Class 6

Haryana Board HBSE 6th Class Hindi Solutions वसंत भाग 1

• Chapter 1 वह चिड़िया जो
• Chapter 2 बचपन
• Chapter 3 नादान दोस्त
• Chapter 4 चाँद से थोड़ी-सी गप्पें
• Chapter 5 अक्षरों का महत्व
• Chapter 6 पार नज़र के
• Chapter 7 साथी हाथ बढ़ाना
• Chapter 8 ऐसे-ऐसे
• Chapter 9 टिकट अलबम
• Chapter 10 झाँसी की रानी
• Chapter 11 जो देखकर भी नहीं देखते
• Chapter 12 संसार पुस्तक है
• Chapter 13 मैं सबसे छोटी होऊँ
• Chapter 14 लोकगीत
• Chapter 15 नौकर
• Chapter 16 वन के मार्ग में
• Chapter 17 साँस-साँस में बाँस

HBSE 6th Class Hindi Vyakaran व्याकरण

• वर्ण-विचार : उच्चारण और वर्तनी
• संज्ञा
• संज्ञा के विकार
• सर्वनाम
• विशेषण
• क्रिया
• अव्यय (अविकारी शब्द)
• शब्द-ज्ञान (भंडार)
• वाक्य विचार
• मुहावरे-लोकोक्तियाँ

HBSE 6th Class Hindi Rachana रचना

• पत्र-लेखन
• निबंध-लेखन

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Urban Livelihoods Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Urban Livelihoods

HBSE 6th Class Civics Urban Livelihoods Textbook Questions and Answers

Bachchu Manjhi – A Cycle-Rickshaw Puller
I come from a village in Bihar where I worked as a mason. My wife and three children live in the village. We don’t own land. In the village I did not get masonry work regularly. The income that I earned was not enough for our family.

After I reached this city, I bought an old cycle rickshaw and paid for it in instalments. This was many years ago. I come to the bus stop every morning and take the customers wherever they want to go. I work till 8.30 pm in the evening. I take rides of up to 6 kilometres in the surrounding area. Each customer gives me Rs. 5-10 per trip depending on the distance. When I’m ill I can’t do this work, so on those days I don’t earn anything.

I stay with my friends in a rented room. They work in a nearby factory. I earn between? 80¬100 every day, out of which I spend? 50-60 on food and rent. The rest I save for my family. I visit my village two or three times a year to see my family. Though my family survives on the money I send, my wife also earns from agricultural work that she gets once in a while.

Class 6th Civics Chapter 9 HBSE Question 1.
Why did Bachchu Manjhi come to the city?
Answer:
Bachchu Manjhi did not get regular masonry work in the village. So he came to the city to find a regular job so he could earn enough for the family.

Urban Livelihoods Question Answer HBSE Class 6th Question 2.
Why can’t Bachchu Manjhi stay with his family?
Answer:
Bachchu Manjhi could not stay with his family as he did not have any room to stay in and not enough earning for 81 the whole family. He himself stayed with his friends in a rented room.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 7 HBSE Urban Livelihoods Question 3.
Talk to a vegetable vendor or hawker and find out how do they organise their work, their way of preparing, purchasing, selling, etc.
Answer:
The vegetable vendors or hawkers organise their work in the following ways:
(а) They purchase vegetables or groceries from the wholesale market.
(b) They arrange them on the trolley cycle.
(c) They give loud calls on the roads, streets to sell their goods.
(d) Sometimes they sell their goods in weekly markets.

Class 6 Urban Livelihoods HBSE Civics Question 4.
Bachchu Manjhi has to think twice before taking a day off from work?
Answer:
Bachchu Manjhi earns a small daily income out of which he saves only a very small portion. He has to send something for his family too. So, Bachchu Manjhi has to think twice before taking a day off from work.

Question 5.
Why did Harpreet and Vandana start a showroom? What do they have to do to face difficulties?
Answer:
Harpreet and Vandana started a showroom since:
1. Harpreet started working in the shop of his father and uncle after she completed her college.
2. Vandana is a dress designer. She realised that people prefer to buy readymade clothes, rather than have them stitched.
Vandana also felt the need for an attractive display of readymade products for their showroom:
1. They buy things from different places like Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Ludhiana, etc.
2. They had to put them in show cases.
3. They also had to advertise their products.

Question 6.
Talk to a shop owner in a market and find out how he plans his work. Have there been any changes in his business in the past twenty years?
Answer:
A shop owner in the market had to take a showroom on rent earlier. Now they had to purchase it. He buys things on installments and sells them on cash. There have been changes in the business in the past twenty years.
There have been changes in the business since the past.
(а) There is more competition. So, shopkeepers have to sell quality goods.
(b) They also have to give more stress on the advertisement.
(c) To attract customers, shopkeepers have to provide them with other service like after sales service, free-home delivery, etc.

Question 7.
What are the difference between those who sell on the street and those in the market?
Answer:
Those who sell things in the street buy their things from the local market. Those who sell things in the market, purchase their things in bulk. They need to adhere to government regulations and pay taxes also.

Question 8.
Why do you think small workshops and factories employ casual workers?
Answer:
Small workshops and factories employ casual workers as they do not have regular work.

Question 9.
Describe the working conditions of people like Nirmala keeping in mind the following: working hours, condition in the working place, earnings and the days of work available.
Answer:
Working conditions of people like t Nirmala are as follows:
(а) Working Hours: Workers have to work for long hours. A normal working day begins at 9 A.M. and finishes by 10 P.M., sometimes even later. They have to generally work for 6 days a week. When the work has to be done urgently, she worked on Sundays too.
(b) Conditions in the workplace: The conditions in the working are not very healthy.
(c) Earnings: They are paid only f 80 per day for eight hours and extra 40 for working late hours. They have no bargaining power.
(d) They are all casual workers as they work only for some months of the year. After this period, they have to move to other work.

Question 10.
Would you say that domestic workers like housemaids are also casual workers? Why? Describe the workday of one such woman detailing the work she does in other peoples’ houses.
Answer:
Yes, the domestic workers like housemaids are also casual workers. They work as long as their employer wants them.
The working of one woman in other people’s houses:
1. She washes utensils, cleans the house, washes the clothes, cuts vegetables daily needed for meals.
2. Her work starts at 9 A.M. in the morning and finishes at 7 P.M.
3. Her wages are 100 a day.
4. She is also provided with some eatables during the day.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
Read and discuss description of the living conditions of workers who come to the labour chowk.
Most workers that we find at the labour chowk cannot afford permanent accommodation and sleep on pavements near the chowk, or they pay ₹ 6/- a night for a bed at a nearby night shelter run by the Municipal Corporation. To compensate for the lack of security, local tea and cigarette shops function as banks, moneylenders and safety lockers, all rolled into one. Most workers leave their tools at these shops for the night and safe keeping and pass on any extra money to them. The shopkeepers keep the money safety and also offer loans to labourers in need.
Source: Aman Sethi, Hindu on-line
Answer:
Labourers those who generally do not find regular work go to labour chowk. If they get any hope of source of income. At labour chowk; workers get work available at that time, but they cannot afford permanent job. Their job is for only one or two days. They spend their night on pavements or in the ‘Rein Vasera’ built by Municipal Corporation. Their daily earning is not sure. Such workers leave their tools in tea shops for safety.

Their economic position is imbalanced. They eat what they earn and spend on their families. Even they take money from money-lenders to pass their time. (Note: Everybody has different view, so you can write your own view about the life of chowk labourers, their living standard and way of earning).

Question 2.
Complete the following table and discuss how their work is different:

Name	Place of work	Earnings	Security of work	Benefits received	Works on their own or employed
Bachchu Manjhi		₹ 100 a day
Harpreet Vandana					Work on their own
Nirmala			No Security
Sudha	Company	₹ 30,000 p.m.

Answer:
1. Name: Bachchu Manjhi.
Place of Work: A cycle-rickshaw puller in the city bus stop.
Earning: ₹ 100/- per day.
Security of work: No
Benefits received: Saving send for expenditure of the family.
Work on their own or employed: Work on their own.

2. Name: Harpreet Vandana.
Place of Work: Readymade showroom.
Earning: Good
Security of Work: Yes
Benefits received: Increase in income.
Work on their or own or employed: Their own work.

3. Name: Nirmala
Place of Work: Garment Factory.
Earning: ₹ 80 per day + ₹ 40 overtime.
Security of Work: No
Benefits received: He gets benefit during summer season, when business is on full swing.
Work on their own or employed: She was employed.

4. Name: Sudha.
Place of Work: Company.
Earning: ₹ 30,000/- p.m.
Security of Work: Yes.
Benefits received: She receives benefits such as:
(i) Provident Fund
(ii) Medical facilities
(iii) Holidays: Sundays and also can get some annual leaves.

Their works are different. Bachchu was a rickshaw puller, Harpreet Vandana is owner of a showroom. Nirmala does work in a garment factory and Sudha is working in a company. Among them Sudha’s work is safe and secure because she has a permanent job and facilities as generally enjoyed by a government servant.

Question 3.
In what ways is a permanent and regular job different from a casual job? Discuss.
Answer:

Permanent Job	Casual Job
(1) An employee gets a regular salary every month.	(1) An employee does not get a regular salary every month. if workers complain about their pay, or don’t work properly, they require to leave.
(2) Working Conditions are hygienic and good.	(2) Working conditions may or may not be desirable.
(3) They have fixed working hours.	(3) The working hours may be very long.
(4) They get other benefits such as saving for old age.	(4) They do not get other benefits like permanent employees.

Question 4.
What benefits does Sudha get along with her salary?
Answer:
Sudha enjoys the following benefits with her salary:
(i) She deposits her Provident Fund as a saving for her old age.
(ii) She gets off on every Sunday, national festivals and also gets some annual leaves.
(iii) Her company provides her medical facilities.
(iv) She can get medical leave when she feels ill.

Question 5.
Fill in the following table to show the services provided by people in the markets which you visit frequently.

Names of the shops or offices	Nature of the services provided

Answer:

Names of the shops or offices	Nature of the services provided
Confectionery Shop	From here we buy bread, butter, cheese, biscuits, etc.
Kiryana Shop	Raw materials for cooking i.e, milled rice etc.
Chemist Shop	To buy medicine for ourself or others.
Electricity Office	To deposit electricity bill and to complaint against the supply of electricity if any. This office promises to give use regular ^electricity without power-cut.
Municipal Councellor’s Office	Provides the facilities such as street light, cleanliness, etc.
Names of the shops or offices	Nature of the services provided

HBSE 6th Class Civics Urban Livelihoods Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name some activities which are carried out on the streets.
Answer:
Hair-cutting, shoe-repairing, flower-selling, craft-making.

Question 2.
How was the street vending earlier looked upon by people?
Answer:
Street vending was earlier looked upon by people as an obstruction to traffic and to people walking.

Question 3.
Where does Nirmala work?
Answer:
Nirmala works as a tailor in an export garment unit.

Question 4.
Why are the casual workers asked to leave by the employers?
Answer:
Casual workers are asked to leave when they complain about their pay or working conditions.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What suggestions have been made; so that street vendors have a place to work and that there is also a free flow of traffic to the people?
Answer:
(a) Hawking zones have been suggested for towns and cities.
(b) Mobile vendors should be allowed to move around freely.
(c) Hawkers need to be part of committees that are set up to take these and other decisions relating to them.

Question 2.
What extra benefits does Sudha get?
Answer:
Sudha gets the following extra benefits:
(i) A part of her salary is kept in a fund with the government. She will earn interest on these savings.
(ii) She gets medical facilities for her family.
(iii) She gets medical leave if she falls ill and her salary is not cut if she takes this leave.

Question 3.
Who are casual workers?
Answer:
Casual workers are required to come as and when the employer needs them. They are employed when the employer gets a big order or during certain seasons. At other times of the year they have to find some other work.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name different categories of people who do work on daily wages.
Answer:
The people who work on daily wages are
(i) People in the labour chowk are daily wage earners who wait with their tools for people to come and take them to work.
(ii) People who work in factories and small workshops are daily wage earners. They are employed on casual basis i.e., they are required to come when there they are needed.

