
Name male gamete produced by testes.
Answer:
Sperms.

Question 12.
Name the hind of fertilization *hich take, pUce inside fem.le. body.
Answer:
Internal fertilization.

Question 13.
What kind of fertilization takes place in humans?
Answer:
Internal fertilization.

Question 14.
What type of fertilization takes place in frogs?
Answer:
External fertilization.

Question 15.
What does a zygote develop into?
Answer:
Embryo.

Question 16.
Where does an embryo grow in case of internal fertilization?
Answer:
In uterus.

Question 17.
What does an embryo grow into?
Answer:
Foetus.

Question 18.
Where does an embryo grow in case of external fertilization?
Answer:
Out side in open.

Question 19.
What are the animals called, who give birth directly to young one?
Answer:
Viviparous animals.

Question 20.
Give at least two examples of viviparous animals.
Answer:
Humans and cows.

Question 21.
What are the animals called, who lay eggs first?
Answer:
Oviparous animals.

Question 22.
Give any two examples of oviparous animals.
Answer:
Hen, Frog.

Question 23.
How many developing stages an egg of a frag undergoes to become an adult?
Answer:
Three: Egg, Tadpole, larvae, adult.

Question 24.
What do we call the sudden and extreme changes taking place during the development of an animal?
Answer:
Metamorphosis.

Question 25.
Name any two methods of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
Budding and Binary fission.

Question 26.
Name any animal undergoing budding for reproduction.
Answer:
Hydra.

Question 27.
Name tuny animal undergoing Binary fission to reproduce,
Answer:
Amoeba.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is reproduction? Why is it important?
Answer:
Reproduction is giving birth to organisms of same kind. Reproduction is important to continue life on earth and to maintain different special characters of different species.

Question 2.
What are different modes of reproduction?
Answer:
Reproduction takes place by two methods. In one method a single parent is involved in the process of reproduction. This is called asexual reproduction. In second method both male and female i.e. both parents are involved in the process of reproduction. This kind of reproduction is called sexual reproduction.

Question 3.
What are the names of male reproductory organs in human beings?
Answer:
In human beings male reproductory organs are a pair of testes, sperm ducts and a penis. Testes are responsible for producing male gametes called sperms. They are transported to the sperm ducts and through the penis, they are ejaculated in female body.

Question 4.
Explain the reproductory organs of female in human beings.
Answer:
In human beings the female reproductoiy organs are a pair of ovaries, oviducts or fallopian tubes and the uterus. Ovaries are responsible to produce female gamete called ova, which fertilize with male sperm in female fallopian tube and travels to uterus for its development into embryo and the foetus.

Question 5.
Describe the human male and female gametes.
Answer:
In human beings the males produce the gamete called sperms. Sperms are very small in size. They have a head with a middle piece which end into a tail. It is a single cell. Similarly, female gamete ova is produced by ovaries. Every ova is a single cell and one matured ova is released by one ovary every month.

Question 6.
What is fertilisation?
Answer:
When a male and a female gamete come in contact with each other they fuse. The male sperm enters the female ova and the nucleus of the sperm fuses with nucleus of the ova and results into a single nucleus. This whole process is called fertilization. In short fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes.

Question 7.
Explain how external fertilization takes place?
Answer:
In this case the females lay eggs in slow moving streams. The males also release sperms on this cluster of eggs. The sperms move in water with the help of tail and when come in contact with egg, they get fertilized.

Question 8.
How is an embryo formed put of a zygote?
Answer:
Zygote is a single cell formed by the fusion of male and female gametes. It undergoes repeated numbers of division to form a lot of many cells, so that the limbs and other parts can be developed. Thus a single zygote gets divided to form an embryo.

Question 9.
How is an embryo formed in case of hens?
Answer:
In hens zygote divides many times and reaches the oviduct. During this a protective outer coating is formed around the embryo. The complete embryo develops inside this protective shell. This embryo is laid by the hen along with the shell as an egg. This egg finally hatches after ‘ three weeks to produce chick.

Question 10.
What is budding?
Answer:
Budding is an asexual method of reproduction in animals. It needs only a single parent to reproduce. The body of the animal starts developing a small bulging structure called bud which slowly grows and have itself disconnected from the parent animal and becomes a separate individual. This is called budding. Animals like hydra reproduce through budding.

Question 11.
What do you mean by binary fission?
Answer:
Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. In this method the body of the animal divides into two halves. The nucleus of the body divides into two and this is followed by the division of the whole body. So, two organisms get produced with separate nuclei. Animals like Amoeba reproduce by this method.

Question 12.
What is cloning?
Answer:
Cloning is a method of producing an identical organism, a body part or only a cell. The produced organism or cell is completely identical to its original organism or cell. This method has been used many times in animals to produce identical clones.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by reproduction? Write about different modes of reproduction.
Answer:
Reproduction is the process of producing young ones of the same kind. Reproduction is a very important process. It is the only means of keeping the life on the earth.
There are two modes of reproduction:
(i) Sexual Reproduction:
Reproduction process in which a male and a female parents are involved is called sexual reproduction. In this process both parents produce gametes which fertilize to produce a zygote, which further develops into a baby. Human beings, cows, dogs etc. reproduce sexually.

(ii) Asexual Reproduction:
When a single parent is responsible for producing a young one, it is called asexual reproduction. Budding, fragmentation, spore formation Binary fission etc. are different methods of asexual reproduction. Microorganisms like Hydra, Amoeba, bacteria etc. reproduce asexually.

Question 2.
Draw and describe the male reproductive organs in humans.
Answer:
Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of testes, sperm ducts and penis. Testes are responsible for producing male gamete called sperm. Sperm is very small in size. It has a head, a middle piece and a tail. Sperms travel through sperm ducts and penis, and are released in female body for fertilization.

Question 3.
Draw and explain the Female Reproductive organs in human.
Answer:
Female reproductive organs consist of a pair of ovaries, oviduct or fallopian tubes and uterus.

Ovaries produce the female gamete called Ova. Every month an ovary produces an ovum. The ovum and sperm fertilize inside fallopian tubes and the fertilized zygote travels to the uterus and attach with its wall to develop into the foetus.

Question 4.
What is fertilization? How does it take place?
Answer:
Fertilization is the process by which the male and female gametes fuse to form the zygote. The sperms from a male are transferred into the female body. They swim to the fallopian tubes with help of their tails and one of them enters the ovum to fertilize. When the sperm enters the ovum, the nucleus of both the gametes fuse with each other to form the fertilized zygote.

The fertilized egg is called zygote. This zygote develops into foetus by repeated cell division. When the fertilization takes in the body of female, it is called internal fertilization. But many animals release their gametes into water and fertilization takes place outside the body of female, then the fertilization is called the external fertilization.

Question 5.
What is asexusal reproduction? Describe different methods of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
The reproduction in which only a single parent is involved is called asexual reproduction. This type of reproduction takes place mostly in microoganisms. Following are the methods of asexual reproduction:
(i) Budding:
This type of reproduction takes place in Hydra. The body of the hydra starts developing small bulges. These bulges are called buds. These buds grow in size and finally get detached from its body and become a separate individual.

(ii) Binary Fission:
This type of reproduction takes place in Amoeba. The body of the organism divides into two. The nucleus of the organism divides into two and then the body of Amoeba divides, each part getting each nucleus and thus becoming two separate individuals.

Reproduction in Animals Class 8 HBSE Notes

1. Each living being reproduce to give birth to young ones exactly like them.
2. The process by which young ones are produced is called reproduction.
3. Reproduction is of two types: Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
4. When a male and a female gamete fuse to give birth to a young ones, then it is called sexual reproduction.
5. When a single parent is involved in reproduction, then it is called asexual reproduction.
6. Reproductive organs in males and females are different. In females the reproductive organs are ovaries oviducts and uterus. In males the reproductive organs are a pair of testes, sperm ducts and penis.
7. Ovaries produce female gamete called ovum and male gamete called sperms are produced by testes.
8. Ovum and sperm fuse to form egg called Zygote. The process of fusion of ovum and sperm is called fertilization.
9. Fertilization is of two types: When it takes place inside the females body, then it is called internal fertilization, but when ovum and sperms fuse out side the body, it is called external fertilization.
10. Embryo is formed from the zygote by repeated divisions, which grows in the uterus of the female in case of internal fertilization. Embryo grows into foetus when it gets well developed limbs.
11. When animals give birth to a young one it is called a viviparous animals e.g. man, cow etc. When animals lay eggs, they are called oviparous animals e.g. hen, butterfly, etc.
12. In asexual reproduction organisms reproduce by budding binary fission, fragmentation etc.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Textbook Questions and Answers

Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 HBSE Question 1.
In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the ground on which the final between both teams is to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured. Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system.
First divide the class into the following four groups of person:
1. Police.
2. Public Prosecutor.
3. Defence Lawyer.
4. Judge.
The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions it needs to perform to bring justice.

Match the above columns correctly.
Answer:

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8 HBSE Question 2.
Now take the same situation but ask one student who is a supporter of the Fiesta club to perform all the functions listed above.
Answer:
Self-activity.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System HBSE Question 3.
Do you think the victims can get justice if only one person performed all the functions of the criminal justice system? Why not?
Answer:
The victims cannot get justice if one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system. Every function requires special skill to perform the task and also if one person performs all the functions, there is least possibility of cross-check. The police receives a complaint, the defence lawyer tries to defind the accused, the judge gives decision in the court and decides the punishment for the culprit. If only one person performed all the functions of the criminal justice system, that will lead to end of democracy.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8 Notes HBSE Question 4.
State two reasons why do you believe that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system.
Answer:
The two reasons to support the view that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system are:
(i) The police and the judges are on one side and the Public Prosecutor and the Defence Lawyers on the other. This keeps a balance between two sides of the judicial edifice and ensures an impartial and fair justice.

(ii) If the duty of charging a person and punishing him is given to a single person, it would be the end of a democracy. In such a situation, the Fundamental Rights will have no meaning.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8 Questions And Answers Question 1.
Who are the four key players in the criminal justice system?
Answer:
(i) The Police
(ii) the Public Prosecutor
(iii) the Defence lawyer
(iv) the Judge.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Solutions HBSE Question 2.
What is done by police under investigation?
Answer:
A police records statements of witnesses and collects different kinds of evidence under investigation.

Class 8 Civics Ch 6 HBSE Question 3.
Who decides whether a person is guilty or innocent?
Answer:
The judge decides whether a person is guilty or innocent.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Notes HBSE 8th Class Question 4.
What does Article 21 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
Article 21 of the Constitution that guarantees the Right to Life that a person’s life or liberty can be taken away only be following a just and reasonable legal procedure.

Class 8 Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System HBSE Question 5.
When does the role of the public prosecutor begin?
Answer:
The role of the public prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the charge sheet in the court.

Civics Class 8 Chapter 6 HBSE Question 6.
What is an FIR (First Information Report)?
Answer:
The First Information Report is the information that a police officer receives about the commission of a crime.

Haryana Board Class 8 Chapter 6 Question 7.
Who is a Public Prosecutor?
Answer:
Public Prosecutor is a gazetted officer who is appointed by the state to help in the prosecution of offenders to keep the society free from crimes.

Short Answer Type Questions

Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System HBSE Question 1.
Write three functions of the judge.
Answer:
The functions of the judge are:
(а) The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and defence.
(B) The judge decides whether the person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.
(c) The judge pronounces the sentence for the accused. He may sei die person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes. .

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 2.
What are the functions of the defence lawyer?
Answer:
The functions of the defence lawyer are:
(a) He gets a copy of the chargesheet and statements of the witnesses and he questions and cross examines the witnesses of the prosecution.
(B) He confirms that a fair trial is conducted.
(c) He presents witnesses in the defence of the accused.
(d) He collects and produces strong evidences to defend his client and to set him free.

Class 8th Civics Chapter 6 HBSE Question 3.
Write three salient features of an FIR.
Answer:
(a) An FIR must be in writing, duly signed, and the copy must be handed over to the informant.
(b) An FIR must contain the place, date, time and an elaborate description of the incident.
(c) There is no fixed time for filing an FIR but is best if it is filed at the earliest, soon after the incident as the delay may prove fatal for the victim.

Long Answer Type Questions

Chapter 6 Civics Class 8 HBSE Question 1.
What are the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to every arrested person under Article 22 of the constitution?
Answer:
Article 22 of the constitution and criminal law guarantee to every arrested person the following Fundamental Rights:
(i) The right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.
(ii) The right to be presented before a magistrate with in 24 hours of arrest.
(iii) The right not to be ill-treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.
(iv) Confessions made in police custody can not be used as evidence against the accused.
(v) A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for questioning.