Question 2.
What is a Call Centre? Write about the work done in the Call Centre. Why are they set up in India?
Answer:
A Call Centre is a centralised office that deals with problems and questions that consumers/customers have regarding goods purchased and services like banking, ticket booking etc. It is a new form of employment in big cities. Call centres are generally set up as large rooms with work stations that include a computer, a telephone set, and supervisors stations. India has become a major centre not only for Indian companies but also for foreign companies.

Call Centres are set up in India because they can get people who can speak English and will work for lower wages.

Urban Livelihoods Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Vendor: One who sells things of daily use by going door to door.
• Urban areas: Towns and cities.
• Business person: One who earns his livelihood by engaging himself in some business.
• Employer: One who gives job to someone.
• Casual worker: One who is engaged in temporary work.
• Labour chowk: A place where daily wage labourers gather together with their tools and wait for people to come and hire them for work.
• Call centre: It gives a new form of employment to the people of big cities. It is a centralised office that deals with problems and questions that consumers/customers have regarding goods purchased and services like banking, ticket booking, etc.
• Hawker: One who sells things by going from one place to place asking people to buy them.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Rural Livelihoods Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Rural Livelihoods

HBSE 6th Class Civics Rural Livelihoods Textbook Questions and Answers

Class 6 Civics Chapter 8 HBSE Rural Livelihoods Question 1.
Based on the above diagram would you say the Thulasi earns money throughout the year?
Answer:
No. Thulasi works in seasonal job which is agriculture she earns only during those seasons when she has work on her fields. According to the given data, it can be important that from June to December, she earns.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 8 Question Answer HBSE  Question 2.
Describe the work that Thulasi does. How is it different from the work that Raman does?
Answer:
Thulasi transplants paddy in the fields. Thulasi’s husband, is also a labourer. They don’t own any land. While Thulsi transplants, Raman sprays pesticides.

Rural Livelihoods Class 6 Civics Chapter 8 Question Answer Question 3.
Thulasi gets paid very little money for the work. She does, why do you think agricultural labourers like her are forced to accept low wages.
Answer:
1. Agricultural labourers are unskilled and do not have the knowledge or access to higher paid jobs.
2. They are under the debt of landlords or moneylenders who employ them on low wages.

Question Answer Class 6 Civics Chapter 8 HBSE Rural Livelihoods Question 3.
In what ways would her way of earning a living have been different if Thulasi own some farm land? Discuss.
Answer:
1. If Thulasi would have owned a farm land she would have been the possessor of all the process.
2. She would have an increased income by selling all her-crop to the market.
3. This would have an impact on her livelihood.

Question 4.
What are the crops grown in your region or nearby rural are? What kinds of works do agricultural labourers do?
Answer:
Maize, Wheat and Rice is planted in the neighbourhood village.
Agricultural labourers do the following works:
(a) Ploughing fields
(b) Preparing saplings
(c) Transplanting saplings
(d) Irrigating crops
(e) Weeding
(f) Harvesting
(g) Storage of crops.

Question 5.
What work does Sekar’s family do. Why do you think Sekar does not usually employ labourers for doing farm work?
Answer:
Sekar’s family works in the field, harvests crop and does all sort of agricultural work.
Sekar might not be employing labourers for farm work to cut cost on manual labour. Money has to be given to labour for doing work.

Question 6.
Why does Sekar not go to the town market to get a better price for his paddy?
Answer:
Sekar earns very less to satisfy his needs. He cannot earn a higher income. There is very little produce lift. Some is used in loans, some so satisfy their home needs.

Question 7.
Sekar’s sister Mina had also taken a loan from the trader. She does not loan to sell her paddy to him but will pay back her loan. Write an imaginary conversation between Mina and the trader’s agent and the arguments given by each person.
Answer:
AGENT: Mina/when will you repay me loan? How long can I excuse you?
MINA : Just fifteen days more, Sir/ I will repay it as soon as I sell my paddy.
AGENT : But I have already offered you excuse for one month.
MINA : Sorry, Sir.
AGENT : Next time, I’ll not take off.

Question 8.
What are the similarities between Sekar’s and Thulasi lives. Your answer could be based on the land they have, the need to work on the land that belong to others or the loans that they need and their earning.
Answer:
Both Sekar and Thulasi are agricultural labourers who accept loans (even at higher interest to meet then daily needs, they have low wage difference.
Thulasi owns no land while Sekar owns two acres of field on which he works.
Thulasi has a definite source of income paid by Ramalingam while Sekar’s income depends upon his crop produce.

Read again Sekar’s and Thulasi’s accounts. What do they say about Ramalingam, the large farmer? Together with what you have read fill in the details below.

Question i.
How much land does he have?
Answer:
20 acres.

Question ii.
What does Ramalingam do with the paddy grown in his field?
Answer:
The paddy is sold to traders in nearby towns.

Question iii.
A part from farming how else does he earn?
Answer:
His family owns a rice mill and shop selling seeds, pesticides. This given them extra substantial income.

Question 9.
Why do both Sekar’s and Aruna’s family have to borrow? What similarities and differences do you find?
Answer:
Sekar’s family had to borrow loan to as keep their produce while Aruna buys loan for the maintenance of their requirement. Sekar buys loan from an informal source of credit while Aruna busy loans from formal source of credit.

Question 10.
Have you heard of Tsunami? What is this and what damage do you think it might have done to the life of fishing families like Aruna’s.
Answer:
Do yourself.

EXERCISE

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
You have probably noticed that people in Kalpattu are engaged in a variety of non-farm work. List five of these.
Answer:
(i) Making Baskets,
(ii) Making pots
(iii) Making bullocks carts
(iv) Making utensil
(v) Making bricks. .

Question 2.
List the different types of people you read about in Kalpattu who depend on farming. Who is the poorest among them and why?
Answer:
In Kalpattu, there are people who provides service such as blacksmiths, nurses, washerman, weavers, barbers, cycle repair mechanics, people whose work depends on farming are shopkeepers, traders, peasants etc.
Labour is the poorest of all sense it works only when in demand.

Question 3.
Imagine you are a member of a fishing family and you are discussing whether to take a loan from the bank for an engine. What would you say?
Answer:
If I were a member of the fishing family, I would say we must take loan from a bank or cooperative to improve the condition of our occupation because:
(a) Catamaran engine is useful because with their help, fishes can be caught in deep waters.
(b) It will help increase income, reduce time and help in overall development.

Question 4.
Poor rural labourers like Thulasi often do not have access to good medical facilities, good schools, and other resources. You have read about inequality in the first unit of this text. The difference between her and Ramalingam is one of inequality. Do you think this is a fair situation? What do you think can be done?
Discuss in class.
Answer:
Thulasi is a labourer while Ramalingam is a rich landlord.
1. Thulasi has a poor living standard, Ramalingam has a higher living standard.
2. Thulasi leads a sad life while Ramalingam leads happy life.

Question 5.
What do you think the government can do to help farmers like Sekar when they get into debt? Discuss.
Answer:
Debts-trap is a common problem for farmers in India.
(i) Decrease the rate of interest at which loan is given.
(ii) Give compensation in case of a natural calamity.
(iii) Additional time can be given.
(iv) Formal sources of credit should be increase.

Question 6.
Compare the situation of Sekar and Ramalingam by filling in the following table:

	Sekar	Ramalingam
1. Land cultivated	–	–
2. Labour required	–	–
3. Loans required	–	–
4. Selling of harvest	–	–
5. Other works done by them	–	–

Answer:

	Sekar	Ramalingam
1. Land cultivated	1. Owner of a little cultivated land. The crop grown is paddy	1. Owner of large cultivated land. The crop grown is paddy.
2. Labour required	2. During the time of harvesting required labour, otherwise manage to do the work of his own.	2. Depends on labour
3. Loans required	3. Yes	3. No, for rice mill, he borrowed money from bank.
4. Selling of harvest	4. To pay back the loan in kinds of seeds and fertilizer, he sold his paddy to the trader at price less than provinding in the market.	4. He would sell his paddy in the market if its yield is higher than the consumption in his rice mill.
5. Other works done by them	5. He works in Ramalingam Rice Mill	5. He is the owner of Rice Mill.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Rural Livelihoods Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the main work of the people in the village of Kalpattu?
Answer:
Paddy is the main crop that is grown in irrigated lands. Most of the families earn a living through agriculture.

Question 2.
What is the type of cultivation in Nagaland?
Answer:
Terrace farming.

Question 3.
What are catamarans?
Answer:
A catamarans is a boat with turn hull, side by side or a raft made of logs of wood or pieces of timber lashed together.

Question 4.
Who are seasonal workers?
Answer:
Most small farmers, agricultural labourers, fishing families, crafts persons in the villages are seasonal

Question 5.
What operations do farming activities involve?
Answer:
Working on farms involve operations such as preparing the lands, sowing, weeding, harvesting of crops.

Question 6.
Name the main crop grown in irrigated lands.
Answer:
Paddy.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Why is agriculture a seasonal job?
Answer:
Process of agricultures take place only during some seasons. Not being able to earn money forces people in many rural areas to travel long distances in search of work. This travel or migration takes place during some seasons.

Question 2.
List the different sources of income of rural areas?
Answer:
(a) Many people in rural areas depend upon forest, animal husbandry, dairy produce, fishing, etc.
(b) Collecting mahua, tendu leave, honey to be sold to traders is an important source of additional income.
(c) Selling .milk, to cooperative is another source.

Question 3.
What is the involvement coasts in crop production?
Answer:
Equipments that are related to agriculture, seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, minerals water, irrigational facilities.

Question 4.
Name the three category of farmers.
Answer:
The three categories of farmers are:
(i) Big land owners, who employ other farmers to work on their fields.
(ii) Farmers who have very small plots of land. They have to do other work, when there is a lean season on the farm. The produce is not sufficient to meet the needs of their family.
(iii) Landless peasants, who work on the fields of big land owners and are paid for the work done by them.

Question 5.
How do money-lenders and traders exploit the poor farmers and others? Give examples.
Answer:
The traders and money-lenders exploit the poor farmers and others by taking a part of their produce at a lower price, e.g., Sekar has to; sell his paddy at a lower price than the market rate. Aruna has to sell her fish catch to the trader and cannot auction it.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about the everyday work of the village fisherman.
Answer:
Most of the fisherman live close to the sea. Their work starts at 7 o’clock in the morning, when there is lot of activity on the beach. This is the time when catamarans return with their catch and women gather to buy and sell fish.

The fisherman go in groups to the sea in catamaran. Some have engines fitted in the catamaran, so that they can go far into the sea. The money is equally divided in the group, keeping one part for the equipment. The women folk sell the fish till afternoon. In the evening the fishermen untangle and repair the nets. Next day at 2 A.M. they will set out to sea again.

Rural Livelihoods Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Blacksmith: A man engaged in making iron goods, tools, instruments etc.
• Villager: A citizen of India living in a village and occupied with agriculture.
• Chakhesang Community: People of Chizami Village in Nagaland.
• Community: The people living at one place, district or country are combined known with this term.
• Family: The smallest unit of society consisting of parents and their children.
• Heterogeneous: Consisting of many different kinds of people.
• Catamaran: Catamaran is a small boat used for catching fish.
• Migration: Movement of people from one place to another to find jobs is termed as migration.
• Fisherman: A person engaged in the work of catching fish.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Urban Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Urban Administration

HBSE 6th Class Civics Urban Administration Textbook Questions and Answers

Urban Administration Class 6 Question Answers HBSE Question 1.
List at least four different tasks that the Municipal does.
Answer:
1. It manages to collect garbage and disposes at proper place.
2. It takes care of the situation of the town.
3. It builds roads and repair them whenever required.
4. It takes care of water supply and keeps the streets and roads clean.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 7 Fill In The Blanks HBSE Question 2.
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below.
1. In a panchayat the elected members are called ———— .
2. The city is divided into several ———— .
3. In a municipal corporation the elected members are called ———— .
4. Group of councillors deal with issues that affect the ———— .
5. Elections are held once every ———— years for the panchayat as well as for the municipality.
6. While the councillors make decisions the administrative staff led by the Commissioner ———— these.
Answer:
(1) Panchs
(2) Wards
(3) Councillors
(4) entire city
(5) five
(6) implement

Urban Administration Question Answer HBSE Question 3.
What was Gangabai protesting about?
Answer:
Gangabai was protesting about the filthy environment of her locality.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 7 HBSE Urban Administration Question 4.
Why do you think Gangabai decided to approach the Ward Councillor?
Answer:
Gangabai decided to approach the Ward Councillor because it was Ward Councillor’s duty to look after the sanitation in his locality.