Criminal Justice System Class 8 HBSE Question 2.
What are the various preconditions of a fair trial?
Answer:
The following are the preconditions of a fair trial:
(i) The FIR (First Information Report) of the complainant should be registered at the Police Station and its copy should be given to every accused person.
(ii) A person can be arrested only with the permission of the court and on some valid ground.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Accused: This refers to the person who is tried by a court for a crime.
• Cognizable: This refers to an offence for which the police may arrest a person without the permission of the court.
• Cross-examine: This refers to the questioning of a witness who has already been examined by the opposing side in order to determine the veracity of his/her testimony.
• Detention: This refers to the act of being kept in illegal custody of the police.
• Impartial: The act of being fair or just and not favouring one side over another.
• Offence: Any act that the law defines as a crime.
• To be charged of a crime: This refers to the trial judge informing the accused, in writing, of the offence for which he/she will face trial.
• Witness: This refers to the person who is called upon in court to provide a first-hand account of what he/she has seen, heard or knows.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

HBSE 8th Class Civics Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Confronting Marginalisation Class 8 HBSE Question 1.
List two fundamental rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they are treated with dignity and equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.
Answer:
(a) Right to Equality and
(b) Right to Freedom.

Confronting Marginalisation Class 8 Notes HBSE Question 2.
Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 scheduled caste and scheduled tribes prevention of Atrocities Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.
Answer:
Rathnam sought the support of law, filing his complaint under the Atrocities Act to protest against the domination and violence of
the powerful castes in his village. He used this as it was framed in response to demands made by Dalits and others so that the government may take seriously.

Confronting Marginalisation Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 3.
Why do Adivasi activists including C.K. Janu believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to believe this?
Answer:
Being an Adivasi Activist, C.K. Janu is right in believing that they can use the 1989 Act to fight against dispossession. This is because it lists actions that dispossess Dalits and Adivasis of their meagre resources or which force them into performing labour of slavery.
Thus, they can use this Act since it seems to punish anyone who wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land owned by, or alloted to, a member of a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe or gets the land alloted to him transferred.

Confronting Marginalisation HBSE Class 8 Question 4.
The poems and the song in this unit allow you to see the range of ways in which individuals and communities express their opinion, their anger and their sorrow. In class do the following two exercises:
(a) Bring to class a poem that discurses a social issue. Share this with your classmates. Work in small groups with two or more poems to discuss their meaning as well as what the poet is trying to communicate.

(b) Identify a marginalised community. Write a poem, or song, or draw a poster etc., to express your feelings as a member of this community.
Answer:

(c) For example:
A poem by Soyrabai: (Refer Pg. 96 of your Social Science and Political Life-III text book). (Read the poem and then the summarised view below.)

Soyrabai who herself belongs to the Mahar caste through her esteemed poem questions about the idea or the criterion behind being called a pure person. She argues that every human being is born in the same way and is equal. She cannot understand what makes one body less or more pure than the other. Pollution, a basic idea of casteism should not be the tool for discrimination or to separate or deny people any access to spaces, work, knowledge or dignity. According to her, it does not occur through nature of work but through one’s clear ethnicity and beliefs.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Confronting Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Class 8 Civics Chapter 8 Questions And Answers HBSE  Question 1.
Which Article states abolishment of untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.

Class 8 Confronting Marginalisation HBSE Question 2.
What is the literal meaning of Dalit?
Answer:
The term ‘Dalit’ literally means broken.

Question 3.
Which Article states “no discrimination”?
Answer:
Article 15.

Question 4.
Name a policy that promotes justice?
Answer:
Reservation.

Question 5.
When was the Arocities Act passed?
Answer:
1989.

Question 6.
Name a bhakti saint who criticized casteism.
Answer:
Kabir.

Question 7.
In your opinion does the force put on Rathnam to perform this ritual violate his fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes, in our opinion being forced to carry out such a task in which the person has no belief is a violation of fundamental right. Right to freedom and right to equality are rights that are violated.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does Article 15 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
The Article 15 of the Constitution states^ that no person can be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or a place of birth.

Question 2.
State one reason why you think reservations play an important role in providing social justice to Dalits and Adivasis.
Answer:
The law of reservation to Dalits and Adivasis is based on a simple argument that in a society like ours, where for centuries, sections of population have been denied opportunities to learn and to work in order to develop new skills or vocation, a democratic government thus needed to step in and assist, these socially or economically backward sections.

Question 3.
Why do you think the Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes?
Answer:
The situation of fear and tension might have taken place because of the fear of undergoing starvation due to unemployment on the powerful caste’s anger. They also declared the wrath of the locality would strike them if they refused to give in.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Article 17 of the Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished. What does this mean?
Answer:
Untouchability hps been abolished. It means that on one can prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities, etc. It also means that it is wrong to practise untouchability and that this practice will not be tolerated by a democratic government. Untouchability is a punishable crime now.

Question 2.
Apart from making law how does government work for the marginalised in our country?
Answer:
Government makes specific laws and policies for the marginalised in our country. There are policies or schemes that emerge through other means like setting up a committee or by undertaking a survey, etc. The government then makes an effort to promote such policies in order to give opportunities to specific groups.

Question 3.
The government operates through laws to ensure that concrete steps are taken to end inequality in the society. Mention one such law.
Answer:
One such law is the reservation policy. This law reserved seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis people. It is based on an important argument that in a society like ours where for centuries sections of the population have been denied equal opportunities to learn and work, a democratic government needs to step in and assist these section.

Question 4.
How does the reservation policy work?
Answer:
Governments across India have their own list of Scheduled Castes (or Dalits) Tribes and Backward and the more Backward castes. The Central Government too has its list. Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts of government are expected to furnish proof of their caste or tribal status. If a particular Dalit caste or a certain tribe is on the government list, then a candidate from that caste or tribe can avail the benefit of reservation.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the picture below and complete the sentences:

The (a) ……………… government passed the Scheduled Tribe and other (b) ………….. Forest Dwellers Act in (c) ……… , The introduction states that it shall undo (d) ………… injustices. The Act also points out that the right to forest dwellers include conservation of (e) …………. and (f) …………. .
Answer:
The (a) Central government passed the Scheduled Tribe and other (b) Traditiona Forest Dwellers Act in (c) 2006. The introduction states that it shall undo (d) historical injustices. The Act also points out that the right to forest dwellers include conservation of (e) Forests and (f) biodiversity.

Confronting Marginalisation Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Assertive: Groups of people that can express their views strongly.
• Confront: To come face-to-face or to challenge someone or something. For example: The groups challenging marginalisation.
• Delusion: A false impression.
• Dispossessed: To have to give up ownership or to give up authority.
• Invoking: Imploring, appealing by authority.
• Morally reprehensible: An act that violates all norms of decency and dignity that a society believes in. It usually refers to a hideous and repugnant act that goes against all values that a society has accepted.
• Policy: A stated course of action that provides direction for future, sets goals to be achieved or lays out
• principles or guidelines to be followed and acted upon.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Understanding Marginalisation Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you, understand by the word ‘marginalisation’.
Answer:
‘Marginalisation’ is a social process by which certain sections of the society are confined to lower social standing. It results, to certain minority (such as Muslims) or Dalits (particularly among the Hindus) in having a low social status and not having equal access to education and other resources.

Understanding Marginalisation Class 8 HBSE Question 2.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.
Answer:
Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised because:
(i) They are radically different from communities organised around the principle of jati-vama (castes).
(ii) Their way of life is quite different from the majority of people. They wear colourful costumes, strange type of head gears and have different cultures. They like to live in seclusion.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 HBSE Question 3.
Write one reason why you think the constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities is very important.
Answer:
The Constitution safeguards to protect minority communities to protect India’s cultural diversity and promote equality as well as justice.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 Question Answer HBSE Question 4.
Reread the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
The term minority is most commonly used to refer to communities that are numerically small in relation to the rest of the population.

Class 8th Civics Chapter 7 HBSE Question 5.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: ‘Muslims are a marginalised community’ using the data provided in this chapter list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Muslims are marginalised community because:
(i) They do not have equal access to basic amenities such as pucca house, electricity, piped water, etc.
(ii) Muslims have lowest literacy rates as compared to other religious groups of India.

Class 8 Understanding Marginalisation HBSE Question 6.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.”
List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
(i) Adivasis led excluded life in different hilly and forests areas of India till the middle of the nineteenth century or the dawn of British imperialism in India.

(ii) Adivasis are not a homogeneous population. There are over 500 different Adivasi groups ‘n our country. They are particularly numerous, in states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and in the north¬eastern states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

(iii) Adivasis practise ancestor worship and believes in all types of supernatural spirits like the primitive men.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 Solutions HBSE Question 7.
In the story board, you read about how Helen hope to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?
Answer:
The story runs like this:
A foreign company has planned to establish a metal company in area of Adivasis. They are forced to move in very large number to various areas of India. A man and his girl friend decide to make an association. They approach to district authority, state Govt, and lastly to central government.

Under their leadership, the Adiyasis demand three things forest, water and livelihood. After a long struggle, Human Right Commission comes forward and their demands are accepted. They are handed over fairly large forest-lands, supply of water and they are given employment in companies and some newly started small scale industries etc.

Class 8 Chapter 7 Civics HBSE Question 8.
Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
The different reports about the marginalisation point out that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked.
(i) In terms of occupation, houses, piped water, Muslims lag behind many other religious groups.

(ii) Most of the Muslims work in unorganised sector and have lower living standards than Hindus as a whole. Because of lack of education, they find it difficult to get both public as well as private sector jobs.

(iii) Since they are economically backward, they fail to attain a higher status in Indian society. Thus, economic and social marginalisation are interdependent.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Class 8 Civics Understanding Marginalisation HBSE Question 1.
Who are Adivasis?
Answer:
Adivasis literally means ‘original inhabitants’ who lived and often continue to live, in close association with forests.

Chapter 7 Civics Class 8 HBSE Question 2.
How much percent of India’s population is Adivasi?
Answer:
Around 8 percent.

Civics Chapter 7 Class 8 HBSE Question 3.
Name the important mining ana industrial centres where Adivasis are located.
Answer:
Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Bhilai.

Understanding Marginalisation Question Answer HBSE Question 4.
About how many Adivasi groups are there in India?
Answer:
About 500 different Adivasi groups are there in India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation Question Answer HBSE Question 1.
How have Adivasis been treated by the state and private industrialists for the past 200 years.
Answer:
Adivasis have been increasingly forced through economic chagnes, forest policies and political force applied by the state and private industry. They migrated to live as worker in plantations, as construction sites, in industries and households.

Understanding Marginalisation Class 8 Notes Questions And Answers HBSE Question 2.
Why are safeguards required for minorities?
Answer:
(i) To protect minority communities against the possibility of being culturally dominated by the majority.
(ii) To protect minorities against any discrimination and disadvantage that they may face.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have the forests been important for life and development of Adivasis?
Answer:
Forests have been very important for life and development of Adivasis.
(i) Metal ores like iron and copper, gold and silver, coal and diamonds, invaluable timber, most medicinal herbs and animal products and animal themselves all come from forests.
(ii) The continuation of life depended heavily on forests, that help recharge many of India’s rivers.
(iii) Forests covered the major part of our country till the nineteenth century.

Question 2.
By whom were the following demands being made on forest land?
(a) Timber for construction of houses and railways.
(b) Forest land for mining.
(c) Reserved by government and wild life parks.
In what ways would this effect tribal people?
Answer:
(a) Timber for construction of houses demanded by companies enaged in construction, work Or by individual rich people or by joint groups or companies. Timber for railways is demanded by Central Government or by Railway Contractors.
(b) By mining companies, by industrialists or industrial companies.
(c) Ministry of Forest and Environment on behalf of government.

Question 3.
In what ways would this affect tribal people?
Answer:
These would affect life of tribal people in following ways:
(i) Tribal people will loose their land and forests.
(ii) Their lives will be disturbed as the continuation of life depends heavily on forests, that help recharge many of our country’s rivers.
(iii) The tribal people will face shortage in the availability and quality of air and water.
(iv) More than 50 percent of tribal persons have been displaced.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the pictures and answer the following questions.


Question 1.
What do the two pictures reflect?
Answer:
The two pictures reflect the traditional dresses and life-style of Adivasis.

Question 2.
What image do we get about Adivasis from the pictures?
Answer:
We come to know that Adivasis were ‘exotic’ and ‘backward’.

(B) Look at the adjoining picture of Niyamgiri Hill and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Where is Niyamgiri Hill located?
Answer:
Niyamgiri Hill is located in Kalahandi district of Orissa.

Question 2.
Name the Adivasi community which inhabits this area.
Answer:
Dongarria Konds.

Question 3.
Why is Adivasi Community endangered to be displaced from here?
Answer:
Adivasi Community is endangered to be displaced from here because a major aluminium company is planing to set-up a mine and a refinery here.

Question 4.
What action has been taken by Adivasi Community against it?
Answer:
Adivasi people have strongly resisted this proposed development and have been joined by environmentalists as well. A case against the company is also pending in Supreme Court.

Understanding Marginalisation Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Hierarchy: A graded system or arrangement of persons or things. Usually persons at the bottom of the hierarchy are those who have the least power.
• Ghettoisation: A ghetto is an area or locality that is populated largely by members of a particular community. Ghettoisation refers to the process that leads to such a situation.
• Mainstream: Literally this refers to the main current of a river or stream. In this chapter it is used to refer to a cultural context in which the customs and practices that are followed are those of the dominant community. Mainstream is also used to refer to those people or communities that are considered to be at the centre of a society.
• Displaced: This, here, refers to people who are forced or compelled to move from their homes for big development projects including dams, mining etc.
• Militarised: An area where the presence of the armed forces is considerable.
• Malnourished: A person who does not get adequate nutrition or food.
• Adivasis: The term adivasis, literally means ‘original in habitants’.
• Socially Marginalised: To be forced to occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the centre of things or set-up.
• Santhali: A language mainly spoken by Santhal adivasis.
• Republic Day: It is the day (26th January) when the constitution of our country was adopted.
• Scheduled Castes: Those dalits or damits who have been officially enlisted for special reservation and facilities so that their development may take place quickly in the society and grouped as scheduled caste.
• Sachar Committee: The government set-up a high-level committee in 2005, that was chaired by justice Rajinder Sachar to examine status of the Muslims.
• Tribals: Tribals are also referred as Adivasis.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

HBSE 8th Class Civics Judiciary Textbook Questions and Answers

Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 HBSE Question 1.
You read that one of the main functions of the Judiciary is holding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights. Why do you think an independent Judiciaiy is necessary to carryout this important function?
Answer:
An independent judiciary is necessary to carry the function of ‘upholding the law and enforcing Fundamental Rights’ so that every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court if they believe that their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Solution HBSE Question 2.
Read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in chapter I. How do you think the Right of Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of Judicial review?
Answer:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies and the idea of judicial review in both the cases, judiciary has the power to make amendments or corrections in the law if it believes that they are in violation of the basic structure of the constitutions. Judiciary acts as the guardian of our constitution.

Judiciary Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 3.
In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgements given by the various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check your responses with others in class.

Answer:
Judgments given by various courts in the Sudha Goel case are:
(i) Lower Court: Laxman, his mother Shakuntala and his brother-in-law Subhash Chandra all the three were sentenced to death.
(ii) High Court: Laxman, Shakuntala and S ubhash Chandra were acquitted.
(iii) Supreme Court: Laxman and Shakuntala were sent to prison for life. Brother- in-law Subhash was acquitted due to lack of evidence against him.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Question Answer HBSE Question 4.
Keeping the Sudha Goel case in mind, tick the sen tences that are true and correct the ones that are false.
(a) The accused took the case to the High Court because they were unhappy with the decision of the trial court.
(b) They went to the high court after Supreme Court had given its decision.
(c) If they don’t like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again to the trial court.
Answer:
(a) Correct
(b) False. They went to the High Court after the Trial Court had given its decision.
(c) False. They have to accept the Supreme Court verdict, since it is the highest court. The accused cannot go back to the Trial Court.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Solutions HBSE Question 5.
Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?
Answer:
The introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all because it allowed any individual or organisation to file a PIL in the High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of those whose rights were being violated. The legal process was greatly simplified and even a letter or telegram addressed to the Supreme Court or the High Court could be treated as a PIL. ,

Chapter 5 Of Civics Class 8 HBSE Question 6.
Reread excerpts from the judge¬ment on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case. Now write in your own words what the judges meant when they said that the Right to Livelihood as part of the Right to Life. .
Answer:
The Right to Livelihood is the part of the Right to Life because no person can live without the means of living. In the case of Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation, the people live in slum. They have small jobs in the city and for them there is nowhere else to live. The eviction of their slum will lead to deprivation of their livelihood and consequently to the deprivation of life. Thus, it can be said that Right to Life means the need of basic requirements of livelihood, i.e., food, shelter and cloth.

Chapter 5 Civics Class 8 HBSE Question 7.
Write a story around the theme, “Justice delayed is justice denied.”
Answer:
The delay in giving justice amounts to a negation of the principle of justice.
A story around the theme runs like this, Gopal took a loan of 1,00,000 from a money-lender for the marriage of his daughter. As he was coming back, a thief snatched the bag of money from him. He screamed and luckily, the people in the locality helped him to take his bag from the thief. However, the bag first went to the police custody and the case took a long time in the court so that Gopal could not get the money on time and the marriage of his daughter was cancelled and he was also mentally harassed. Hence, it is true to say “Justice delayed is justice denied.”

Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 8.
Make sentences with each of the glossary words given below:
(a) Acquit
(b) To appeal
(c) Compensation
(d) Eviction
(e) Violation
Answer:
(a) Acquit: He was honorably acquitted of blame by a court martial.
(b) To appeal: Our school made efforts for fund raising for the tsunami appeal.
(c) Compensation: The court granted huge compensation to the young lady after the divorce.
(d) Eviction: Unlawful eviction and harassment is a criminal offence in the United Kingdom.
(e) Violation: Violation of traffic rules can lead to huge losses.

Class 8 Chapter 5 Civics HBSE Question 9.
The following is a poster made by the Right to Food campaign.

Read this poster and list the duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food. How does the phrase “Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns! We will not accept it!” used in the poster relate to the photo essay on the Right to Food on page 61?
Answer:
The constitution of India grants the citizens the Right to live. Right to live is closely associated with the Right to Food.
The duties of the government to uphold the right to food are:
(a) to provide at least minimum food item to the people either totally free or charging very nominal cost.
(b) to check the hoarding of wheat, rice, sugar.
(c) to check unnecessary inflation in price of food items.
(d) to provide mid-day meals to the poor- children in the school.
‘Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns’ is not at all acceptable in a civilized society. Instead, the need of the hour is Guru Nanak’s saying; “HINDI” If the hoarding of food is not discouraged, the people with hungry stomachs will attempt to commit crimes.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Judiciary Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Judiciary Class 8th HBSE Question 1.
In what ways can the work of judiciary be divided?
Answer:
(a) Dispute Resolution
(b) Judicial Review
(c) Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary HBSE Question 2.
When was the Supreme Court of India established? .
Answer:
26 January, 1950.

Judiciary Chapter Class 8 HBSE Question 3.
Where is the Supreme Court of India located?
Answer:
New Delhi.

Chapter 5 Judiciary Class 8 HBSE Question 4.
Who presides over the Supreme Court?
Answer:
Chief Justice.

Class 8 Chapter 5 Civics Question Answer HBSE Question 5.
In which three Presidencies were the High Courts first established?
Answer:
(a) Calcutta (now Kolkata)
(b) Bombay (now Mumbai)
(c) Madras (now Chennai).

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the eligibility conditions for appointment as a judge of the High Court?
Answer:
To qualify for appointment as a judge of the High Court, the person:
• must be a citizen of India.
• should have 10 years of experience as an advocate of a High Court or two or more such courts in succession.

Question 2.
What are the functions of High Court?
Answer:
(i) The High Court issues writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
(ii) It passes rules on election petitions and other election-related disputes.
(iii) It hears appeals in both civil and criminal cases against the decisions of the subordinate courts and reviews the judgements.
(iv) It controls and superwises the working of the subordinate courts.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Criminal Law and Civil Law.
Answer:

Question 4.
What are the qualifications for the appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
To qualify for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court, the person must:
(a) be a citizen of India.
(b) have experience of at least five years as a judge of a High Court, or at least 10 years as an advocate of a High Court, or be a distinguished jurist in the President’s opinion.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In India, we have an integrated judicial system. What does it mean?
Answer:
It means that the decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower courts. This integration can also be understood through the appellate system that exists in India. It means that a person can appeal to a higher court if he believes that the judgement passed by the lower court is not just.

Question 2.
Why was the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) introduced by the Supreme Court?
Answer:
In our courty the courts are available for all. But in reality, access to courts has always been difficult for a vast majority of the poor in India. Legal procedures involve a lot of money and paper work as well as take-up a lot of time. For a poor person who cannot read and write and whose family depends on a daily wage, the idea to going to court to get justice often seems remote. Therefore, the Supreme Court devised a mechanism of Public Interest Litigation.

Judiciary Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Acquit: This refers to the court declaring that a person is not guilty of the crime which he/ she was tried for by the court.
• Compensation: This refers to the money given to make amends for an injury or a loss.
• Eviction: This refers to the removal of persons from land/homes that they are currently living in.
• Violation: This refers both to the act of breaking a law as well as to the breach or infringement of Fundamental Rights.
• Tenure: The period for which an official remains in his office.
• Civil Cases: Cases relating to property, taxes, contracts etc.
• Criminal Cases: Cases involving violation of penal laws such as murder, theft, assault etc.
• Jurisdiction: It refers to the territorial limits within which the courts authority can be exercised. Area of authority is called jurisdiction.
• Appellate Jurisdiction: It refers to the power of superior courts to hear and decide appeals against judgement of lower courts.
• Original Jurisdiction: Types of cases which come directly before the Supreme Court and it has the sole right to give judgement.
• Court of Record: The Supreme Court and High Courts are called the court of record because all the decisions and proceeding of these courts are kept as records and a similar circumstances are quoted as precedents in the courts.
• Lok Adalat: Lok Adalat means people’s court set-up for speedy and economical justice to the poor and downtrodden and to prevent delay in justice.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities

HBSE 8th Class Civics Public Facilities Textbook Questions and Answers

Class 8 Public Facilities Question Answer HBSE Question 1.
Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?
Answer:
(i) Private companies throughout the world only operate for profit. To supply clean, pure water at affordable rates is not very affordable.
(ii) The facilities provided by the private companies will not be affordable by all. A majority of the people would be deprived of the opportunity of availing the basic facilities and enjoying a decent life.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 9 HBSE Question 2.
Do you think water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss.
Answer:
No, water is not available and affordable in Chennai by all.
(i) Areas like Anna Nagar, where Senior Government officials, reside, have tap water for a major part of the day. Even during water scarcity, a water tanker is arranged for them.
(ii) Residents of Mylapore get municipal water once in two days.
(iii) Madipakam gets water once in four days.
(iv) The residents of Saidapet, a slum area do not have separate water connection of their own. The water comes only in common tap for 20 minutes twice a ddy.
(v) The water is not affordable to all. The middle class and rich people can dig borewells, buy water from tankers or even bottled water for drinking. The poor people have the least access to water.

Public Facilities Class 8 HBSE Question 3.
How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of ground water? Can the government do anything in this regard?
Answer:
The sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai is affecting adversely the local people.
(i) The ground water-level of surrounding towns and villages have dropped drastically resulting in the loss of drinking waiter to local residents.
(ii) The private companies or water dealers pay farmers an advance for the rights to exploit water sources on their land. These companies are using a fleet of over 13,000 water tankers.
(iii) Water has become short for agriculture resulting in less production of foodgrains.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 9 Question Answer HBSE Question 4.
Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas?
Answer:
Private hospitals and private schools are located in major cities and not in town or rural areas because:
(i) The infrastructural and modem facilities to run such institutes are not available in towns or rural areas.
(ii) The skilled and educated doctors and educationists reside in major cities and very few of them would like to shift to rural areas or towns.
(iii) The private hospitals and schools are mainly run for profit motive and to meet their high expenses, they charge high fees which only people of major cities can afford.

Public Facilities Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 5.
Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.
Answer:
No, I think the distribution of public facilities in our country is not adequats and fair.
(a) In major cities, there are pucca houses but in villages most of the people are even living in kuchha houses. This is not fair for the biggest democratic country of the world.

(b) There are so many areas and villages where good road, proper schools, hospitals, good sanitation conditions, proper supply of pure water and electricity are not accessible till date.

(c) Even good hospitals and schools are also located in major cities only.

Public Facilities Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 6.
Take some of the public facilities in your area, such as water, electricity etc. Is there scope to improve these? What in your opinion should be done? Complete the table.
Answer:
There is certainly a scope for improvement in public facilities in our area. Most important is sanitation. There is a big garbage disposal pit adjoining our area which is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Also the carbon generated from dirt in the pit leads to leakage of gas for airconditioners. The government has to take immediate actions to close the pit

Class 8 Civics Chapter 9 Solutions HBSE  Question 7.
Are the above public facilities shared equally by all the people in your area? Elaborate.
Answer:
No, all the above facilities are not shared equally by all the people in your area. Nearly 20 percent people are living below the poverty line. They do not have access to pure and clean drinking water.
The rich people purchase sealed water bottles of branded companies. They have access to regular water supply through tap connections.