Class 6 Urban Administration HBSE Question 5.
What did Gangabai say when the Commissioner told that there were not enough trucks in the city?
Answer:
When the Commissioner said that there were not enough trucks in the city, Gangabai said. But you seem to have enough trucks to, collect garbage from the rich localities.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
Why did the children go to Yasmin Khala’s house?
Answer:
The children had broken street lights while playing cricket. They had no knowledge how the light was to be replaced and to whom they should pay the compensation. They first went to Rehana’s mother who gave them knowledge that it was the duty of municipal corporation to replace the lights. She directed them to Yasmin Khala’s house as she had just retired from the Municipal Corporation. So, children went to Yasmin Khala’s house to get their problems solved.

Question 2.
List four ways in which the work of the Municipal Corporation affects the life of city dweller.
Answer:
The four ways in which the Municipal Corporation affects the life of a city dweller are:
(i) It takes care of street lights, garbage collection, water supply, keeping the streets and the market clean.
(ii) It ensures that diseases do not break out in the city.
(iii) It runs school, hospitals and dispensaries.
(iv) It makes garbage around the city and maintains them.

Question 3.
Who is a Municipal Councillor?
Answer:
Municipal Councillor is an elected representative of a ward. He is also known as the ward councilor.

Question 4.
What did Gangabai do and why?
Answer:
Gangabai and women in the locality were upset over the garbage lying in the streets and unhygienic condition of the society. Gangabai proposed that it was the Ward Councillor who they should go to. Gangabai was confident that they had the right to do so as they were ones who elected him.

Question 5.
How does the Municipal Corporation earn the money to do its work?
Answer:
The Municipal Corporation is responsible for all round development of the society. It provides many services which requires a lot of money. The Municipal Corporation earn the money by collecting taxes from the people. It levied taxes on property, water and other services. Taxes are levied on the measurement and consumption of services. Taxes are also levied on education and other amenities like owning a hotel, entertainment etc.

Question 6.
Discuss:


In the two photograph you see different ways of collecting disposing garbage.
1. Which way do you think safety to person disposing garbage?
2. What are the dangers of collecting in the manner shown in the first photograph?
3. Why do you think that the proper ways of disposing garbage are not available to those who work in municipalities?
Answer:
1. In photograph-2, safer means for disposal of garbage are being adopted.

2. Dangers of collecting garbage in the manner shown in the photograph-1 are:
(i) The animals roaring around garbage dump may cause injury/harm/ hurt to them personally.
(ii) Always a fear of being get seriously ill or fall in the grip of serious diseases.

3. Municipalities have less facilities and transportation available to dispose garbage as compared to the corporations. In other words corporations are meant for big cities or Metropolitian cities. Due to growing population and slums a number of steps were taken by corporations to over come these problems. So, ways of disposing garbage are less available to those who work in municipalities.

Question 7.
Several poor people in the work as domestic servants as well as work for the Corporation, keeping the city clean. Yet the slums in which they live are quite filthy. This is because these slums seldom have any water and sanitation facilities. The reason often given by the Municipal Corporation is that the land in which the poor have set up their homes does not belong to them and that slum-dwellers do not pay taxes. However, people living in middle class neighbourhood, pay very little in taxes compared to the amount of money the corporation spends on them in setting up parks, street lighting facilities, regular garbage collection etc. Also as you read in this chapter, the property taxes collected by the Municipality makes up only 25-30 per cent of its money. Why do you think it is important that the Corporation should spend more money on slum localities? Why is it important that the Municipal Corporation provide the poor in the city with the same facilities that the rich get?
Answer:
The Corporation should spend of money on slum localities because:
(i) The share of general public in corporations earning stand between 70-75 per cent in terms of collection of various axes excluding only property tax.
(ii) Sanitation and light fall in the category of basic needs mandatory to provide by corporation like authority in a city.
(iii) These effects part of corporation would in long terms, bring buoyancy to its earning through taxes when parks, schools, water and electricity etc. facilities are provided with the poor in slums. Again it would inspire them to prepare for better in future.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Urban Administration Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Ward?
Answer:
Ward is a division of city for the purpose of municipal or corporation election.

Question 2.
What is a property tax?
Answer:
People who own homes pay proper tax. The larger the house the more the tax.

Question 3.
What is a Metropolitan city?
Answer:
A city in which people from different, religion, state and caste live together is called a metropolitan city.

Question 4.
Whose job is to replace the street light?
Answer:
It is the job of the Municipal Corpo-ration of the city to replace the street lights.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is sub-contracting? What did Yasmin Khala tell about this in case of garbage collection?
Answer:
Subcontracting means that the work that was earlier being done by government workers is how being done by a private company. Yasmin Khala told that in order to save money the Commissioners of several munici-palities across the country had hired private contractors to collect and process garbage.

Question 2.
What are hazards and dis-advantages associated with the job of collecting garbage?
Answer:
(i) The contract workers get paid less.
(ii) Their jobs are temporary.
(iii) It is quite a dangerous job.
(iv) The contract’ workers do not have any access to safety measures.
(v) They are not taken care of if they are injured while working.

Question 3.
How does the state government help the Municipalities?
Answer:
The sources of income of the Municipalities are very limited while the expenditures are more then the income. The state government helps the Municipalities by giving grants to them.

Question 4.
How are complicated decisions taken?
Answer:
Complicated decisions usually affect the entire city and therefore these decision are taken by groups of councillor who form committees to decide and debts issue. For example, if bus stands need to be improved or a crowded market place needs to have its garbage cleared more regularly.

Question 5.
What are major features and facilities available in a city?
Answer:
Major features and facilities available in a city are:
(a) Crowded markets
(b) Bigger in size then villages
(c) Many buses and cars
(d) Water facilities
(e) Electricity facilities
(f) Hospitals and schools

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the three main functions of the district administration?
Answer:
The three functions of the district administration are:
(i) To maintain law and order: To perform this task, all officers work under the supervision of the Collector.

(ii) To maintain land record and realise land revenue: For this purpose. Tehsildar, Naib Tehsildar, Kanungo and Lekhpal (Patwari) assist the Collector. He also provides relief when unforeseen situations as epidemics, famine are befallen.

(iii) To provide civic amenities: The district administration provide civic amenities as health facilities, education, means of transport, repair of roads etc.

Question 2.
What are the main functions performed by the Municipality or Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
The functions of the Municipality or a Municipal Corporation are generally similar. These are.
1. Functions for maintaining public health:
(i) They arrange for the disposal wastes causes numerous diseases.
(ii) They construct sewage, drain out dirty water from our cities and villages.
(iii) They protect the people from epidemics and other diseases like small-pox, cholera. They make suffice arrangements for vaccination and inoculation of the people.
(iv) They construct public latrines and urinals.
(v) They maintain dispensaries and hospitals to treat the sick.

2. Functions of Public Convenience:
(i) They arrange for water and electricity.
(ii) They maintain and repair roads, bridges and streets.
(iii) They plant trees along the roads for the convenience of travellers.
(iv) They make arrangements for the primary education of the children. For this, schools are maintained with proper basic facilities.
(v) They also manage libraries, museums and zoological parks etc.
(vi) It makes arrangements for playgrounds, parks and gardens.

3. Maintaining optional or miscellaneous departments:
(i) It maintains fire engines for extinguishing fire.
(ii) It checks food adulteration.
(iii) They remove obstacles from the public roads.
(iv) They maintain records of births and deaths.
(iv) It approves the plans of houses to be built in its areas.
(vi) They make arrangement for cremation and burial grounds.
(vii) Corporation issue permission to set-up petrol pumps, cinema houses etc.
(viii) Corporation also set-up homes for helpless women and children.

4. Tax Collection:
It impose and collect taxes like house tax, vehicles tax etc.

Urban Administration Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Municipal Corporation: Civic body in big cities is called Municipal Corporation.
• Municipal Council (Municipality): The civic body in small towns and cities is termed as municipal Council.
• Ward Councillor: Elected representative of a ward in a corporation is called Ward Councillor.
• Municipal Commissioner: The chief executive and administrator of the Municipal Corporation is called Municipal Commissioner.
• Public Defence: The maintenance of fire engines for extinguishing fire, checking food adulteration etc. .
• Mayor: Presiding officer or Chairman of a municipal corporation.
• Aldermen: Members of municipal bodies choosen for their experience and distinguished services.
• Democracy i A government of the people, for the people and by the people.
• Collector: The highest officer of the district.
• Tehsildar: He is in-charge of everything relating to land and land disputes of district.
• The Sessions Judge: He conducts/administers the highest criminal court in the district

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Rural Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Rural Administration

HBSE 6th Class Civics Rural Administration Textbook Questions and Answers

Rural Administration Class 6 HBSE Social Science Question 1.
If there is a theft in your house which police station would you go to register your complaint?
Answer:
In such a situation I would go to the police station of my area to register my complaint.

Rural Administration Class 6 Questions Answers HBSE Social Science Question 2.
What was the dispute between Mohan and Raghu?
Answer:
Raghu had taken over some of Mohan’s land and increased the size of his own field. Angry Mohan went to Raghu’s house to make complaints. But Raghu did not accept what he had done with Mohan’s land. This caused a dispute between the two.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 6 HBSE Social Science Question 3.
Why was Mohan worried about picking a quarrel with Raghu?
Answer:
Mohan was worried about picking a quarrel with Raghu because Raghu’s uncle was the Sarpanch of the village. Raghu was quite influential as his family owned many fields. None in the village had ever dared to confront him. Mohan, being a small farmer had picked up courage to make complaints about what Raghu had done.

Class 6 Rural Administration HBSE Social Science Question 4.
Some people said Mohan should report the matter to the police and others said he should not. What were the arguments they gave?
Answer:
Some people suggested Mohan to go to the police station to report the matter. Since Mohan was badly hurt on his head and hand, his friend suggested that they should go to the local police station and file a report. Others said that Mohan should not go to the police station as they know about Raghu’s influence and power. They also know that Raghu’s uncle was the sarpanch of the village. They felt reporting the case at the police station would involve a lot of money and nothing would come out it.

Question 5.
The Khasra record of the Patwari gives you information regarding the map given below. It identifies which plot of land is owned by whom. Look at both the records and the answer the questions given below regarding Mohan and Raghu’s land.


(1) Who owns the land south of Mohan’s field?
(2) Mark the common boundary between Mohan’s and Raghu’s land.
(3) Who can use field no. 3?
(4) What information can one get field no. 2 and field no. 3?
Ans.
(i) Raghu owns the land south of Mohan’s field.
(ii) Common boundary is marked with dark line.
(iii) Madhya Pradesh government can use field No 3.
(iv) The total area of field 2 is 2.75 hectare it belongs to Raghu who grows soyabean and wheat in this field. The land is not on rent and it is irrigated. Second crop is grown in 1.75 hectare. 0.2 hectare of the total area is a fallow land. There is one well in the field and it is working.

Field No. 3 belongs to Madhya Pradesh government. It is a grassland. It is not on rent. There is one well in the field and it is working. This grassland is used for grazing purposes.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
What is the work of the police?
Answer:
The work of the police is to:
(a) maintain law and order to establish peace in the society.
(b) to register case of theft, accident, injury, fights etc.
(c) to inquire, investigate and take action on the cases within its area.