Class 8th Civics Chapter 9 HBSE Question 8.
Data on some of the public facilities ‘ are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with you teacher when and how the census is conducted.
Answer:
Census is conducted every ten years, if The last census was conducted in 2011. The government appoints special people to 1 collect data from door to door about population, occupation, access to public facilities The data is compared with last figures and planned figures and suitable actions are takenr.

Public Facilities Class 8 Short Answers HBSE Question 9.
Private educational institutions- schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relately less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.
Answer:
The impacts of privatisation of education will be as follows:
(a) The education will be more costly.
(b) However, the new techniques of education will be followed with modem instruments. The private companies, in the competition, try to lend better facilities.
(c) There will be more inequality in society because only people from richer strata will be able to afford to send their children to private institutions.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Public Facilities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Class 8 Civics Chapter Public Facilities HBSE  Question 1.
How many children below five years of age die due to water related diseases in India?
Answer:
Almost over 16 hundred children below five years of age die due to water related diseases in India.

Civics Chapter 9 Class 8 HBSE Question 2.
Under which article ‘right to water* is part of the right to life?
Answer:
Under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution the ‘right to water’ is part of right to life.

Class 8 Civics Public Facilities HBSE Question 3.
What is special about Porto Alegre?
Answer:
Porto Alegre has lowest infant death rate than other cities of the world because of the availability of safe water maintained by city water department.

Civics Class 8 Chapter 9 HBSE Question 4.
How did the drinking water of Mahbubnagar get contaminated?
Answer:
A textile company discharged poisonous chemicals in the river near the Mahbubnagar. This has contaminated the ground water, which was the source of irrigation and drinking water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Class 8 Public Facilities HBSE Question 1.
What does the Indian Constitution say about Right to Education and what is the contradiction that prevails in India?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Education for all children between the age of 6-14 years. According to this Right, schooling facilities are available to all children impartially. According to report on education, schooling in India continues to be highly uneven.

Question 2.
The public facility benefits many people at a time. Discuss it with example.
Answer:
Indeed, the public facility benefits many people at a time. For example, a school in a village will allow any children to get educated. In the same way by the supply of electricity to an area the farmers can run pump-sets to irrigate their fields, people can open small workshops that run on electricity, students will get help in their studies.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what areas have the private companies successfully granted public facilities and why?
Answer:
The private companies have successfully ventured opening of schools and hospitals. They also provide drinking water through tankers and sealed bottles. They provide all these facilities at a price which upper class people can afford.

Question 2.
“Indian courts have done very praiseworthy work as far as the right to water is concerned and they have also taken steps to prevent the water-pollution by some companies.” Discuss.
Answer:
(a) The constitution of India recognises the right to water as being a part of the right to life (Article 21). There have several court cases in which both the High Courts and the SupremeCourt have held that the right to safe drinking water is a Fundamental Right.

(b) For example, in 2007, the Andhra Pradesh High Court restated this (Right to get sufficient safe water) while hearing a case based on a letter written by a village of Mahbubnagar district on the contamination of drinking water.

(c) The villager’s complaint was that a textile company was discharging poisonous chemicals into a stream near his village, contaminating ground water, which was the source for irrigation and drinking water.

(d) The judges of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh directed the Mahbubnagar district collector to supply 25 litres of water to each person in the village.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the given pictures given below and answer the following question:

Question 1.
What is most important form of public transport over short distances?
Answer:
Buses are the most important forms of public transport over short distances.

Question 2.
What has the government planned as an alternative to bus transport?
Answer:
The government has planned ambitious metro-rail project for Delhi and other metropolitan cities.

Question 3.
How much money was spent from the government budget for the construction of the first segment of metro-rail in Delhi?
Answer:
W 11000 crore was spent from the government budget for the construction of the first segment of metro-rail in Delhi.

Question 4.
What negative remarks have been given by the public for such a huge expenditure?
Answer:
People have remarked that such a huge expenditure could have been avoided if only a fraction of this amount was spent on upgrading the public bus system.

Public Facilities Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Sanitation: Provision of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.
• Company: A company is a form of business set-up by people or by the government.
• Universal access: Universal access is achieved when everyone has physical access to a good can also afford it.
• Basic needs: Primary requirements of food, water, shelter, sanitation, healthcare, and education necessary for survival.
• Right to Life: The constitution of India guarantees it for all persons living in this country.
• Parliament: It is the law-making body of the country which consists of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha and the President of India.
• Budget: Annual account of income and expenditure by the government.
• Public Transport System: Local buses, state owned inter-buses, local trains, metro trains and railways are the main means of public Transportation.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

HBSE 8th Class Civics Law and Social Justice Textbook Questions and Answers

Class 8 Civics Chapter 10 HBSE Question 1.
Talk to two workers (for example, construction workers, farm workers, factory workers, workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.
Answer:
(i) Farm workers are not getting minimum wages in villages.
(ii) Women workers are not getting equal wages as that of men which is not permitted by law.

Law And Social Justice Class 8 HBSE Question 2.
What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?
Answer:
(i) They get cheap labourers or workers in India.
(ii) Since India has the second largest population country, there is a very vast internal market of foreign goods available in India.
(iii) India’s geographical conditions are favourable. India is linked to many other countries of the world. The companies, can export their goods to major markets of the world.

Law And Social Justice Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 3.
Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice?
Answer:
The victims of Bhopal Gas Tragedy have not got justice even after 28 years of Bhopal Gas Tragedy on December 2,1984. Even today 50,000 people are too sick to work. Many of them have developed severe respiratory disorders, eye-problems and other disorders. Even today many factories, workshops mines are running wihout proper safety measures.

Question 4.
What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?
Answer:
(i) Meaning: Law enforcement means that the law maker and enforcer, the government ensures that safety laws are duly implemented.
(ii) The government (excutive) is responsible for enforcement of law.
(iii) The enforcement of law is so important that without enforcement, the framing of laws meaningless. Safety laws were not enforced that led to Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

Question 5.
How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.
Answer:
(i) Laws should ensure that business men use ISI marked balance, weights or measurements.
(ii) The products especially the medicines and eatables should have MRP (Maximum Retail Price) and expiry date marked on them.
It is through laws that the markets are regulated and the relation between workers, consumers and producers are not allowed to become explosive.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 km away from the present location. Write about how your life would change.
Answer:
(a) I will have to shift my family.
(b) I will have to give ‘change of address’ notice for my bank and other legal documents.
(c) I will have to change the school of my children. If they don’t get a good school, their studies will suffer.

Question 7.
Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read ah opt in this unit.
Answer:
(i) The legislative organ of the government makes laws.
(ii) The executive organ of the government implements these laws and enforcement of the laws safeguards the interests of the minorities.
(iii) The judiciary organ of the government decides punishment for the law breakers.
(iv) The government ensures that the social- justice is achieved in the society, for example Workers do not work below minimumwages ; Child-labour is not practised.
(v) The government also undertakes welfare functions and sees to it that basic needs of the . citizens are met.

Question 8.
What are the source of environment pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to: (a) air (6) water (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce the pollution. Can you suggest some other measures?
Answer:
(i) The sources of environment pollution in our area are:
(a) Air is being polluted from smoke coming from factories, chimneys.
(b) Smoke from petrol and diesel vehicles also pollute the air.
(c) Water-pollution is caused by dirt, chemical fertilizers and garbage from factories, farms and houses.
(d) Humans wastes, and dirt from factories pollute the soil.

(ii) The steps taken to reduce pollution are:
(a) New laws are being made to check the environment pollution.
(b) CNG vehicles are promoted which do not cause pollution.
(c) Actions are being taken against companies who are responsible to violate environment laws.

(iii) Other suggestions:
Laws alone cannot make the environment clean. It is the people and every individual who is responsible and should take voluntary actions to
minimise pollution.

Question 9.
How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.
Answer:
(i) Earlier, the environment was considered a free entity which anyone could spoil. There was hardly any law to protect the environment. Neither the people, nor the government could take any action.
(ii) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy has brought the issue of environment to the forefront. Indian Government has introduced laws to protect the environment. The courts have declared the environment to be a public facility and the government is responsible for checking pollution, clear rivers and punish the wrong doers.

Question 10.
What do you think the famous Cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon? How does it relate to the 2006 law that you read on page 125.

Answer:
(i) I think the famous cartoonist is trying to draw our attention towards child-labour. In the cartoon, a rich woman hires another child to lessen the burden of heavy school-bag on her child’s shoulders.
(ii) The law of 2006, is an amendment to the Child Labour and Prevention Act, which bans children under 14 years of age from working as domestic servants or as workers in dhabas, restaurants, tea-shops etc.

Question 11.
You have read about the Bhopal gas tragedy and the on-going struggle. Students from countries across the world have come together to support this struggle for justice. From protest marches to awareness campaigns, you can read about their activities on the website www.studentsforbhopal.com. The website also has resources such as photos, posters, documentaries, victims’ statements, etc.

Use this and other sources to make a wallpaper/exhibition on the’ Bhopal tragedy for your classroom. Invite the whole school to see and talk about it.
Answer:
It is a classroom activity. Do yourself

HBSE 8th Class Civics Law and Social Justice Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why are law made to protect the interest of producers and consumers in the market?
Answer:
To ensure that the relations between the workers, consumer and producer are governed in a manner that is not exploitative.

Question 2.
Mention the health problems faced by the survivors of Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
Answer:
Many people developed severe respiratory disorders, eye problems and other disorders. Children developed peculiar abnormalities.

Question 3.
Why did Bhopal Gas Tragedy occur?
Answer:
Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred due to leakage of highly poisonous gas-methyl isocyanite (MIC) from a factory which produces pesticides.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the government ensure social justice?
Answer:
Through making, enforcing and upholding these laws the government control the activities of individuals or private companies to ensure social justice.

Question 2.
Which three states have developed plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic servants?
Answer:
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have developed plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic servants.

Question 3.
Was Bhopal Gas Tragedy an accident? If not why?
Answer:
Bhopal Gas Tragedy was not an accident Union Carbide had deliberately ignored the essential safety measures in order to cut costs. Much before the Bhopal disaster, there had been incidents of gas leakage killing a worker and injuring several people.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and the havoc caused by it.
Answer:
Union Carbide was an American Company located in Bhopal city in Madhya Pradesh where it produced pesticides. On December 2, 1884, a poisonous gas-Methyl-Isocyanite started leaking from this plant. The gas took no time to spread and the people settled in nearby areas started having breathing problems with in three days more than 8000 people died and hundreds of thousands were suffering different diseases. The people who survived developed many problems like respiratory problems, eye problems and other disorders. People became too sick and handicapped to work.

The tragedy occurred due to:
(i) Ignoring safety measures in order to cut costs.
(ii) Relaxation in enforcement of laws.
To make the matters worse; only 470 million was given as compensation as against 3 billion demanded by the court.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the given picutres and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the major cause of environmental pollution?
Answer:
Emissions from vehicles are a major cause of environmental pollution.

Question 2.
What had the Supreme Court ordered in a series of rulings (1998 onwards)?
Answer:
The Supreme Court had ordered in a series of rulings (1998) that all public transport vehicles were to switch to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

Question 3.
Why are the high levels of toxic substances present in the air?
Answer:
The high levels of toxic substances are present in the air due to emissions from cars run on diesel and a sharp increase in the number of cars on the road.

Law and Social Justice Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Consumer: An individual who buys goods for personal use and not for resale.
• Producer: A person or organisation that produces goods for sale in the market. At times, the producer keeps a part of the produce for his own use, like a farmer.
• Investment: Money spent to purchase new machinery or buildings or training so as to be able to increase/modernise production in the future.
• Workers’ Union: An association of workers. Workers’ unions are common in factories and offices, but might be also found among other types of workers, say domestic workers’ union.
• Market: Bazar or market is that place where the process of buying selling of articles take place.
• Protective Laws: The laws which are framed or passed by the legislature to protect people from different types of exploitation. These laws try to ensure that the unfair practices are kept at a minirmiman the markets.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After

HBSE 8th Class History When People Rebel 1857 and After Textbook Questions and Answers

LETS RECALL

When People Rebel 1857 And After HBSE 8th Class Question 1.
What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?
Answer:
The demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British was that she wanted Company to recognise her adopted son as the heir to the kingdom after the death of her husband.

When People Rebel Class 8 HBSE 8th Class Question 2.
What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?
Answer:
Following were the steps that the British did to protect the interest of those who converted to Christianity:

After 1830, the Company allowed Christian missionaries to function freely in its domain and even own land and property.
In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier.

When People Rebel HBSE 8th Class Question 3.
What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?
Answer:
The sepoys had raised the following objections when they were asked to use new cartridges:
(i) The cartridges used for new rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. It is a great insult to the regions of Indian sepoys the Hindus as well as the Muslims.

(ii) It appeared to the Indian soldiers that the great aim of the English was to turn all the sepoys into Christians, and they had therefore introduced the cartridge in order to bring this about, since both Mohammedans and Hindus would be defied by using it.