Question 2.
List two things that the work of a Patwari includes.
Answer:
(a) Patwari measures land and keeps land records.
(b) He organises the collection of land revenue from the farmers and provides information to the government about the crops grown in that area.

Question 3.
What is the work of a tehsildar?
Answer:
(a) A tehsildar supervises the work of the Patwari.
(b) It hears disputes.
(c) It ensures that records are properly kept and land revenue is collected.
(d) He also sees to it that the farmers can easily obtain a copy of their record and students can obtain their caste certificates etc.

Question 4.
What issue is the poem trying to raise? Do you think this is an important issue? Why?
Answer:
The poem emphasises on the rights of a girl child. It is trying to raise the issue of inheritance of daughters and mothers in the property of their father/husband.

This is an important issue because in our country before Hindu Succession Amendment Act (2003) women can not get a share in the family’s agricultural land and after her father/ husband death the property was equally divided among her sons. This poem highlights that Dowry is not a compensation to a girl child. It should be abolished.

Question 5.
In what ways are the work of a Panchayat that you read about in the previous chapter and the work of the Patwari related to each other?
Answer:
Village Panchayat tries to solve the problem of the villagers at village level, and make it sure that the life of the people could be made prosperous. Patwari is a Government official at village level, who measures the land and collects the land revenue at village level.

The works of the Village Panchayat and Patwari are related to each other because they equally work for the welfare of the villagers. The revenue collected by Patwari is spent on welfare of the people.

Question 6.
Visit a police station and find out the work that the police have to do to prevent and maintain law and order in their area especially during festivals, public-meetings etc.?
Answer:
Police exercise following programs to prevent the crime and to maintain law and order in their areas:
1. Recruitment and deployment of Special Task Force to handle different crucial situations.
2. The police officer always keeps a vigilant eye on the criminals.
3. To ensure internal peace and justice (i.e. law and order position) these are kept open for twenty four hours a day.
4. During festivals they move with the public in civil dress, so that they can keep festivals free from apprehension of any mishappening.
5. To control the rush they make barrier and check post at various entrance.
6. Police can stop the people taking weapon inside the area/campus of the fair or festival.

Question 7.
Who is in-charge of all police stations in a district? Find out.
Answer:
The In-Charge of all police stations in district is Senior Superintendent of Police (S.S.P). The in-charge of a police station is known as S.H.O. (Station House Officer).

Question 8.
How do women benefit under new law?
Answer:
New Law: Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 is known as New Law.
According to this law, women in India can get a share in the family’s agricultural land. Women get equal share in the property/lands.
Benefit of Law: Women can get transfer land and even purchased land. They can also take share of family’s land or property.

Question 9.
In your neighbourhood are there women who own property? How did they acquire it?
Answer:
Yes, In our neighbourhood there are women who owned their property. They acquired it with the help of their village Patwari and their brothers or sisters.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Rural Administration Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is called bund?
Answer:
The boundary that separates one land from another is called ‘bund’.

Question 2.
How does the Patwari measure the agricultural fields?
Answer:
The Patwari measures the land with the help of chain.

Question 3.
What is the work of Tehsildar?
Answer:
Tehsildar supervises the work of the Patwari and ensures that records are properly kept and land revenue is collected.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How would have Patwari decided whether the common boundary of Mohan and Raghu Helds had been shifted?
Answer:
Patwari would have measured both Mohan’s and Raghu’s fields and compared them with the measurements on the map. If they did not match, then it was obvious that the boundaries had been changed.

Question 2.
When do you think farmer may require a copy of his land record?
Answer:
We think farmer may require a copy of his land record when:
1. he wants to sell or buy his land.
2. he wants loan from bank to dig a tubewell for his land.
3. he divides his property.

Question 3.
Mention any three works of the revenue department of the government.
Answer:
1. The revenue department of the government supervisor the work of the Patwari.
2. It ensures that records are properly kept and land revenue is collected.
3. It is the revenue department that makes the students obtain their caste certificates.
4. It also resolves the revenue deposits.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the right of women in property before and after Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005.
Answer:
Before:
1. Hindu women did not get a share in the family’s agricultural land.
2. After the death of the father, property was divided equally only among his sons.

After:
1. In the new law sons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share in the land.
2. The new law will benefit a large number of women.
3. They can enjoy their independent status with equal rights.

Rural Administration Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Nayaya Panchayat: A rural body of local administration constituted for disposal of funds, quarrels disputes of minor nature.
• Chokidar: Chokidar in a village keeps birth and death record and also works as a messenger between the people and Gram Panchayat or any Government agency related with the welfare of the village.
• Patwari: He is the land revenue officer at village level. He measure the land of the farmer and keeps the record.
• Tehsildar: He is the officer at district level. He keeps a checking eyes on revenue officers.
• Lekhpal, Kanungo or Karamchari or Village Officer: These are the different names of the Patwari. He is known by different names in different parts of our country.
• Khasra Number: These are the number used for land which is owned by an individual villager or village community.
• A New Law: According to new law, son, daughter and their mother can get equal parts of (shares of) the land owned by Karta of their family.
• S.H.O: Station House Officer of a police station or a person in-charge of police station.
• S.S.P: Senior Superintendent of Police is the highest rank of a police officer in district level.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 What is GovernmentTextbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 What is Government

HBSE 6th Class Civics What is Government Textbook Questions and Answers

What is Government HBSE 6th Class Question 1.
Look at the newspaper headlines above and list the different kinds of activities that the government is reported to be doing in these newspaper headlines.
1.
2.
3.
4.

• Isn’t this a wide range of activities?
• What do you think government is? Discuss in class.

Answer:

• List of the different kind of activities that the government is reported to be doing in the newspaper headlines:

1. The government protects the rights of the unorganised workers.
2. It fixes prices of essential commodities when they are in short supply.
3. It tackles food.
4. It revamps coal and power sectors.
5. It declares villages scarcity hit and . provides relief.
6. It appoints judges to high courts and Supreme Court.

• Yes, the government has a wide range of activities.

In my opinion, the government is an organisation which looks after the public maintenance systems like roads, postal and railway service. It is also responsible for maintaining peaceful relations within nation and amongst the different nations. It protects the border of the country.

Class 6 History Chapter 3 HBSE Question 2.
Can you list three things that the government does which have not been mentioned?
Answer:
The things that the government does which has not been mentioned are:
(i) to provide sanitation and pure drinking water facility to all the citizens of the nation.
(ii) to provide free education to children of the nation.
(iii) to give employment to all people more than 18 years of age.

What is Government Class 6 Notes HBSE Question 3.
Look at the statements in the column on the left. Can you identify which level they belong to? Place tick mark against the level you consider most appropriate:

	Local	State	Central
1. The decision to maintain peaceful relations with Russia.	•	•	•
2. The decision on whether to have Board exam conducted in Class VIII for all government in Kolkata.	•	•	•
3. Introduction of two new train connections between Jammu and Bhubaneshwar.	•	•	•
4. The decision to get common well constructed/ excavated in a particular area of the village.	•	•	•
5. Decision to construct a big children’s park in Patna.	•	•	•
6. The decision to provide free electricity for all farmers in Haryana.	•	•	•
7. Introduction of a new 1000 rupee note.	•	•	•

Answer:

	Local	State	Central
1. The decision to maintain peaceful relations with Russia.	•	•	✓
2. The decision on whether to have Board exam conducted in Class VIII for all government in Kolkata.	•	✓	•
3. Introduction of two new train connections between Jammu and Bhubaneshwar.	•	•	✓
4. The decision to get common well constructed/ excavated in a particular area of the village.	✓	•	•
5. Decision to construct a big children’s park in Patna.	•	✓	•
6. The decision to provide free electricity for all farmers in Haryana.	•	✓	•
7. Introduction of a new 1000 rupee note.	•	•	✓

Class 6 History Chapter 3 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 4.
Do you think it is important for people to be involved in decisions that affect them? Give two reasons for answer.
Answer:
Yes, it is important for people to be involved in decisions that affect them because:
(a) The people are affected by a rise in prices of essential commodities, so any extra-ordinary increase in prices should be consulted with the representatives of the people.

(b) If the government decides to convert a residential area to the commercial area, the representatives of the people should be consulted as it could effect the lives of the people.

What is Government 6th Class HBSE  Question 5.
Which type of government prefer to have in the place in which you live in? Why?
Answer:
I would like to have a democratic type of government in the places in which I live because it is a government of the people, for the people and by the people. A democratic government will be more considerate towards the needs of the people.

Question 6.
Which of the statements below is correct? Correct those sentences that you think need correction.
(a) In a monarchy the country’s citizens are allowed to elect whomever they want.
(b) In a democracy a king has an absolute powers to rule the country.
(c) In a monarchy, people can raise questions about the decisions the monarch takes.
Answer:
(a) In a monarchy, the king is chosen by the hereditary powers.
(b) In a democracy, the country is ruled by the representatives chosen by the people.
(c) In a monarchy, people can not raise questions about the decisions the monarch takes.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
What do you understand by the word ‘government’? List five ways in which you think the government affects your daily life.
Answer:
The Government is the name of an organisation through which, the will of the state is created, expressed and implemented.
The three main organs of the Government are:
(i) Legislative
(ii) Judiciary
(iii) Executive.

Govt, affects daily life in the following ways:
1. It takes decision to lay roads and build schools and health centers.
2. It takes action of social issues.
3. It protects the boundaries of state.
4. It makes law for the benefits of the people and implements them.
5. If there is dispute between two neighbouring states, the govt, does his best to end the cause of conflict.

Question 2.
Why do you think the Government make rules for everyone in the form of laws?
Answer:
Everyone who lives in a country must follow some rules and regulations. These laws are made by government and every citizen have to follow these laws. According to these laws, a government can function and make decision and vests with power to enforce these laws.

Govt, needs to make rules for everyone in the form of law because by doing so people can obey rule and thus the nation as a whole leads a secure life.

Question 3.
Name two essential features of a democratic government.
Answer:
Two features:
(i) Participation of people is necessity.
(ii) It acts according to the will of the people.

Question 4.
What was the suffrage movement? What did it accomplish?
Answer:

Suffrage Movement:
The word ‘suffrage’ means ‘right to vote’. This movement belongs to the women and poor people who have to fight for the participation in government. During the World War I, the struggle for the ‘right to vote’ got strengthened. The struggle comes to be known as ‘suffrage movement’.

Its accomplishments:
During the World War I, men were away from their house fighting in the battle field. At this time, women were called upon to do the work which were earlier done by men. Women did their best and try to manage and organise different kinds of works, People wonder to know that the women can do such work. Women began to be seen as being equally capable for doing hard work and making decision.

The people who were demanding the Right for Women and got their demand heard, they chained themselves to rallying in public places and meetings. In America, women were given right to vote in 1920 while in U.K. in 1928.

Question 5.
Gandhiji strongly believed that every adult in India should be given the right to vote. However, a few people don’t share his views. They feel that illiterate people, who are mainly poor, should not be given the right to vote. What do you think? Do you think this would be a form to discrimination? Give five points to support your view and share these with the class.
Answer:
All citizens are equal. The constitution aims at providing all equality to all its citizens.
• We have no right to discriminate any one on the basis of poverty.
• Even the illiterate people are the citizens of the nation. They should have the right to choose people who are going to be in their country.
• Our constitution provides equal voting right to all the citizens.
• We must honour dignity of every individual.

HBSE 6th Class Civics What is Government Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does every country need a government?
Answer:
Every country needs a government to make decisions and get things like building roads and schools done.

Question 2.
List the institutions which are a part of the government. Name three of them.
Answer:
The institutions which are a part of the government are:
(1) Supreme Court
(2) Indian Railways
(3) Bharat Petroleum

Question 3.
What is universal adult franchise?
Answer:
‘Universal adult franchise’ means that all adults in the country are allowed to vote.

Question 4.
Why is a mark put on the finger while vote?
Answer:
A mark is put on the finger to make sure that a person casts only one vote.