When People Rebel 1857 And After Map HBSE 8th Class Question 4.
How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?
Answer:
The last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II (or Bahadur Shah Zafar) lived a miserable life in his last time. When the British captured Delhi in September 1857 A.D., Bahadur Shah left Lucknow, from there he continued his fight against the British. At last his sons along with some other rebels were captured by the English. His two sons and a grandson were shot dead before his old eyes. Their dead bodies were hanged at the Khooni Darwaja, Delhi to create terror among the rebels. Bahadur Shah himself was deported to Rangoon where he died in 1862 A.D. His last words were “Zafar was really unfortunate for he could not get six feet grave in the street of his beloved country.”

LETS DISCUSS

When People Rebel 1857 And After Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 5.
What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?
Answer:
The reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857 were :
(i) The Indian nawabs had gradually lost their power, authority and honour.

(ii) The British Governor-Generals posted their residents in several courts, the freedom of the rulers reduced, their armed forces disbanded and their revenue and territories taken away stage by stage.

(iii) The Company was confident of its military powers.

(iv) In 1856, Governor-General Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal king and after his death none of his descendent would be recognised as king. They would just be called prince.

When People Rebel Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 6.
What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion have in the people and the ruling families?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar’s decision to bless the rebellion changed the entire situation and it had the following impacts:
(i) People felt inspired and enthused. It gave them courage, hope and confidence to act.

(ii) Regiment after regiment mutinied and took off to join other troop at nodal points like Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.

(iii) Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the late Peshwa Baji Rao gathered armed forces and expelled the British garrision from the city. He declared himself that he was agovemor under Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.

(iv) Biijis Qadr, the son of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was made the new Nawab in Lucknow. He too acknowledged the suzerainty of Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Class 8 History Chapter 5 HBSE  Question 7.
How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?
Answer:
(i) The victories against the British had earlier encouraged rebellion, the defeat of rebel forces including landowners of Awadh encouraged desertions.

(ii) The British also tried their best to win back the loyalties of the people. They announced rewards for those who would remain faithful to them.

(iii) Then they crushed the revolt with a heavy hand.

(iv) The British military generals also tried to recapture those places which once felt to the rulers.

Question 8.
In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?
Answer:
The British had regained control of the country by the end of 1859, but they could not carry on ruling the land with the same policies any more. Following were the changes introduced by the British as a result of the rebellion of 1857:
(i) The British Parliament passed a new act in 1858 and transferred the powers of the East India Company to the British Crown in order to ensure a more responsible management of Indian affairs.

(ii) A member of the British Cabinet was appointed Secretary of State for India and made responsible for all matters related to the governance of India.

(iii) All ruling chief’s of the country were assured that their territory would never be annexed in future. They were allowed to pass on their kingdoms to their heirs, including adopted sons. However, they were made to acknowledge the British Queen as their sovereign paramount.

(iv) It was decided that the proportion of Indian soldiers in the army would be reduced and the number of European soldiers would be increased. It was also decided that instead of recruiting soldiers from Awadh, Bihar, Central India and South India, more soldiers would be recruited from among the Gurkhas, Sikhs and PathAnswer:

(v) The land and property of Muslims was confiscated on a large scale and they were treated with suspicion and hostility. The British decided to respect the customary religions and social practices of the people in India.

(vi) Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars and give them security of rights over their.

LETS DO

Question 9.
Find out stories and songs remembered by people in your area or your family about San Sattavan ki Ladaai. What memories do people cherish about the great uprising?
Answer:
(i) There are several stories about the brave works of some people during San Sattavan ki Ladaai.
“There was a Courtesan in Kanpur. He was linked to a Hindu Military Subedar who rebelled in 1857. When during the course of the revolt, the rebel Subedar fell to the bullets of the British, the Courtesan Azizun Nisa mobilised women to form a band of troops. She represented this band as its military Commander and participated in the war of independence with full vigour alongwith Begam Hazrat Mahal and Tantia Tope.”

(ii) Many of our eleder say that they came to know from their grandfather about the Hindu- Muslim unity during the war of independence of 1857. There was a Hindu priest, who did not allow even Hindu from lower castes to enter the temple premises. But, during the fight of 1857 several Muslim rebel soldiers found their shelter in his temple. He personally took care of these soldiers. He told that service to the motherland was superior to every thing. Even today people cherish about this incident in our area.

Question 10.
Find out more about Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. In what ways would she have been an unusual woman for her times?
Answer:
Rani Lakshnjibai of Jhansi : The Raja of Jhansi had been originally a vassal of the Peshwa. After the defeat of Baji Rao II, Lord Hastings in 1818 had concluded a treaty with the Raja on terms of‘subordinate co-operation’.

After the death of the Raja in 1835, the company recognised a grand-uncle, Raghunath Rao to succeed to the throne. After his death, his successor Gangadhar Rao was recognised as the ruler in 1838. But he died in November 1853 without leaving a male heir and the state was declared annexed by Lord Dalhousie. The claims of the adopted son were disregarded. So the Queen of Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai joined to revolt to protest against the annexation of Jhansi by the English.

When the Rani joined the revolt, General Sir Huge Rose attacked Jhansi in March 1858, but the brave Rani Lakshmibai kept the British General unnerved for quite sometime. When she found that she could not able to hold the English for a long time she appealed to Tantya Tope for help, which brought Tantya Tope rushing to Jhansi. But by the time he reached Jhansi her troops were severely defeated by the British on the banks of the river Betwa. Now the Rani had to hold on to her fortress above. The British also knew it would be difficult for them to enter into the fortress.

So the British resorted to deceit and treachery and bribed the guards to open the gates of the fortress. Even then the British was unable to capture the Rani who slipped out of the fort and reached Kalpi. Here she was joined by Tantya Tope the great general of Nana Sahib, who fled to Kalpi. Now the Rani of Jhansi and the great General Tantya Tope joined together and fought many wars with the British. While fighting they had to leave Kalpi. So they fell upon Gwalior with lightening speed and captured it. The ruler of Gwalior Jayaji Rao Sindhia was a dependent ruler of the British Company who was paying lots of tribute and he was also very loyal to the Company. Now the Company had the responsibility to protect their independent, i.e., the ruler of Gwalior.

A fierce battle was fought between the British and the revolutionaries under Rani Lakshmibai and Tantya Tope from June 11-18, 1858 A.D. Even though the Rani and Tantya Tope were able Generals, their personal valour was not at all a good match the resources at the command of the British. Gwalior was recaptured by the British in June 18,1858. The Rani of Jhansi died fighting clad in soldier’s uniform on the ramparts of the fort. Tantya Tope escaped southward. In April 1859 he was captured by one of the Sindhia’s feudatory, who handed him over to the British to be hanged on April 18, 1859.

Sir Huge Rose paid a tribute to the valour of Rani Lakshmibai by saying, “Lakshmibai was the bravest and the best of military leaders of the rebels.”

LETS IMAGINE

Imagine you are a British officer in Awadh during the rebellion. What would you do to keep your plans of fighting the rebels a top secret?
Answer:
I would have used a code word Kamal (Lotus) to convey about my future plans. I knew that Kamal was being used by the rebellion, just to create confusion in the minds of the Indians.

I used to wear Indian dress of the area. I would keep a large number of troops, judging their loyalty. I would have asked the Muslim soldiers to take an oath of Holy Quran of loyalty to the British and same oath by the Hindu soldiers, telling them to put their hands on Holy Bhagwat Gita.

I would have used all four tactics of Sam, Dam, Dand and Bhed to loyalty among the rebels of the Awadh. I would have send some loyal females to know future plan of the higher British officers.

The following table explains in brief the 1857 revolt in short:

HBSE 8th Class History When People Rebel 1857 and After Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why were the Indian sepoys in the employ of the Company were discontent with Company?
Answer:
The Indian sepoys in the employ of the Company were discontent because :
(a) They were unhappy about their pay, allowances and conditions of services.
(b) Some of the new rules violated their religious sensibilities and beliefs.

Question 2.
What was the law passed by the Company in 1856?
Answer:
In 1856, the Company passed a new law which stated that every new person who took up employment in the Company’s army had to agree to serve overseas if required.

Question 3.
How did the anger of the peasants quickly spread among the sepoys?
Answer:
The anger of the peasants quickly spread among the sepoys because many of them were peasants and had families living in the villages.

Question 4.
Why was Mangal Pandey hanged to death?
Answer:
Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking the officers in Barrackpore.

Question 5.
How did the Revolt of 1857 affect the position of the East India Company?
Answer:
The Company’s rule in India was abolished and the British Government began to rule their Indian empire directly.

Question 6.
What was the most responsible cause for the failure of the revolt against the British rule?
Answer:
The infighting and jealousy among the rulers was the most responsible cause for the failure of the revolt against the British rule.

Question 7.
Who was Mangal Pandey?
Answer:
Mangal Pandey was a brave soldier of the British military cantt. at Barrackpore. He was the first person who refused the loading of the new rifles with greased cartridges. Due to the reason he was killed by the Britisher.

Question 8.
On what ground was Awadh annexed.
Answer:
It was said that the territory Was misgoverned and the British rule was needed to ensure proper administration.

Question 9.
What was the impact of the British land policies on the sepoy?
Answer:
The sepoys were angry because many of them were peasants and had families in the villages.

Question 10.
Below are given the names of some rebel leaders. Name the place where they headed the rebellion. Ahmadullah Khan, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan.
Answer:
Ahmadullah Khan – Lucknow
Kunwar Singh – Bihar
Bakht Khan – Delhi

Question 11.
What major change was observed in ruling Indian territory after the revolt of 1857?
Answer:
After the revolt of 1857, the British Governement undertook direct responsibility for ruling India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What plan did the company make to bring and end to the Mughal dynasty?
Answer:
(i) In 1849, Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah, the family of the king will have to leave the Red Fort.

(ii) In 1856, Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last king. After his death none of his descendants would be recognised as king.

Question 2.
‘1857 Revolt was not a Sepoy Mutiny’. Comment.
Answer:
The sepoys had played an active role in 1857 revolt and they were the first to revolt against the rule of the East India Company. Still it cannot be called a sepoy mutiny since the revolt was not confined to them. Several other sections of the society had also taken part in the revolt.

Question 3.
How was the Revolt of 1857 suppressed by the British?
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 was suppressed by the British through many inhuman brutalities. Many rebels were hanged. Others were tied to the mouth of cannons and blown off. Several villages were razed and harvests destroyed by British army.

Question 4.
Why did the emerging middle class not support the rebels?
Answer:
The following were the reasons why the emerging middle class did not support the rebels :
(a) The middle class had emerged as a result of the British rule in India. It was their belief that only the British Government could modernise India after bringing social reforms in the society.

(b) The middle class was aware of its petty positions in the old type of kingdoms. The royal class always used to keep them oppressed. Hence this class did not take any interest in the revolt.

(c) The middle class was not sound economically and financially. The lack of sufficient resources made them keep away from the battle fields of the revolt.

Question 5.
What were the reforms made in the British army after the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
Reforms in the Army:
(a) There was a feeling that the Indian Army had been mainly responsible for the revolt, so it was thoroughly reorganised and built up on the policy of division and counterpoise.

(b) The British reduced the strength of the Indian sepoys and fixed up the ratio as two sepoys to one European soldier.

(c) The discipline in the army was improved. The Company army was dissolved and all the army men became the servants of the Crown directly.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the Company plan to bring the Mughal dynasty to an end?
Answer:
The Company took the following steps to bring the Mughal dynasty to an end :
(i) The name of the Mughal king was removed from the coins minted by the Company.

(ii) In 1849, Governor General Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the family of the king would be shifted out of the Red Fort and given another place in Delhi to reside in.

(iii) In 1856, Governor General Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be last Mughal king and after his death none of his descendents would be recognised as kings-they would just be called prines.

Question 2.
What were the main causes of failure of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The main causes that were responsible for the failure of Revolt of 1857 were :
(а) The revolt was not widespread. Sindh, Rajputana, Kashmir, East Bengal and most of the Punjab did not take part in it.

(b) The Sikh, Rajput and Gorkha battalions remained loyal and helped the British to suppress the revolt.

(c) There was no unity and common ideals among the revolutionaries. The Hindus wanted to set up a Maratha rule while the Muslims wanted to revive the Mughal kingdom.

(d) The revolutionaries had no common plan of action.

(e) The British could gather immense resources and weapons to suppress the sheer bravery and courage of the sepoys.

(f) The revolt broke out prematurely with incomplete preparations.

(g) The British adopted the policy of‘Divide and Rile’ and prevented most of the Indian rulers to join together for a common cause.