Question 5.
Under what circumstances a person may approach the court?
Answer:
If a person feels that a particular law is not being followed, he/she may approach the court.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the three different levels of the government?
Answer:
The three different levels of the government are:
(a) Local level: It means the government in our village, town or locality.
(b) State level: It would mean the government that covers an entire state like Haryana or Assam.
(c) National level: It refers to the government of the entire country.

Question 2.
What do you mean by representative democracies?
Answer:
In representative democracies, people do not choose their representatives through an election process. These representatives meet and make decisions for the entire population.

Question 3.
The earliest forms of government were not democratic.
Answer:
In the earliest form of government, men would owned property and were educated, had right to vote. This meant that women, the poor, the property less and the uneducated ones were not allowed to vote. The country was governed by the rules and regulations that these few men made.

So the earliest forms of government were not democratic as it was not ruled by all the citizens of the country.

Question 4.
What is a monarchy?
Answer:
It is a type of government in which the monarch or the king has the powers to make laws and decisions and run the government. The king does not have to explain his action or defend the decisions he takes. He may be helped by a small group of people who help the king to take decisions.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between democracy and monarchy.
Answer:

(a) Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. The re-presentatives of the people choose the government.	(a) It is the King or Queen who has the power to make decisions and run the government.
(b) The three levels of the government-legislative, executive and judiciary are the functionaries of the government.	(b) The monarch may have small group of people to discuss matters with, but the final decision making power remains with the monarch.
(c) The government has to explain its actions and defend its decisions to the people.	(c) Kings and Queens do not have to explain their actions or defend the decisions they make.
(d) People may change the ruling party through elections.	(d) The position of the king is hereditary.

Question 2.
What is the difference between the Federal and Unitary Government?
Answer:
(i) In the Unitary form of Government, there is only one Central Government for the whole country while in the Federal Form; there are one Central and separate governments in the provinces.
(ii) In the Federal form of Government the whole country is divided into some political units but in the Unitary form the whole country is a single unit.
(iii) In the Unitary form, all the powers are vested in one Central Government, while there is a division of powers between the Federal and the State governments in the Federal forms.
(iv) In the Federal form of Government, mostly the Constitution is written and rigid while it is not so in case of a Unitary State.

What is Government Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Government: The system or machinery present in each country in order to make directions for the proper running of the country is called a government.
• Laws: The rules laid down by the government for the proper functioning of the country are called laws.
• Democracy: A system of government is which people (citizens) of the country choose their leaders to rule is called democracy.
• Monarchy: Monarchy is the form of the government in which King or Queen or the Monarch takes decisions and makes laws for the entire country. His/Her position is hereditary too.
• Elections: The process in which a democratic country casts their votes to choose the leaders is called elections.
• Election Petition: If any voter or a candidate feels that the election in his constituency has not been conducted fairly, he can file an election petition against that election.
• Representative Democracy: A form of democracy in which people do not elect the government directly but only choose their representatives, who collectively form a government is called Representative Democracy.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government

HBSE 6th Class Civics Key Elements of a Democratic Government Textbook Questions and Answers

Class 6th Civics Chapter 4 Social Science HBSE Question 1.
What were Hector and his classmates protesting about?
Answer:
Hector and his classmates were protesting against learning the Afrikaans language in school. They did not want to learn this language as this was spoken by the whites and they had their own language which they wanted to learn.

HBSE 6th Class Social Science Key Elements of a Democratic Government Question 2.
List five ways in which the non-whites were discriminated against.
Answer:
The five ways in which the non-whites were discriminated against were as follows:
(a) There were separate trains and buses for non-whites.
(b) There were separate hospitals for them.
(c) An ambulance meant for white people would always be equipped while one meant for black was not.
(d) Non-whites had to live on the worst available land.

Key Elements of a Democratic Government HBSE 6th Class Social Science Question 3.
Do you think it is important for all persons to be treated equally? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is important for all persons to be treated equally. This is so because all human being have same body system, heart, bones. Everybody has the right to lead a dignified life.

Question 4.
Why do you think elections are required after a fixed period?
Answer:
Elections are required after a fixed period because only in this way the power of the government gets limited. ‘

DISCUSS

Question 1.
In Maya’s story did the government support the idea that people are equal?
Answer:
In Maya’s story, the government did not support the idea that people are equal.

Question 2.
In Dr. Ambedkar’s story did the practice of untouchability support the idea that people are equal?
Answer:
In Dr. Ambedkar’s story, the practice of untouchability did not support the idea that people are equal. It supported the idea of discrimination and unjust or unequal situation.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
How would Maya’s life be different in South Africa today?
Answer:
Today South Africa is governed by democratic form of government but just before two decades, this country was governed by apartheid laws. In Modern South Africa, people enjoy democratic rights equally and all the citizens would enjoy equal public facilities. So Maya’s life would be quite comfortable today she would go to same school as whites receive equal treatment in schools and equal medical facilities.

Question 2.
What are the various ways in which people participate in the process of government?
Answer:
There are various ways in which people participate in the process of government:
1. People participate in the government by voting in the election and electing their leaders.
2. People protest against social disturbances in the form of dharnas, hold rallies, strikes, signature campaigns etc. and persuade government to set things right.
3. Members of the minority community can participate in the process of government by organising rallies for their rights.

Question 3.
Why do you think we need the government to find solutions to many disputes or conflicts?
Answer:
We need the government to find solutions to many disputes or conflicts because it is the government which makes laws, executes them and gives decisions. The government represents the country and also the head of the constitutional system. Government has to compensate people who are killed, wounded or whose properties are destroyed in violent accidents.

Question 4.
What action does the government take to ensure that all people are treated equally?
Answer:
The government takes the following actions to ensure that all people are tracked equally:
1. All citizen are equal before law.
2. Our constitution does not allow us to discriminate between people on the basis of caste, creed, religion or sex.
3. The government has reserved seats for scheduled castes and tribes in educational institutions and jobs.

Question 5.
Read through the chapter and discuss the pay ideas of democratic government. Make a list.
Answer:
1. All people are equal before law.
2. Democratic government for the people, Of the people and by the people.
3. All people above the age of 18 have a right to vote and choose their own representatives.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Key Elements of a Democratic Government Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of one black township.
Answer:
One black township was south-western township or SOWETO.

Question 2.
What is meant by consensus?
Answer:
Everyone has the same view regarding an issue.

Question 3.
What does apartheid mean?
Answer:
Apartheid means separation on the basis of race.

Question 4.
Why is voting important in a democracy?
Answer:
Voting is important in a democracy because people elect leaders to represent them.

Question 5.
Posters on the walls have been banned. Why?
Answer:
The posters on the walls have been banned because
(i) it spoils the city’s look.
(ii) many a times the posters are pasted on important sign boards and even road maps.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the role of the police in a democratic country when processions are taken out?
Answer:
(i) Religious processions and celebrations may sometimes lead to a conflict, the government, specially the police plays an important role in getting representatives of concerned communities to meet and try to arrive at a solution.

(ii) Sometimes there is a fear that violence may erupt, with people throwing stones or trying to disrupt the procession. The police is responsible for ensuring that violence does not take place.

Question 2.
How did people react when in August 2005, a particular government increased the money people had to pay for electricity?
Answer:
When in August 2005, a particular government increased the money people had to pay to electricity.
(i) People expressed their disapproval sharply.
(ii) They took out rallies and also organised a signature campaign.

Question 3.
How can rivers become a source of conflict?
Answer:
Rivers can become a source of conflict because a river may begin in one state, flow through another and end in a third. The sharing of river water between different states that the river goes through beaming and issue of conflict.

Question 4.
What is the dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu regarding Krishna Sagar dam and Mellur dam.
Answer:
The downstream dam in Tamil Nadu can only be filled up water as released from the upstream one located in Karnataka. Therefore, both states cannot get as much water as they need for people in their states.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the functions of the government in a developing economy?
Answer:
In developing countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the following functions should be performed by the govern-ments of the respective countries:
Functions of the Government in a Developing Country
1. Defence of the Country:
The first and foremost function of a developing country should be the defence of its country. To defend the country from-the external invasion, a powerful army, navy and air force should be maintained.

2. To maintain internal law and order:
It is a very important function of the government to maintain internal law and order. The government should make such laws which regulate the relations among the people. A country cannot make any progress if people are prey to internal disturbances.

3. Protection of life and property of the people:
The government must protect the life and property of the people. It is one of the primary duties of the government that it should make all possible arrangements for the safety and security of the life and property. Everybody should feel physically and economically secure in the state.

4. To maintain healthy relations with other countries:
In the modern age, no state can live in isolation. Each state depends on other states for the fulfillment of its various needs. The states are to maintain friendly relations among themselves

Question 2.
Briefly explain any six essential conditions for the successful working of a democracy.
Answer:
The following six conditions are considered to be essential for the successful working of a democracy:
1. A spirit of tolerance and co-operation:
As democracy is a government by discussion and criticism, it is essential that those in power should be respective to criticism. The minority group must extend full co-operation and support to the majority party.

2. Educated, alert and vigilant citizens can only understand the value of their vote and possess, the ability to understand national and international problems.

3. Economic equality before political equality: This is so because poor voters are not lured by monetary consideration to sell their votes.

4. The presence of local self-governing institutions: This leads to decentralization of power and flashes contemporary disposition of electorates i.e. citizens.

5. Existence of a healthy and well organised party system which resolute and benevolent opposition party play a positive and constructive role.

6. Presence of an independent press: This is important for getting accurate and unbiased information on national and international events.

Question 3.
Write about the conflict between the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu over the issue of R. Cauvery?
Answer:
The rivers can become a source of conflict between states. A river may have its origin in one place and after flowing through many states they finally end its journey in the sea or ocean. The sharing of river water between different places that the river goes through is becoming an issue. There is a dispute between Karnataka and Tamilnadu over the sharing of the Cauvery water. The water stored in Krishnasagar dam in Karnataka is used for irrigation in several districts and for meeting the needs of various cities.

The water stored in Mettur dam of Tamilnadu is used for crops grown in the delta region of that state. A conflict arises because dams are on the same river. The downstream dam in Tamilnadu can only be filled up with water released from the upstream one located in Karnataka. So both the states cannot get as much water as they need for people in their states. This leads to conflict. The central government has to see that a fair distribution is worked out.

Key Elements of a Democratic Government Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Alien: A person who is not citizen of India.
• Government at the Centre: Government rules on whole country.
• Union List: The List on which only Parliament can make laws.
• Collective Responsibility: Responsibility of whole Cabinet.
• Democracy: Government made by the people, of the people and for the people.
• Bicameral Legislature: Two houses.
• Social Justice: It is a condition in which all citizens are treated as equal and no discrimination is made between them on the basis of caste or on the basis of being rich or poor.
• Economic Justice: It is a condition where all citizens are guaranteed decent standard of life.
• Ballot: A secret vote in which people seal out sign of the candidate they want to choose.
• Impeachment: The method of removal from the office of the President, Vice President, the Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts practised by the Parliament under certain circumstances.
• Federalism: A federal government in which government has two distinct levels: (a) State Government, (b) Central Government.
• Socialist State: A state in which means of production (such as land, mineral resources, mills and factories) and the means of distribution are in the hands of the Government.
• Democratic State: A democratic country is one in which administration is run by the elected representatives of the people.
• Republic State: A state in which the head of the State is elected.
• Apartheid Laws: Laws in which people are separated on the basis of race (i.e., Black, White and Indian Race).

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj

HBSE 6th Class Civics Panchayati Raj Textbook Questions and Answers

Class 6th Civics Chapter 5 Social Science HBSE Question 1.
What is Gram Sabha?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha is a meeting with all adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat.

HBSE 6th Class Social Science Panchayati Raj Question 2.
In the meeting of the Gram Sabha so far, what are the problems that are being discussed?What sort of solution are being discussed?
Answer:
Several problems are being discussed in the meeting of the Gram sabha:
(а) Problem of water shortages.
(b) Finalisation of the list of people below the poverty line (BPL) which had to be approved by the Gram Sabha.