Question 3.
What reforms were made by the British in the Indian society? How did Indians see these laws?
Answer:
1. (i) Laws were passed to stop the practice of sati and to encourage the remarriage of windows,
(ii) English-language education was actively promoted
(iii) The Company allowed Christian missionaries to function freely in its domain and even own land and property
(iv) Laws were passed for easy conversion to Christianity. Those who converted to Christianity could now inherit ancestral property.

2. Many people felt that British were destroying their religions, social customs and traditional ways of life.

MAP TIME

Question 1.
On an outline map of India show the main centres of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:

When People Rebel 1857 and After Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Mutiny : When soliders as a group disobey their officers in the army.
• Firangis-Foreigners : The term reflects an attitude of contempt.
• Cartridge : Case containing bullets.
• Infantry : Soldiers who fight on foot.
• Sepoy : An Indian soldier in the Company army.
• Taluqdars: Petty landowners.
• Jihad : Holy war (or crusade) by Muslim religious leaders.
• Polygamy : System of having more than one wife.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

HBSE 8th Class History Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Textbook Questions and Answers

LETS RECALL

Tribals Dikus And The Vision Of A Golden Age Solutions HBSE 8th Class Question 1.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The British described the tribal people as __________.
(b) The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation in India is known as __________.
(c) The tribal chiefs got __________ titles in central India under the British land settlements.
(d) Tribals went to work in the __________ of Assam and the in Bihar.
Answer:
(a) wild nomads, shifting cultivators.
(b) shifting cultivation.
(c) Sirdars (leaders).
(d) tea gardens, indigo plantations.

Tribals Dikus And The Vision Of A Golden Age Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 2.
State whether true or false:
(a) Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds.
(b) Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the I purchase.
(c) Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
(d) The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False.

LETS DISCUSS

Tribals, Dikus And The Vision Of A Golden Age Question Answer HBSE 8th Class
Question 3.
What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?
Answer:
The problems faced by shifting cultivators under British rule were:

• They had to give up their traditional way of life.
• They had to practise settled plough cultivation which was not easy.
• They had to face the scarcity of water and the dry soil. Their land was measured, the rights of each individual to that land were defined.
• The revenue demand for the state was fixed.

Question 4.
How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?
Answer:
Following were the changes in the powers of tribal chiefs under colonial rule :
(i) They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent out lands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India.

(ii) They also had to pay tribute to the British.

(iii) They had to discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British.

(iv) They were unable to fulfil their traditional functions.

Question 5.
What accounts for the anger of the tribals against the dikus?
Answer:
Many factors, policies and treatments of the British officials, self merchants, traders and dishonest moneylenders accounted for the anger of the tribals against the dikus : ‘
(i) As the British took over large tracts of land cultivated by the tribals in order to grow cash crops such as poppy, jute and indigo, the landless tribals were forced to become labourers. They had to work at a very low wages.

(ii) They were badly exploited by crafty and dishonest moneylenders. The rate of interest on the loans on illiterate tribals varied from 50% to unbelievable 500%.

(iii) In fact, moneylenders and other introducers acted as agents of the tribals were brought with in the influence and the control of colonial economy.

Question 6.
What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age ? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?
Answer:
(1) Birsa’s vision of a golden age was:

• When the Mundas had been free of the oppression of dikus.
• When the ancestral right of the community would be restored.

(2) They saw themselves as the descendents of the original settlers of the region, fighting for their land, reminding people of the need to win back their kingdom. I think such a vision appealed to the people of the region because it reminded them of a golden age in the past when Mundas lived a good life, constructed embankments, tapped natural springs, planted trees and orchards, practised cultivation to earn their living. They could now again live a life of brothers and relatives.

Question 7.
Choose any tribal group living in India today. Find out about their customs and way of life.
Answer:
The Santhal Rebellion: The Santhals migrated from Birbhun, Bankura, Hazaribagh and Rohtas to settle in present day Jharkhand. They considered themselves to be the natural owners of the land.

Causes of the Rebellion:

• The introduction of the Permanent Settlement in 1793 changes all this.
• Some moneylenders also made their presence feel.
• Santhals resented the activities of the missionaries and looked upon them as encroachers.

Events : On the 30 June, 1855, a large number of Santhals assembled in a field in the Bhagnadihi village of Santhal Parganas. They declared themselves free and took oath under the leadership of Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu to fight unto the last against the British rulers as well as their agents. The Santhal struggle, however, did not come to an end in vain. It had a long lasting impact.

LETS IMAGINE

Question 8.
Imagine you are a jhum cultivator living in a forest village in the nineteenth century. You have just been told that the land you were born on no longer belongs to you. In a meeting with British officials you try to explain the kinds of problems you face. What would you say?
Answer:
We will try to explain the British officials the following kinds of problems:
(i) We are lovers of nature and natural surroundings.

(ii) We subsist on forest and on the local resources. If you will take away our natural right on the forest, water and the land we will be unable to procure our basic needs. Our economic activities like hunting, food gathering, fishing, cattle breeding, axes cultivation and plough cultivation will be disturbed.

HBSE 8th Class History Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What kind of miraculous powers was Birsa believed to have?
Answer:
Birsa believed to have miraculous powers, he could cure all diseases and multiply grains.

Question 2.
Who were called dikus?
Answer:
The outsiders were called dikus by the tribes.

Question 3.
Who were the Khonds?
Answer:
The Khonds were a community living in the forests of Orissa.

Question 4.
When did the local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds?
Answer:
The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of Kusum and Palash flowers to colour their clothes and leather.

Question 5.
How did the forest people obtain things that they did not produce in the forests?
Answer:
They mostly exhanged goods to fulfil their need of things they did not produce.

Question 6.
Why did the tribal groups become dependent on traders and moneylenders?
Answer:
The tribal groups became dependent on traders and moneylenders because they often needed to buy and sell in order to be able to get the goods that were not produced with in the locality.

Question 7.
Why were the land settlements introduced by the British?
Answer:
The British introduced land settlements-that is they measured the land, defined the rights of each individual to the land and fixed the revenue demand for the state.

Question 8.
Where were the shifting cultivators found?
Answer:
Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and Central India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
For the tribals, market and commerce often meant debt and poverty. Do you agree?
Answer:
Tribal groups needed to buy and sell goods in order to be able to get the goods that were not produced within the locality. Traders came around with things for sale, and sold the goods at high prices. Moneylenders gave loans with which the tribals met their cash needs, according to what they earned. But the interest charged on the loans was usually very high. So for the tribals, market and commerce often met debt and poverty.

Question 2.
Why were forest villages established?
Answer:
Forest villages were established to ensure a regular supply of cheap labour. Colonial officials had decided that they would give jhum cultivators small patches of land in the forests and allow them to cultivate these on the condition that those who lived in the village would have to provide labour to the Forest Department and look after the forests.

Question 3.
What was the trading relationship between the Santhals and the silk traders?
Answer:
The traders dealing in silk sent in their agents who gave loans to the tribal people called Santhals and collected the cocoons. The growers were paid?13,?” 4 for a thousand cocoons. These were then exported to Burdwan or Gaya where they were sold at five times the price. Many tribal groups saw the market and the traders as their main enemies.

Question 4.
What steps were taken by Birsa to reform tribal society?
Answer:
Birsa’s movement was aimed at reforming tribal society.

• He urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor.
• He asked them to clean their villages.
• He asked them to stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
• He also turned against missionaries and Hindu landlords. He saw them as outside forces that were ruining the Munda way of life.

Question 5.
How did the Birsa Movement spread?
Answer:

• In 1895, Birsa urged the followers to recover their glorious past and this attracted people towards the movement.
• After being released in 1897, he began touring the villages to gather support.
• He used traditional symbols and language to rouse people, urging them to destroy “Ravane” (dikus and the Europeans) and establishing a kingdom under his leadership.

Question 6.
What actions were taken by the followers of Birsa Movement against the British?
Answer:

• Birsa’s followers began targeting the symbols of diku and European power.
• They attacked police stations and churches.
• They raided the property of money-lenders and zamindars.
• They raised the white flag as a symbol of Birsa Raj.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
From where did the forest people get their supplies of rice and other grains?
Answer:
The following were the ways in which the forest people got their supplies of rice and other grains :

• They exchanged goods – getting what they needed in return for their valuable forest produces.
• Sometimes, they bought goods with the small amount of earnings they had.
• Some of them did odd jobs in the villages, carrying loads or building roads.
• Some others laboured in the fields of peasants and farmers.
• When supplies of forest produce shrank, tribal people had to increasingly wander around in search of work as labourers.

Question 2.
How did the tribal groups live in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
1. Some were Jhum cultivators :
(a) Jhum cultivation was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. They burnt the vegetation in the land to clear it for cultivation.
→ They spread the ash of burnt vegetation, which contained potash, to fertilise the soil. They cultivated on that soil and once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field.

2. Some were hunters and gatherers : Some tribal groups, for example, the Khonds lived by hunting animals and gathering forest produce. The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of kusum and palash flowers to colour their clothes and leather.

3. Some herded animals : Many tribal groups like pastoralists lived by herding and rearing animals. When the grass in one place was exhausted, they moved to another area.

4. Some took to settled cultivation : Many tribal groups had begun settling down even before the nineteenth century and cultivating their fields in one place year after year, instead of moving from place-to-place.

Question 3.
In what ways was the Birsa movement important?
Answer:
This movement was important in the following two ways:
(i) It forced the colonial government to intorduce land laws in favour of the tribal people so that the dikus could not easily take over tribal lands.

(ii) It showed once again that the tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice. They were able to express their anger against the exploitative and oppressive colonial rule.

Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Fallow : A field left uncultivated for a while so that soil recovers its fertililty.
• Sal: A tree of Indian forests.
• Mahua : A flower that is eaten or used to make alcohol.
• Bewar: A term used in Madhya Pradesh for shifting cultivation.
• Sleeper: The horizontal planks of wood on which railway lines are laid.
• Vaishnav : Worshippers of Vishnu.
• Mundas : A tribal group that lived in Chhotanagpur region of Jharkhand
• Jhum: Shifting cultivation.
• Begar : Forced labour.
• Ulugan : Movement by the Mundas.
• Dikus: Outsiders.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital

HBSE 8th Class History Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Textbook Questions and Answers

LETS RECALL

Colonialism And The City The Story Of An Imperial Capital HBSE 8th Class Question 1.
State whether true or false :
(a) In the Western world, modern cities grew with industrialisation.
(b) Surat and Machlipatnam developed in the nineteenth century.
(c) In the twentieth century, the majority of Indians lived in cities.
(d) After 1857 no worship was allowed in the Jama Masjid for five years.
(e) More money was spent on cleaning Old Delhi than New Delhi.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) True
(c) False.

Class 8 Chapter 6 HBSE Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The first structure to successfully use the dome was called the __________.
(b) The two architects who designed New Delhi and Shahjahanabad were __________ and __________.
(c) The British saw overcrowded spaces as __________.
(d) In 1888 an extension scheme called the __________ was devised.
Answer:
(a) minar
(b) Edward Lutyens, Henry Baker
(c) black areas
(d) Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme

Class 8 History Chapter 6 Colonialism And The City Question Answer HBSE Question 3.
Identify three differences in the city design of New Delhi and Shahjahanabad.
Answer:

Colonialism And The City HBSE 8th Class Question 4.
Who lived in the “White” areas in cities such as Madras?
Answer:
British and Europeans lived in the “White” areas in cities (Bombay and Calcutta also) such as Madras (now Chennai).

LETS DISCUSS

Question 5.
What is meant by de-urbanisation?
Answer:
Decline and decay of the cities is called deurbanisation. For example, in the late eighteenth century, many towns manufacturing specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. Also, earlier centres of regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged.

Question 6.
Why did the British choose to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi although it was not the capital?
Answer:
Following causes were responsible to choose by the British to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi although it was not the capital of the British India:
(a) The British were fully aware of the symbolic importance of Delhi. During the Revolt of 1857, the British had realised that the Mughal emperor was still important to the people and they saw him as their leader. It was, therefore, important to celebrate British power with pomp and show in the city, the Mughal emperors had earlier ruled.

(b) In 1911, when King George V was crowned in England, a Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the occasion. The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced at this Durbar.

Question 7.
How did the Old City of Delhi change under British rule?
Answer:

• Delhi was captured by the British in 1803 after defeating the Marathas. The modern city of Delhi developed after 1911, when it became the capital of British India. .
• When the British recaptured Delhi in September 1857, they ravaged and plundered the whole city.
• The area around the Red Fort was, completely cleared for security purpose.
• The gardens of the royal palace were shut down.
• Several places were razed and barracks were built in their place for the British troops to stay.
• The Zinat-al-Masjid was converted into a bakery.
• One-third of the monuments in Delhi were demolished and the canals were filled up.
• Railway tracks were laid down, and thus, the city expanded beyond the huge walls.