Panchayati Raj HBSE 6th Class Social Science Question 3.
Was there a problem with the BPL list that the Gram Sabha was finishing?
What was this problem?
Answer:
Yes, there was a problem with the BPL list that the Gram Sabha was finalising the name of one landless labourer Om Prakash was not on the list.

Question 4.
Why do you think Soorajmal kept quiet even though Saroj asked him to speak?
Answer:
Soorajmal kept quiet even though Saroj asked him to speak because Amirchand, a powerful and influential man was sitting in the Gram Sabha.

Question 5.
Have you seen any similar incidents when people are unable to speak for themselves. Why do you think that happened and what prevented the person from speaking?
Answer:
When people consider someone very powerful in the society; people are unable to speak for themselves. They are so used to that person in the society to speak. For themselves so that even if some have problem.

Question 6.
How can the Gram Sabha prevent the Panchayat gram doing what it like?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha prevent the Panchayat from doing wrong things like misusing money or favouring certain people.
(a) It keeps an eye on the elected representatives.
(b) It makes them responsible to the persons who elected them.

Question 7.
What decisions were taken by the Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The Gram Panchayat took the following decisions:
(a) The Gram Panchayat decided to deepen two handicaps and clean one well so that the villagers would not go without water.
(b) The Gram Panchayat members were also keen for at long term solutions of water shortages.
(c) The Gram Panchayat suggested for the watershed development programme.

Question 8.
Do you think it was necessary for them to take these decisions?Why?
Answer:
It was necessary for them to take these decisions because the problem of water shortages was becoming a cute.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
What problem did the villagers in Hardas village face?What did they do solve this problem:
Answer:
The villagers in Hardas village were facing the water problem. The problem when brought to and discussed in the Gram Sabha meeting a conclusion was arrived at and thus watershed development programme came into operation. Soon, it was completed and the villagers took a sigh of relief.

Question 2.
What in your opinion is the importance of the Gram Sabha?Do you think all members should attend Gram Sabha meeting?Why?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha is of great importance to all of as who are living in villages. In Gram Sabha, all important issues regarding the development of a village are discussed and Gram Panchayat works according to the agenda laid down in and passed by the Gram Sabha.
Yes, all the members should attend Gram-Sabha meeting because this practice will automatically educate the participants and they would learn the procedure of calling meeting and all other allied there too.

Question 3.
What is the link between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat works at village level. Gram Sabha is a place where all important plants for the works of Gram Panchayat are placed before the people. Gram Sabha also keeps monitoring on functioning of Gram Panchayat.

Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat are linked with each other because through the meeting of Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayat comes to know about the problems of the people and try to solve them.

Question 4.
Take an example of any one task done by a Panchayat in your area/nearby rural and find out the following:
(a) Why it was taken up
(b) Where the money comes from
(c) Whether or not work has been completed?
Answer:
Task: Laving out a link road/approach through way through out mohalla (settlement) to the main road.

Reasons:
Colony people were facing problems in transportation of goods (i.e. apples, pear, peach etc.) to Haldwani Mandi. Money for project came from Rural Development fund, cess on peddlers, fairs etc., grant in aid from Kapileshwar. Trust and subscription collected from every resident of the village was also added therewith. The Link- Road was completed a fortnight before the date completion agreed to by the contractor Jagmohan Singh viz with 60 days.

Question 5.
What is the difference between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
Gram Sabha
1. Every adult man and woman in village who has attained the age of 18 years or above; are the members of the Gram Sabha.
2. The number of members can be between 100 to 1000.
3. There is no concept of reservation.
4. It is a bigger body.

Gram Panchayat
1. The members of the Gram Sabha elect some representatives from themselves to form Gram Panchayat.
2. The number of members can be from 7 to 31.
3. Out of total, 1/3rd seats are reserved for women and some for scheduled castes and schedule tribes.
4. It is a smaller body then Gram Sabha

Question 6.
Read the following news item:
Nimone is a village on the Chauphula-Shinur Road. Like many others, this village has also been facing a severe water shortage for the last few months and villagers depend on tankers for all their needs. Bhagwan Mahadeo Lad (35) of this village was beaten with sticks, iron rods and axes by a group of seven men. The incident came to light when some villagers brought a badly injured Lad to hospital for treatment. In the FIR recorded by the police Lad said that he was attacked when he insisted that the water in the tanker must be emptied into the storage tanks he insisted as a part of the water supply scheme by Nimone Gram Panchayat so that there would be equal distribution of water. However, he alleged that the upper caste men were against this and told him that tanker water was not meant for the lower castes. (Adopted from Indian Express May 1, 2004)
(a) Why was Bhagwan beaten?
(b) Do you think the above is a case discrimination?Why?
Answer:
(a) Bhagwan Mahadeolal was beaten with sticks, iron and axes by seven men. He was beaten because he wanted the water tanker: should be emptied into storage tank built by the Nimone Gram Panchayat, so that there could be equal distribution of water. But the people of upper class did not tolerate it. So he was beaten by them.

(b) Yes, we think that this is a case of discrimination because from the above news, we come to know that the people of upper castes were against the equal distribution of water. They (upper caste men) think that the water in tanker was only for them, not for the lower caste.

Question 7.
Find out more about watershed development and how it benefits an areas.
Answer:
Watershed Development: The ways of conserving water and refilling it by cyclic and anticyclic process is situated in a village in Maharashtra state. This process is known as water-shed development and the State ! Government provide money for this work.

For water conserving and refilling, people planted trees, constructed check dam and tanks which increase the water table. (For more detail visited with your teacher in an area where water shed development are being ; planned.)

HBSE 6th Class Civics Panchayati Raj Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who can be a member of the Gram Sabha?
Answer:
Anyone who is 18 years old or more and who has the right to vote is a member of the Gram Sabha.

Question 2.
What is the term of the Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The Gram Panchayat is elected for five years.

Question 3.
Who are the members of the construction and development committees of Gram Sabha?
Answer:
The construction and development committees of the Gram Sabha include some members of the Gram Panchayat who work together to carry out specific tasks.

Question 4.
Why is the Nirmal Gram Puruskar awarded and to whom?
Answer:
The Nirmal Gram Puruskar is awarded to the village Panch/Panchs for the excellent work done by him/them in the Panchayat.

Question 5.
To whom are the Panchs and the Gram Panchayat answerable?
Answer:
The Panchs and the Gram Panchayat are answerable to Gram Sabha?

Question 6.
Who has to approve the work of the Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The work of the Gram Panchayat has to be approved by the Gram Sabha.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by the Panchayati Raj system?
Answer:
Panchayati Raj system is a process through which people participate in their own government. The Panchayati Reg system is the first tier or level of democratic government.

Question 2.
Name the three levels or tiers of the Panchayati Raj system.
Answer:
The three tiers of the Panchayati Raj system are:
1. Village Panchayat in the villages.
2. Panchayat Samiti or Janpad Panchayat at the Block level.
3. Zila Parishad in the Districts.

Question 3.
What are the main functions of the Zila Parishad?
Answer:
(i) The main functions of the Zila Parishad is to co-ordinate all the activities of the Panchayati Raj.
(ii) It gives advice to the State Government on the work of Panchayats and Samitis.
(iii) It prepares a plan for its district development.
(iv) It implements all programmes coming under a five year plan.
(v) It divides the funds received from the State government among the Block Samitis and the Gram Panchayats.

Question 4.
What are the sources of income of Zila Parishad?
Answer:
Chief sources of the income of a Zila Parishad are as under:
(i) Taxes on fairs and circus etc.
(ii) Taxes on houses, shops, land, water and electricity.
(iii) Loans raised from the public if need arises.
(iv) Grant-in-aid from the state government.
(v) Rent of houses and shops owned by it.

Question 5.
In what ways is the local govern-ment important?
Answer:
(i) By the local government, the local people tries to solve their problems without depending on state level administration.
(ii) It develops the feeling of self-reliance among local people.
(iii) It develops initiative and the spirit of co¬operation.
(iv) It trains local people in running the central and the state administration.
(v) It finishes the local work with speed and with the least expenditure.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the composition of a Village Panchayat.
Answer:
A Village Panchayat is divided into wards. Each ward elects a representative who is known as the Ward member, also called Panch. All the members of the Gram Sabha also elect a Sarpanch who is called Panchayat President. The Ward Panchs and the Sarpanch form the Gram Panchayat. The tenure of the Gram Panchayat is five years.

The Gram Panchayat and the Gram Sabha have a common Secretary. He is a person whom the government appoints. Thus, he is not an elected person. The Secretary is responsible for calling the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat. He also keeps records of the proceedings of the meeting.

Question 2.
How is a Village Panchayat formed?
OR
Discuss the three organs of Village Panchayat.
Answer:
Village Panchayat has three important organs:
(i) The Gram Sabha: It consists of representatives directly elected by the villagers. It may consists of one village or a group of villages.
(ii) Gram Panchayat: The members of the Gram Sabha elect some representatives from among themselves to form Gram panchayat. It also have reserve seat for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women.
(iii) Nyaya Panchayat: Each Village Panchayat elects some members to the Nyaya Panchayat which resolve minor disputes of the villagers.

Panchayati Raj Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Panchayati Raj: Panchayati Raj means grass root governance at village level by the villagers themselves and local self-government.
• Local Government: A government which is run by the elected representatives of the local people.
• Distt. Commissioner: An officer who looks after the district administration.
• Village Panchayat: A committee of five or more village elders which is formed to improve the condition of the village.
• Gram Sabha: All men and women of a village whose age is 18 years or above constitute the GramSabha.
• Block Samiti: The committee that works at the block level is called the Block Samiti.
• Block: Some village panchayats join together to form a block.
• Zila Parishad: The Zila Parishad works at the district level. It prepares the plans for the development of a zila or district.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Textbook Questions and Answers

Vital Villages Thriving Towns Class 6 Notes HBSE Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. ________ was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
2. The grama-bhojaka often got his land cultivated by the ________.
3. Ploughmen were known as ________ in Tamil.
4. Most grihapatis were ________ landowners.

Answer:

1. Vellalar
2. Slaves/hired labourers
3. Uzhavar
4. Smaller.

Class 6 History Chapter 9 Question Answer HBSE Question 2.
Describe the functions of the Grama-Bhojaka. Why do you think he was powerful?
Answer:
Functions of the Grama-Bhojaka:
The village headman was known as grama- bhojaka and he was the largest land-owner. He had slaves or hired workers to cultivate his land.

• The king often used him to collect taxes from the village.
• He also functioned as a judge and also as a policeman.

He was powerful because :

• he had a close association with the king.
• he had a strong control over the village.
• he had the largest land which means he was quite rich and hence had financial power.

Class 6th History Chapter 9 HBSE Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Question 3.
List the crafts person who would have been present in both villages and cities.
Answer:
Carpenters, weavers, potters, black-smiths, goldsmiths etc.

Question 4.
Choose the correct answer:
(а) Ring wells were used for:
1. bathing
2. washing clothes
3. irrigation
4. drainage.
Answer:
4. drainage.

(b) Punch marked coins were made of:
1. silver
2. gold
3. tin
4. ivory.
Answer:
1. silver

(c) Mathura was an important:
1. village
2. port
3. religious centre
4. forested area.
Answer:
3. religious centre

(d) Shrenis were associations of:
1. rulers
2. craftspersons
3. farmers
4. herders.
Answer:
2. craftspersons

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Which of the iron tool shown on page 87 your NCERT Text Book would have been important for agriculture? What would the other tools have been used for?

Answer:
Ploughshares would have been important for agriculture. The other tools used were sickles and axes. The other tools like tongs, nails and hammers were used for carpentry and also by ironsmiths.

Question 6.
Compare the drainage system in your locality with that of the cities mentioned in the lesson.
Answer:
Similarities:

• Both the cities and our localities have a good drainage system in each house.
• Even today, there is hardly any cleanlines and people use them carelessely. People in ancient times used them as drains, garbage dumps and even as toilets.