Question 8.
How did the partition affect life in Delhi?
Answer:
The following changes could be seen in Delhi after Partition:
(i) As a result of Partition of India in 1947, there was a mass transfer of people from both India and Pakistan. It resulted in an increase in population of Delhi, change of job and culture of the city and its people.

(ii) The riots followed the partition, thousands of people in Delhi were killed, their homes looted and burned.

(iii) The refugees who came from Pakistan occupied the empty houses of Shahjahanabad. Many refugees came to Delhi from Punjab.

(iv) As most of the migrants were from Punjab, the Urdu based culture of Delhi was replaced by the new culture of Punjab and other native places of migrants.

(v) New shops and stalls were set-up to meet the demands. New colonies of Lajpat Nagar and Tilak Nagar were formed at this time.

(vi) Old Delhi also witnessed the extinction of Havelis.

LETS DO

Question 9.
Find out the history of the town you live in or any town nearby. Check when and how it grew, and how it has changed over the years. You could look at the history of the bazaars, the buildings, cultural institutions and settlements.
Answer:
I am Shivaji Dhawle. I am living in Mumbai (previously called Bombay). I am giving the brief history and stages of its development below:

Architecture in Bombay:
(а) Joining of islands: Bombay was initially seven islands. As the population grew, the island were joined to create more space and the gradually changed into one big city. Bombay was the commercial capital of colonial India. As the premier part on the western coast it was the centre of international trade.

(b) As Bombay’s economy grew, from the mid¬nineteenth century there was a need to expand railways and shipping and develop the administrative structure. Many new buildings, were constructed at this time. These buildings reflected the culture and confidence of the rulers.

(c) As a trade centre : By the end of the nineteenth century, half the imports and exports of India passed through Bombay. One important item of this trade was opium that the East India Company exported to China. Indian merchants and middlemen supplied and participated in this trade and they helped integrate.

(d) Bombay’s economy directly to Malwa, Rajasthan and Sind where opium was grown. This collaboration with the Company was profitable and led to the growth of an Indian capitalist class. Bombay’s capitalists came from diverse communities such as Parsi, Marwari, Konkani Muslim, Gujarati Bania, Bohra, Jew and Armenian.

(e) Style of Architecture of Buildings : The architectural style was usually European. This importation of European styles reflected the imperial vision in several ways. First, it expressed the British desire to create a familiar landscape in an alien country, and thus to feel at home in the colony. Second, the British felt that European styles would best symbolise their superiority, authority and power.

(f) Initially, these buildings were at odds with the traditional Indian buildings. Gradually, Indians too got used to European architecture and made it their own. The British in turn adapted some Indian styles to suit their needs.

(g) For public buildings three broad architectural styles were used. Two of these were direct imports from fashions prevalent in England. The first was called neo-classical or the new classical. Its characteristics included construction of geometrical structures fronted with lofty pillars. It was derived from a style that was originally typical of buildings in ancient Rome.

(h) Another style that was extensively used was the neo-Gothic, characterised by high-pitched roofs, pointed arches and detailed decoration. The Gothic style had its roots in buildings, especially churches, build in northern Europe during the medieval period. Indians gave money for some of these buildings. The University Hall was made with money donated by Sir Cowasjee Jehangir, a rich Parsi merchant.

(i) Towards the beginning of the twentieth century, a new hybrid architectural style developed which combined the Indian with the European. This was called Indo-Saracenic. “Indo” was shorthand for Hindu and “Saracen” was a term European used to designate Muslim.

(j) In the more “Indian” localities of Bombay traditional styles of decoration and building predominated. The lack of space in the city and crowding led to a type of building unique to Bombay, the chawl, the multi-storeyed single-room apartments with long open corridors built around a courtyard. v.
Or
I am S. Karunanidhi. I am living at Chennai (previously called Madras). A brief history of it and stages of development are given below:
(a) Coming of the English on East Coast: The Company had first set up its trading activities in the well-established port of Surat on the west coast. Subsequently the search for textiles brought British merchants to the east coast.

(b) Purchase of land for city of Madras: In 1639 they constructed a trading post in Madraspatam. This settlement was locally known as Chenapattanam. The Company had purchased the right of settlement from the local Telugu lords, the Nayaks of Kalahasti, who were eager to support trading activity in the region.

(c) Fortification of Madras and its results: Rivalry (1746-63) with the French East India Company led the British to fortify Madras and give their representatives increased political and administrative functions. With the defeat of the French in 1761, Madras become more secure and began to grow into an important commercial town. It was here that the superiority of the British and the subordinate position of the Indian merchants was most apparent.

(d) White Towns within Madras : Fort St. George became the nucleus of the White Town where most of the Europeans lived. Walls and bastions made this a distinct enclave. Colour and religion determined who was allowed to live within the fort. The Company did not permit any marriages with IndiAnswer: Other than the English, the Dutch and Portuguese were allowed to stay here because they were European and ChristiAnswer: The administrative and the judicial systems also favoured the white population. Despite being few in number the Europeans were the rulers and the development of Madras followed the needs and convenience of the minority whites in the town.

(e) Black Towns within Madras : The Black Town developed outside the Fort. It was laid out in straight lines, a characteristic of colonial towns. It was, however, demolished in the mid-1700s and the area was cleared for a security zone around the Fort. A new Black Town developed further to the north. This housed weavers, artisans, middlemen and interpreters who played a vital role in the Company’s trade.

(f) Collection of taxtation and information : For a long while they were suspicious of census operations and believed that enquiries were being conducted to impose new taxes. Upper-caste people were also unwilling to give any information regarding the women of their household. Women were supposed to remain secluded within the interior of the household and not subjected to public gaze or public enquiry.

(g) Wrong information of census officials by the hawkers and small traders: Census officials also found that people were claiming identities that they associated with higher status. For instance there were people in towns who were hawkers and went selling small articles during some seasons, while in other seasons they earned their livelihood through manual labour. Such people often told the census enumerators that they were traders, not labourers, for they regarded trade as a more respectable activity.

(h) Wrong information regarding death and illness: Similarly, the figures of mortality and disease were difficult to collect, for all deaths were not registered, and illness was not always reported, nor treated by licensed doctors. How then could cases of illness or death be accurately calculated?

Question 10.
Make a list of at least ten occupations in the city, town or village to which you belong, and find out how long they have existed. What does this tell you about the change within this area?
Answer:
List of ten occupations of a village or town:

• Agriculture
• Carpentry
• Jewellery-making
• Teaching
• Medicine and surgery
• Rearing of animals
• Blacksmith
• Trade
• Textile-designing
• Interior- decoration.

(а) Agriculture : Agriculture is the oldest occupation in the villages. The farming methods have been changed from traditional to modern. The new and improved irrigation methods, use of manures, fertilizers have been introduced.

(b) Wood-work : The latest tools, implements and machines are being used which has improved the standard of living of carpenters.

(c) Jewellery-making: Though the people have been using jewellery since ancient times, there have been drastic changes in the designs of jewellery.

(d) Teaching: The latest methods of teaching with the use of computers, CDs are being used.

(e) Medicine and surgery : Though, the patients are being treated since old, there have been advancements in this field which has reduced the death rate.

(f) Rearing of animals : The dairy farms have been developed which have electric- fittings for cattle provide them facilities.

(g) Blacksmith : With the help of latest technology, all types of grills, windows, iron-rods are being prepared, according to the needs of customers.

(h) Trade : Traders are using greater use of services like banking, transport and modern methods of business management.

(i) Textile-designing: From the traditional methods of weaving and spinning the latest methods of machine looms have increased both the quantity and quality of textile.

(j) Interior-decoration : This is the emerging field in the area of occupations. The houses are designed in still manner taking care of safety measures.

LETS IMAGINE

Imagine that you are a young man living in Shahjahanabad in 1700. Based on the description of the area in this chapter write an account of your activities during one day of your life.
Answer:
I am directed to suppose and to do the writing work as instructed in the activity work – Let’s imagine. I am a youngman of twenty years, living in Shahjahanabad in 1700.
1. Aurangzeb is our Emperor. Shahjahanabad is the capital town of the Mughal empire. It is also a trade centre.

2. I used to go to Jama Masjid daily to offer my prayer to Allah, at least two times a day. I had to go to colourful world of poetry and dance alone because it was allowed only by men. Women are not allowed to visit colourful world of poetry and dance. I had to avoid celebrations and processions because generally these led to serious conflicts. I generally enjoy Urdu/ Persian culture and poetry and participated in local festivals. I used to go five times daily to offer Namaz in Jama Masjid.

As a resident of the old city, we use to get fresh drinking water to our homes. There is an excellent drainage system also. I live in a haveli, which housed many families.

HBSE 8th Class History Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the famous poet Ghalib describe the ransacking of Delhi in 1857 ?
Answer:
Ghalib said “when the angry lions (the British) entered the town, they killed the helpless and burned houses. Hordes, of men and women, commoners and noblemen, poured out of Delhi from the three gates and took shelters in small communities and tombs outside the city.”

Question 2.
What is an imperial capital?
Answer:
Political centre (or capital) used as a central point of political activities, administration and control by any imperial power (or country) is called imperial capital. For example, (Approx, from 1757 to 1911) Calcutta was imperial capital of British India. Delhi was made imperial capital after the Royal Durbar of 1911.

Question 3.
What happened to the Delhi College in 1877?
Answer:
The Delhi College was turned into a school and shut down in 1877.

Question 4.
When was the decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi announced?
Answer:
The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced in 1911.

Question 5.
Why did the importance of Machli- patnam decline in the 17th century?
Answer:
Machlipatnam developed as an important town in the 17th century. Its importance declined by the.late 18th century as trade shifted to the new British ports of Bom bay, Madras and Calcutta.

Question 6.
What were ‘Havelis’?
Answer:
The grand mansions where the Mughal aristocracy lived in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were called Havelis.

Question 7.
Why did ‘Havelis’ begin to decline?
Answer:
Many of the Mughal amirs were unable to maintain.

Question 8.
Name the three presidency cities of India.
Answer:
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

Question 9.
When did the British gain control of Delhi?
Answer:
The Britsh gained control of Delhi in 1803 after defeating the Marathas.

Question 10.
When was Delhi made the Capital of India?
Answer:
In 1911.

Question 11.
Why were the western walls of Shahjahanabad broken in 1870s?
Answer:
To establish the railway and to allow the city of expand beyond the walls.

Question 12.
What was the design of streets in the Lahore Gate improvement scheme?
Answer:
The streets followed the grid pattern and were of identical width, size and character.

Question 13.
When was the Delhi improvement trust set-up?
Answer:
In 1936.

Question 14.
What did the British do to make Delhi forget the Mughal past?
Answer:
They completely cleaned the area around the fort – Gardens, pavilions, mosques were either demolished or used for other purpose.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What steps were taken by British so that Delhi forgets its Mughal Past?
Answer:
The following steps were taken by the British so that Delhi forgets its Mughal Past:
(a) The area around the Fort was completely cleared of gardens, pavilions and mosques.
(b) Mosques were either destroyed or put to other uses. For instance, the Zinat- al-Masjid was converted into a bakery.
(c) No worship was allowed in Jama Masjid for five years.

Question 2.
How many ‘Delhis’ were there before New Delhi? What were its features related with common political role and geographical location?
Answer:
(a) Delhi has been a capital for more than a 1000 years, although with some gaps.

(b) As many as 14 capital cities were founded in a small area of about 60 square miles on the left bank of the river Jamuna (or Yamuna).

(c) The remaining of all other capital may be seen on a visit to modern city state of Delhi.

(d) The most splendid capital of all was built by the great Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Shahjahanabad was constructed in 1639. It consisted of a fort-palace (Red Fort) complex and the city adjoining.

Question 3.
Write three positive features of Shahjahanabad or Old Delhi.
Answer:
Shahjahanabad was the most splendid capital whose construction began in 1639. Its positive features were :
(а) The main streets of Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar were broad enough for royal processions to pass.

(b) It was also an important centre of Sufi culture. It had several dargahs, khanqahs and idgahs.

(c) Open squares, winding lanes, quiet cul- de-sacs and water channels were the pride of Delhi’s residents. No wonder the poet Mir Taqi Mir said, “The streets of Delhi aren’t mere streets : they are like the album of a painter.”

Question 4.
What were the negative features of living-style in Old Delhi?
Answer:
The following were the negative features of living-style in Old Delhi :
(a) Old Delhi was no ideal city and its delights were enjoyed only by some. There were sharp division between rich and poor.

(b) Havelis or mansions were interspersed with the far more numerous mud houses for the poor.

(c) The colourful world of poetry and dance was usually enjoyed only by men.

(d) Celebrations and processions often led to serious conflicts.