Differences:
Today drainage system has been systematically planned as compared to ancient times.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you have seen crafts persons at work, describe what they do in a short paragraph. (Hint : how do they get the raw materials, what kind of equipment do they use, how do they work, what happens to the finished products)
Answer:

• The craftsperson buys raw material from different parts of the city or the village.
• He works in a part of the house, with the help of the family members.
• He works with simple tools like looms, spindles and needles.
• The finished product is sent either to the cities for selling or the merchants come to the houses of the craftsperson to buy goods.

Question 8.
List the functions performed by men and women who live in your city or village. In what ways are these similar to those performed by the people who lived in Mathura? In what ways are they different?
Answer:
Similarities : The people in Mathura worked as goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, perfumers. In present times, people in cities are goldsmiths and others are present in the villages.

Differences: In present times, we can find people who work in offices, banks, schools, colleges, etc., but they were not present in those days.

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the Jataka tales?
Answer:
Jataka tales were the stories that were probably composed by ordinary people and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks.

Question 2.
Why do the kings demand taxes from farmers or revenues? How does it also benefit the farmers?
Answer:
The kings demand taxes as they need money for armies, palaces and forts. Since for increasing production. The king provides money and plans irrigation works and also the labour is provided by people, the probability of quality production increases.

Question 3.
Bring out the division in Tamil region in the agricultural sector.
Answer:
Vellalar
(large landowners)
↓
Uzhavar
0ordinary ploughmen)
↓                     ↓
Kadaisiyar adimadi
(slaves) (slave)

Question 4.
Who were grihapatis?
Answer:
Grihapatis were independent farmers with smaller lands.

Question 5.
Who were dasa Karamkaras?
Answer:
Dasa karamkaras were people who did not own land and had to earn a living working on the field owned by others.

Question 6.
What are punch marked coins?
Answer:
Punch marked coins have been given this name because the designs were punched on to the metal-silver or copper. Archaeologists have found thousands of these coins. They were in use about 500 years back.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How can we find about the life of the people in early times? (Give three evidences)
Answer:
We can find more about the life of the people in early times from:

• Archaeological evidences, i.e., things found after digging certain sites and old historical buildings.
• From tales of the early people and other literary sources.
• From sculptures: Sculptors carved scenes depicting people’s lives in towns and villages, as well as in the forest. Many of. these sculptors were used for decorating railings, pillars and gateways of buildings.

Question 2.
What are ring wells and their functions?
Answer:
In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one top of the other. These are known as ring wells. They function as :

• toilets
• arains
• garbage dumps.

Question 3.
Why can’t much be explored about common people’s lives?
Answer:

• There are hardly any remains of places, markets or of homes of ordinary people.
• Some are yet to be discovered by archaeologists.
• Others made of wood, mudbrick and thatch may not have survived.

Question 4.
How do travellers play an important role in finding about cities?
Answer:

• One way of finding about cities is from the accounts of sailors and traveller who visited them.
• One of the most detailed accounts has been given by an unknown Greek sailor. He described all potas he visited.

Question 5.
Give reason :
(a) Mathura emerged and has been an important settlement for more than 2500 years.
OR
How can we say that Mathura is multi-functional town?
Answer:
It was important because it was located at the cross roads of two major routes of travel and trade – from the northwest to the east and from north to south. There were fortifications around the city, and several shines. Farmers and herders from adjoining areas provided food for people in the city. Mathura was also a centre where some extremely fine sculpture was produced.

Question 6.
Give evidence that Mathura was a religious centre.
Answer:
Mathura was a religious site as:

• There were Buddhist monastries.
• Jaina shrines.
• It is an important centre for Krishna.

Question 7.
What archaeological evidences give us insights into the town of Mathura?
Answer:
Several inscriptions on surface such as stone slabs and statues have been found in Mathura. Generally, these are short inscriptions, recording gifts made by men (and sometimes women) to monasteries and shrines. These were made by kings and queens, officers, merchants and crafts persons who lived in the city. For instance, inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket ; markers, garland makers, perfumers.

Question 8.
Besides the use of coins, what were the other methods to buy and sell goods? How do we know about it?
Answer:
The merchants exchanged their goods , with the goods of other merchants. We come to know about this method of exchange from a poem in the Sangam literature. The poem mentions the exchange of paddy and salt.

Question 9.
What were shrenis? How did they function?
Answer:
Many craftspersons and merchants formed associations known as shrenis. They provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished goods. The shrenis of the merchants organised the trade. Shrenis also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money. This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions and monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are shrenis? What are its functions many craftspersons and merchants now formed associations known as Shrenis.
Answer:

• These Shrenis of craftspersons provided training procured raw material and distributes the finished products.
• The Shrenis of merchants organised the trade.
• Shrenis also served as banks where rich men and women deposited money.

This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions such as monastries.

Question 2.
What are the findings in Arikamedu?
OR
Write a short note on Arikamedu.
Answer:
Arikamedu was a coastal settlement where ships unloaded goods from distant lands. A massive brick structure, which may have been a warehouse, was found at the site. Other finds include pottery from the Mediterranean region, such as amphorae (tall double-handled jars contained liquids such as wine or oil) and stamped red-glazed pottery, known as Arretine Ware, which was named after a city in Italy. This was made by pressing wet clay into a stamped mould. There was yet another kind of pottery which was made locally, though Roman designs were used. Roman lamps, glassware and gems have also been found at the site. Small tanks have been found that were probably dyeing vats, used to dye cloth. There is plenty of evidence for the making of beads from semi-precious stones and glass.

Question 3.
How do we learn about the city of Bharuch ? Write about the port city.
Answer:
A Greek sailor has left a detailed account about all the ports that he visited. He wrote about the city of Bharuch, which he called Barygaza. He mentions :

• The gulf was very narrow at Barygaza and was very hard to navigate for those coming from the sea.
• Ships had to be steered in by skilful and experienced local fisherman, who were employed by the king.
• The main imports at Barygaza were wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins.
• The main exports were plants from the Himalayas, ivory, agate, cotton, silk and perfumes.
• Special gifts were brought by the merchants for the king, which included vessels of silver, fine wines and fine cloth.

The two things that were not in use during Harappan times were wine and coral.

Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Shreni : A group of merchants and craftsmen following the same trade.
• Punch Marked Coins: Coins that were punched by the government. They were crude in shape and made of copper.
• Sangam : An assembly or gathering of literary persons.
• Satraps : They were the military commander under Sakas.
• Ring-Well: Rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one on the top of the others, is known as ring-well.
• Vellalar : They were big land owners in Tamil Nadu.
• Kadaisiyar and Adimai : Landless labourers which also includes slaves were called Kadaisiyar and adimai in Tamil region.
• Grama-bhojaka : In northern part of India, the headman of the village is known by the name of Grama-bhojaka.
• Dakshinapatha : Route towards south.
• Irrigation : To water the crops by means of canals, wells or tanks.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

New Empires And Kingdoms Class 6 Questions And Answers Question 1.
State whether true or false :

1. Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni.
2. The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta.
3. There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha.
4. Taxila and Madurai are important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers.
5. Aihole was the capital ofPallavas.
6. The local assemblies functioned for several centuries in South India.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True.

HBSE 6th Class Social Science New Empires and Kingdoms Question 2.
Mention three authors who wrote about Harshvardhana.
Answer:

• Banabhatta (court poet of Harshvardhana).
• Xuan Zang.
• Harshvardhan himself.

New Empires and Kingdoms 6th Class Social Science HBSE Question 3.
What changes do you find in the army at this time?
Answer:
Kings of this time had a large and well maintained army. Except this regular army there were some military leaders who provided king with troops whenever they required. These military leaders were not paid salaries. They collect revenue from the land granted by the king and used collected revenue for maintaining gQod army. Thus during these days the military leaders who provided army to kings were known as ‘Samantas’. At this time ‘Smantas system’ became the important part of army.

Question 4.
What were the new administrative arrangements during this period?
Answer:
New administrative arrangements came into existence during this period. Although the village remained the basic emit of administration, some new developments emerged. Kings adopted several steps to get the support of powerful and influential persons.
→ Some important administrative posts were now hereditary. This means that son succeeded fathers to these posts. For example, the poet Harishena got the post of maha-danda-nayaka or chief judicial officer from his father.

→ Sometimes, one person handled the responsibility of many offices. For example, Harishena was not only a maha-danda-nayaka, but also a kumar- amatya, meaning an important minister and a Sandhi-Vigrahika, meaning a minister of war and peace.

→ Some influential persons like nagara- shreshthi or chief banker or merchant of the city, the Sartharaha or leader of the merchant a caravans, the prathamakulika or the chief craftsman and the head of the kayasthas or scribes had a say in the local administration.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
What do you think Arvind would have to do if he was acting as Samudragupta?
Answer:
If Arvind was acting as Samudragupta, he would do what is written on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad. He would dress up like a warrior. Sometimes, he would sit on the throne in Raj Darbar and would seem busy doing his administrative jobs.

Question 6.
Do you think ordinary people would have read and understand the Prashastis ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
“Prashasti” is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of. Hence, the prashastis are composed in praise of contemporary kings (rulers). They were written by either royal poet or written by the visitors who visited India during this time.

We think ordinary people must read these k prashastis because they can know the glimpse of their recent past and know what was the economic, social and political condition of the state that time.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you had to make a genealogy for l yourself, who are the people you would include in it? How many generations would like to show? Make a chart and fill l it. t
Answer:
The word ‘genealogy’ means to make the list of ancestors. Make the list of persons to whom you know 1 very well as with whom your blood relation. The I people I would like to include in my genealogy:

• My father.
• My grandfather.
• The old-grandfather (grandfather of my I father).

At least two generations we would like to include. Related to the above genealogy try to make the chart with the help of your teacher.

Question 8.
How do you think wars affect the lives of ordinary people today?
Answer:
The wars affect the lives of the ordinary people today in the following ways:

• The war causes tremendous loss of life and property.
• Number of people lose their lives during war.
• Daily routine of the life gets affected.
• It gives birth to number of diseases.
• It increases the rate of poverty.

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the expedition led by Harsha.
Answer:
Harsha conquered both Magadha and Bengal. He tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan but was stopped by Pulakesin II, the ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.

Question 2.
What is prashasti?
Answer:
A prashasti is a special kind of inscription written in praise of a ruler or a king.

Question 3.
What happened to the rulers of Aryavarata under Samudragupta’s empire?
Answer:
The nine rulers of Aryavarata were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire.

Question 4.
When did the Arabs conquer Sind?
Answer:
The Arabs conquered Sind (in present Pakistan) about 1300 years ago.

Question 5.
What information we get in the biography of Harshacharita?
Answer:
In the biography of Harshacharita, we came to know about the genealogy of King Harsha and ends with his becoming king.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do we know about Pulakeshin II from his prashasti?
Answer:

• Pulakeshin II’s prashasti tells us about his ancestors who are traced back through four generations from father to son.
• Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle.
• He led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts.
• He checked the advance of Harsha.

Question 2.
What do you know about Allahabad Pillar Inscription?
OR
State the military achievement of Samudragupta as given in the Allahabad inscription.
Answer:
The most authentic source of information about Samudragupta’s conquests are given in Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his poet Harisena. It tells us that Samudragupta was not only a conqueror but also an able administrator. It also tells us detailed about the rulers against whom he waged campaigns.

Question 3.
Why did Harsha change (shift) his capital?
Answer:
When Harshavardhana ascended the throne his kingdom was threatened by the rulers of Bengal and Gujarat. After the accession his first task was to rescue his sister Rajyashri. Then he united the kingdoms of Thanesar and Kannauj. Thereafter, he change his capital from Thanesar to Kannauj. Harsha then strengthened his position and then set out on a long campaign of conquests in north-India.