Question 5.
What was the idea behind the extension scheme called the Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme ?
Answer:
Lahore Gate improvement scheme was planned by Robert Clarke which pMnned:

• To draw residents away from the Old City to a new type of market square around which shops would be built.
• Streets in this redevelopment strictly followed the grid pattern, and were of identical width, size and character.
• Land was divided into regular areas for the construction of neighbourhoods.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the features of the new urban centres built by the British?
Answer:

• Many of the new urban centres like Calcutta and Madras developed around forts.
• The new cities had broad roads and large and imposing public buildings like government offices, public libraries, museum and town halls.
• Most of the British in India lived outside the old walled town where the Indians lived. The areas where the
• Indians lived were generally crowded and conditions were often unhygienic.
• The part of the city where the British lived was generally divided into the civil lines and the military cantonment.

Question 2.
What were the main features of the colonial bungalow?
Answer:

• It was a large single-storeyed structure with a pitched-roof, and usually set in one or two areas of open ground.
• It had separate living and dining rooms and bedrooms.
• It had a wide veranda running in the front, and sometimes on three sides.
• Kitchens, stables and servants quarters were in separate apace from the main house.
• The house was run by dozens of servants.
• The women of the household often sat on the verandas to supervise tailors or other tradesmen.

Question 3.
Discuss the features of new buildings made by the British in New Delhi.
Answer:
(i) The features of these buildings were borrowed from different periods of India’s imperial history. But, the overall look of these government buildings was like classical Greece.

(ii) The central dome of the Viceroy’s palace was copied from the Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi.

(iii) The red sandstones and carved screens of Jalis were borrowed from Mughal architecture.

(iv) The assert the British importance, the Viceroy’s palace was built at a place higher than that of Shah Jahan’s Jama Masjid.

Question 4.
Discuss the features of colonial bungalow.
Answer:

• These bungalows were meant for one nuclear family.
• The colonial bungalow was a large single storeyed structure usually set in one or two acres of open ground.
• It had separate living rooms, diningrooms and bedrooms.
• It had a wide veranda running in the front and sometimes on three sides.
• Kitchens, stables and servant’s quarters were in a separate space from the main house.

Source-Based Questions

Source 1
“Dillijo ek shahr tha alam mein intikhab… ”
By 1739, Delhi had been sacked by Nadir Shah and plundered many times. Expressing the sorrow of those who witnessed the decline of the city, the eighteenth-century Urdu poet Mir Taqi Mir, said :

Dilli jo ek shahr tha alam mein intikhab,… Ham rahnewale hain usi ujre dayar ke (7 belong to the same ruined territory of Delhi, which was once a supreme city in the world)

Read the source given above and answer the following questions:
Question 1.
Who was Nadir Shah ? Who was the Mughal ruler when he plundered Delhi?
Answer:
Nadir Shah was an invader, who attacked India and its capital Delhi in 1739. He plundered Hindustan and Delhi for many days. At that time Mohammad Shah was the Mughal ruler.

Question 2.
How did the poet express his sorrow about the imperial capital of India?
Answer:
Poet Mir Taqi Mir said that we are living in the decayed, destroyed and declined city of India. No doubt once Delhi was a supreme city in the world, but it had been changed in ruins by Nadir Shah in 1739.

Source 2
“There was once a city of this name”
Ghalib lamented the changes that were occurring and wrote sadly about the past that was lost. He wrote :
What can I write? The life of Delhi depends on the Fort, Chandni Chowk, the daily gatherings at the Jamuna Bridge and the Annual Gulfaroshan. When all these … things are no longer there, how can Delhi live? Yes, there was once a city of this name in the dominions of India.

Read the source given above and answer the following questions:
Question 1.
What changes are talked about in the source above?
Answer:
The changes in the life of Delhi are talked about in the source.

Question 2.
Who has lamented such changes?
Answer:
Ghalib.

Question 3.
What is Gulfaroshan?
Answer:
A festival of flowers.

Question 4.
What tilings could no longer be seen in Delhi?
Answer:
The things like Chandni Chowk, the daily gatherings at the Jamuna Bridge, and the Annual Gulfaroshan could no longer be seen in Delhi.

Source 3
The vision of New Delhi This is how Viceroy Hardinge explained the choice of Delhi as capital :
The change would strike the imagination of the people of India …. and would be accepted by all as the assertion of an unfaltering determination to maintain British rule in India.
The architect Herbert Baker believed :
The New Capital must be the sculptural monument of the good government and unity which India, for the first time in its history, has enjoyed under British rule. British rule in India is not a mere veneer of government and culture. It is a new civilisation in growth, a blend of the best elements of East and West….
It is to this great fact that the architec-ture of Delhi should bear testimony.
(2 October 1912)
Read the source given above and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Who believed that the choice of New Delhi as capital was a determin¬ation to maintain British rule in India?
Answer:
Viceroy Hardinge.

Question 2.
Who was architect of New Delhi?
Answer:
Herbert Baker.

Question 3.
Write the good points that the architect of New Delhi believed about it.
Answer:
(a) The New Delhi must be the creator of monument of the good government, i.e. the British Government in India.

(b) India would feel united as a nation, for the first time under the British rule.

Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Presidency: For administrative purposes, colonial India was divided into three “Presidencies” (Bombay, Madras and Bengal), which developed from the East India Company’s “factories” (tradingposts) at Surat, Madras and Calcutta.
• Urbanisation : The process by which more and more people begin to reside in towns and cities.
• Dargah : The tomb of a Sufi saint.
• Khanqah : A sufi lodge, often used as a rest house for travellers and a place where people come to discuss spiritual matters, get the blessings of saints, and hear sufi music.
• Idgah : An open prayer place of Muslims primarily meant for Id prayers.
• Cul-de-sac : Street with a dead end.
• Gulfaroshan : A festival of flowers.
• Renaissance: Literally, rebirth of art and learning. It is a term often used to describe a time when there is great creative activity.
• Amir : A nobleman.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Laws Textbook Questions and Answers

Understanding Laws Class 8 HBSE Question 1.
Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.
Answer:
Rule of law:
This means that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law. Neither a government official, neither a wealthy person nor even the President of the country is above the law.
Example: Jones, a boy of 17 years belongs to an ordinary family. He is caught driving without licence. His parents are fined and put in jail.

Utkarsh, the son of minister of 16 years of age is also caught driving but since he is the son of minister; his parents are neither fined nor is he thrown in jail. This is an example of violation of rule of law.

Understanding Laws Class 8 Short Answers HBSE Question 2.
State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.
Answer:
Two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India are:
(i) The colonial law was arbitrary, i.e., nothing was fixed under British rule and it was instead left to one’s choice or judgement.
(ii) The Indian Nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal spheres in British India.

Understanding Laws Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 3.
Re-read the story board on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.
Answer:
People of India came to know from their own direct experiences and through observations and through mass-media that the Indian women were not treated equally and well at their homes and work-places.
(i) Several husbands beat their wives.
(ii) Some old women were ill-treated by their sons, daughters-in-law.
(iii) Some women (unmarried/widows/ divorces or having no kids) were verbally abused or insulting remarks were passed.
(iv) Some women who gave birth to only daughters, not a son were also abused.
Indian women wanted protection against being beaten, from all sorts of physical or social violence.

Throughout the 1990s the need for a new law for giving protection to women was raised in different forums. In 1999, a group of lawyers known as lawyers collective, law students and social activists, after a nationwide consultation, took the lead in drafting the domestic violence bill. Some NGOs started the women movement. The Parliament Standing Committee in its report accepted most of the demands of women’s group. Finally a bill was introduced in the parliament in 2005. After being passed by the Parliament and getting the approval of the President, the Domestic Violence Act came into effect in 2006.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 Question Answer HBSE Question 4.
Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on page 44-45.
They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.
Answer:
(a) The word The/ in the above passage stands for the Indian nationalists who were participating in freedom.
(b) The nationalists wanted “rule of law’ dining the colonial period.
(c) They protested against the law that any one protesting or criticising the British Government could be arrested without due trial.
(d) The legal rights of Indians were defended.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Laws Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Understanding Laws Class 8 Solutions HBSE Question 1.
When was the Sedition Act passed?
Answer:
1870.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 HBSE Question 2.
What was Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005?
Answer:
According to Hindu succession Amendment Act; sons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share of family property.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 Solutions HBSE Question 3.
When does parliament need to change a law?
Answer:
Parliament needs to change a law when a large number of people begin to feel that a wrong law has been passed.

Civics Class 8 Chapter 4 HBSE Question 4.
How did people become aware of the need of the Women Protection Law?
Answer:
NGOs and other awakened people met the members of the Indian Parliament to make laws for the protection of the women. They participated in conferences and group discussion.

Chapter 4 Class 8 Civics HBSE Question 5.
What can the people do if they find any law unfavourable for them?
Answer:
If people find any law unfavourable for them, they can approach the court to decide on the issue. The court has the power to modify or cancel laws if it finds that they don’t adhere to the constitution.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which ways the Indians played a major role in the evolution of the rule of law during the colonial period?
Answer:
(i) Indians adopted legal profession and they demanded respect in the colonial courts.
(ii) They began to use law to defend the legal rights of Indians.
(iii) Indian judges also began to play a greater role in making decisions.

Question 2.
How can the voice of citizen be heard by the government or parliament?
Answer:
The voice of the citizen can be heard through TV reports, newspaper editorials, radio broadcasts, local meetings, etc.

Question 3.
Why did Rosa Parks an African- American woman refuse to give up her seat on a bus to white man
Answer:
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on abus to white man because she was protestiig the law on segregation that divided up all public spaces, including the streets, between the Whites and the African-Americans.

Question 4.
Which event led to the start of the Civil Rights Movement in USA? Also write its one effect.
Answer:
Rosa Parks, an African-American woman refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement. This movement led to the Civil Right Act in 1964, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in the USA.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the role of parliament in making a law?
Answer:
(a) The Parliament is the law-making body at the central level. It frames new laws and amends or repeals them, if necessary, on all the 97 subjects of the Union list and all the Residuary Subjects which have not found a place in any of the lists.

(b) As far as the 47 subjects in the concurrent list are concerned, both the Parliament and the State Legislatures have got the right to make laws. But if any state law comes into conflict with the central law, the central law shall prevail.

(c) It can enact laws on the 66 subjects of the state list also if:
(i) The Rajya Sabha passes a resolution with 2/3 majority to the effect that the particular subject of the State List has come to assume national importance.
(ii) Two or more states request the Centre to pass a law for them on one or more subjects mutually agreed upon by them.
(iii) A state of national emergency is proclaimed by the President.
(iv) President takes over the administration of a state on the break-down of the constitutional machinery in that state.
Such laws will concern only the states for which they are passed.

Question 2.
How does a bill become a law?
Answer:
Acts, before they are passed by the Parliament, are called Bills. Bills are of two types-(a) Ordinary bills, and (b) Money Bills. Ordinary bills are those in which money is not involved while all such bills which are related to income and expenditure are called Money Bills. With a little difference in procedure, both the Ordinary Bills and Money Bills have to pass through various stages before they are finally passed. First is the stage of introduction.

Money Bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha while Ordinary Bills can be introduced in either of the two Houses of the Parliament. Then comes the Second Stage when the Bill is debated clause by clause and amendments, if any, and that too passed by a majority vote, are included in it. In the Third stage, the Bill is either passed or rejected as a whole. If passed, it is sent to the other house where the same procedure is adopted once again. If the Bill is passed by the second house also, it is sent to the President for his approval. After his assent, it becomes a law.

Picture-Based Questions

A. Look at the above picture and answer the following questions

Question 1.
Which incident is depicted in the above picture?
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Question 2.
When did this happen?
Answer:
13 April, 1919.

Question 3.
Why had the public gathered at Jallianwala Bagh?
Answer:
The public had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to:
(i) protest against the arrest of Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew.
(ii) protest against the Rowlatt Act.

Question 4.
Who ordered the troops to fire?
Answer:
General Dyer ordered the troops to fire.

Question 5.
What happened as a consequence?
Answer:
Several hundreds of people died in the gunfire and many more were wounded including women and children.

Understanding Laws Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Violation of Law: To act or do something against the law (a crime).
• Rule of Law: To govern or to maintain or deal the situation according to law.
• Equality of the law: To consider all tUfe persons equal before law. Not to discriminate between persons on the basis of their caste, class, gender, religion, ideology and social backgrounds.
• Arbitrary: When nothing is fixed and is instead left to one’s judgement or choice.
  Sedition: This applies to anything that the Government might consider as stirring up resistance or rebellion against it.
• Criticise: To find fault with or disapprove of a person or thing.
• Evolution: This refers to the process of development from a simple to a complex form and is often used to discuss the development of a species of plants or animals.
• Repressive to control severely in order to prevent free and natural development or expression.
• Civil Cases: Cases relating to property, taxes, contracts etc.
• Criminal Cases: Cases involving violation of penal laws such as murder, theft, assault etc.