Question 4.
What were the kinds of‘Assemblies in the Southern Kingdom’?
Answer:

• The Sabha: The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention a number of local assemblies. Sabha was an assembly of Brahmin land owners. The sub-committees of Sabha looked after irrigation, agricultural operations, making roads, local temples, etc.
• The Ur: The ‘Ur’ was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not Brahmins.
• Nagram : ‘Nagram’ was an organisation of merchants. These assemblies were probably controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants.

Question 5.
How did the Gupta administration differ from that of the Mauryan administration?
Answer:
The governors of the provinces were more independent than they had been in Mauryan times. The provinces were divided into districts and the people of the districts were asked to the help in the administration. There were district councils to advise the governor, and these councils consisted not only of the officers out also of citizens from the towns. Paying the salaries of the officers by land grants instead of money which meant that the king did not have much control over the officers as had the Maurya Kings.

Question 6.
Describe the achievement of Gupta period in the Held of science.
Answer:
The Gupta contributed significantly towards the development of science. Aryabhatta, the famous astronomer and mathematician lived during this period. He wrote the Aiyabhatta and Surya’s Siddhanta which describes the details of solar and lunar eclipses. He reaffirmed that the earth revolves round the sun and rotates on its axis.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The Pallavas and the Chalukya were the most important ruling dynasties in India during Harsha’s period. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Indeed, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in South India during Harsha’s period.
1. The kingdom of Pallavas spread from the region around their capital, Kanchipuram to the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centered around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.

2. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently attacked one another’s areas, particularly they attacked the capital cities, which were prosperous towns.

3. Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading and commercial centre. Initially this town developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples.

4. During the days of Pulakeshin II the Chalukyas defeated Harsha of Kanauj and Thanesar. But this victory was short lived.

5. Ultimately, both the Pallavas and the Chalukyas gave way to new rulers belonging to Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

Question 2.
What is written about Harshvardhana by Banabhatta and Xu an Zang?
Answer:
Banabhatta wrote about Harshvar-dhana in Harshacharita in Sanskrit. He wrote about the genealogy of Harsha till he became king.
Xuan Zang also spent a lot of time at Harsha’s court and wrote in detail about him.
We come to know that:

• Harsha was not the eldest son of his father, but became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died.
• Harsha attacked the ruler of Bengal as he had killed his brother who was the ruler of Kanauj.
• Harsha was successful in the east and conquered both Magadha and Bengal.
• Harsha was, however, not successful elsewhere.
• Harsha tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan, but was stopped by a ruler belonging to the Chalukya dynasty, Pulakeshin II.

Question 3.
Discuss the life of the ordinary people in Harsha’s period.
Answer:
We come to know about the life of the ordinary people in Harsh’s period through literary sources.
(a) The plays written by Kalidasa depict the life of people in court. The ruler and the Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit while women and men other than ruler and Brahmin use Prakrit.

(b) The most famous play of Kalidasa Abhijanans Shakuntalam, is the story of love between the king named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala. We find an interesting and impressive description of the plight (condition) of a poor fisherman in this play. This character of the play (i.e., the fisherman) found a costly ring, which the king (Dushyanta) had given to Shakuntala, but which had been accidently swallowed by a fish. When he went to the palace with that ring, the gateman (of the palace) accused him of theft and the chief police officer was rather rude. However, the king was happy when he saw the ring and sent a reward for the fisherman. Then the police officer and the gateman decided to take a share of the reward, and went along with the fisherman to have a drink.

(c) During the reign of Chandragupta II, the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian noticed the plight of those who were treated as untouchables by the high and mightly people of the Indian society of those days. They were expected to live on the outskirts of the city (capital city-Pataliputra was referred by Fa Xian). He writes, “If such a man enters a town or a market place, he strikes a piece of wood, in order to keep himself separate, people, hearing his sound, know what it means and avoid touching him or brushing against him.”

New Empires and Kingdoms Class 6 HBSE Notes

• The Hunas : The foreign tribe from Central Asia attacked India in the fifth century A.D.
• Murals : The wall paintings in the Ajanta caves.
• Nayannars : The devotees of Shiva.
• Zend Avesta : The sacred book of the ZoroastriAnswer:
• Brahmi: A script used in ancient times in India.
• Maharajadhiraja : The king of kings.
• Sculptures: A work of art that is solid figure or object made by cutting and shaping woods, stones, clay, metal, etc.
• Devadasis : The women employed to serve the deities in the temple.
• Prashasti : It is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of . These were composed in praise of kings.
• Tribute : Cash paid/gift paid/payment made by one ruler to another in lieu of protection against any other king.
• Land-grants: Land allotted to some powerful men from where he can collect land revenue and render his military services to the king.
• Vishyapati : Head of the district during Gupta empire.
• Kumaramatyas : These were the official incharge at provincial level during Vardhan age.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity

HBSE 6th Class Civics Understanding Diversity Textbook Questions and Answers

Understanding Diversity Class 6 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
Draw up a list of different festivals celebrated in your locality. Which of these celebrations are shared by members of different regional and religious communities ?
Answer:
Festivals celebrated in our locality are:

1. Id
2. Gurupurab
3. Ram Navami
4. Christmas
5. Holi
6. Dussehra
7. Diwali
8. Buddha Purnima
9. Makar Sakranti
10. Ramzan
11. Lohri
12. Baishakhi
13. Teej
14. Rakshabandhan
15. Mahavir Jayanti.

We are all the children of one god. All the religions (Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity) teach us tolerance, equality and humanity. So the above mentioned festivals are shared by number of people in our community (locality). The festivals including national holidays are celebrated equally by people of different regional and religious communities.

HBSE 6th Class Social Science Understanding Diversity Question 2.
What do you think living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to your life?
Answer:
The people of India belong to different races and castes, and em brace different religions. The inhabitants of the India are greatly different from one another in dress, eating habits and customs. Foreign scholars have termed India as a museum of diverse religions, races, communities and cultures.

This is the only country where unity in diversity and vice-versa breathes comfortably. So we think that living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds great experience in our life.

Understanding Diversity HBSE Social Science 6th Class Question 3.
Do you think the term ‘Unity in Diversity’ is an appropriate term to describe India? What do you think Nehru is trying to say about Indian unity in the sentence quoted above from his book ‘The Discovery of India’?
Answer:
Yes, this is an appropriate term to describe India. There is diversity in religion, languages, food, clothing, etc. in India. Everybody in India feels proud to call himself. Therself an Indian. They celebrate many festivals together and people of different religions visit each other’s places of worship. They live in the same community and share each other’s joys and sorrows.

They together fought to free India from British rule. Jawaharlal Nehru, the former Prime Minister and the writer of the ‘Discovery of India’ says that the Unity of India is deeper within its fold. The Indians are known for their tolerance, acknowledgment and encouragement for diverse religions and customs.

Question 4.
Underline the line in the poem sung after Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre, which according to you reflects India’s essential Unity.
Don’t forget the days of blood, O friend In the midst of your happiness remember to shed tear for us
The hunter has torn away every single flower Do plant a flower in the desert garden dear friend
Having fallen to bullets we slept in Jallianwala Bagh
Do light a lamp on this lonely grave O friend The blood of Hindus and Muslims flows together today
Do soak your robe in this river of blood dear friend
Some rot in jails while others lie in their graves
Do shed a few tears for them O friend.
Answer:
It is “The blood of Hindus and Muslims flows together today”.

Question 5.
Choose another region in India and do a similar study of the historical and geographical factors that influences the diversity found there. Are these historical and geographical factors connected to each other? How?
Answer:
We choose ‘Punjab’ region in India and do a similar study of the historical and geopgraphical factors there. Punjab is one of the most fertile plain in India. It is drained five rivers. The climate of Punjab veries from time to time. Like the whole part of the country, it undergoes four climatic changes in a year. In cold season, temperature goes down while in hot season, the temperature becomes very high. This plain is covered on north side by Himalayan ranges.

People of different religions live here. Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism are the religions mostly found here. Punjab produces a huge amount of wheat, rice and sugarcane. From industrial point of view, Punjab is also very rich. Like above mentioned geographical factors, history also influence this region.

From the beginning Punjab has been a number of attack from the foreign invaders, that makes the punjabi people very hard worker and brave. From the earliest time, it remained the very important part of India. All invaders who conquered Punjab were able to conquered India and those who were defeated at frontier state could never see India Punjab is known as the gateway of India. So, we can conclude that both geographical and historical factors are connected with each other. One has deep impact on other and vice-versa.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Understanding Diversity Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are communal riots?
Answer:
When arson, looting, fire and killing break out between two communities due to different reasons it is called communal riots.

Question 2.
Name the European sailor who came in search of a sea route to India.
Answer:
The Portuguese discovered the sea route to India, from Europe, when Vasco da Gama landed with his ships here.

Question 3.
Why was Ladakh considered a good trade route?
Answer:
Ladakh was considered a good trade route as it has many passes through which caravans travelled to what is today called Tibet.

Question 4.
By what name is national epic of Tibet known as?
Answer:
Kesar Saga.

Question 5.
How did the caste system create inequality?
Answer:
In the caste system a person could not change his profession, it was not considered necessary for him to know anything more than what was needed in the profession. This created a situation of inequality.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is inequality ? Give one example of inequality.
Answer:
Inequality comes about when a person does not have the resources and opportunities that are available to other persons. Samir did not have the opportunity to go to school, because his parents are poor and do not have enough to eat and wear.

Question 2.
Why is only very little agriculture possible in Ladakh?
Answer:
Very little agriculture is possible in Ladakh because:
(i) the region does not receive any rain.
(ii) it is covered in snow for large part of the year-1

Question 3.
Who was Ibn Batuta ? What did he write about Kerala?
Answer:
Ibn Batuta was an Arab trader who travelled to Kerala a little less than seven hundred years ago. In a travelogue, he described the lives of Muslims. He wrote that they were a highly respected community.

Question 4.
How did people of India prove that though they had diverse culture, they were united?
Answer:
Indians fought unitedly for the freedom of the country though they were from different backgrounds. They went to jail together. They found different ways to oppose the British.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do the different cultures affect our lives?
Answer:
We are influenced by the different cultures because:
(a) We move from place to place for work and with each move our lives which are affected by different cultures that exist around us.
(b) In our own neighburhoods we live close to people from several communities.
(c) We hear stories about each other’s lives, customs and traditions and that too has an impact upon our lives.

Question 2.
Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. How does it reflect unity in diversity?
Answer:
(i) Men and women, Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims, rich and poor had gathered to peaceful protest against the British at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919.
(ii) A British General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on a large group of these unarmed, peaceful people.
(iii) Thousands of people were killed. This shows how Indians proved that though they were different in race, culture, religion, languages and tradition; they were all united , they would do anything for India.

Question 3.
How can we explain diverity?
Answer:
Diversity can be explained in many ways, e.g.,
(i) Two hundred years before people travelled from one part of the world to another, in ships, on horses or camels or on foot. But after the advent of aeroplanes and trains, buses and cars people want to travel by them as journey is comfortable and takes less time.

(ii) Often people went in search of new lands or for trade. Because it took long to reach the destination, people stayed there for a long time. Sometimes people left their homes because of natural calamities, some went in search of work.

(iii) People come from villages to cities to find work. In cities it is often easy to forget how then- lives revolved around the surroundings. In villages they grow their own vegetables and grain. In the cities they depend on the market to buy things.

(iv) Sometimes when people make their homes in new places, they begin to change. Their languages, food, music and religion become a mix of old and new.

(v) Similarly people have to adapt themselves to geographical surroundings, e.g., living near the sea is very different rather living in a mountainous region.

Question 4.
Write how historical and geographical factors have influenced the life of the people in Kerala.
Answer:
Kerala is a state in south-western part of India, near the Arabian sea. It has sea on one side and hills on the other. A number of spices are grown on the hills. Spice trade was a flourishing trade. Pepper, cloves and cardamons were grown. It attracted lots of traders. Jewish and Arab traders were the first to come.

The Apostle of Christ, St. Thomas introduced Christianity to India. The Portuguese discovered the sea-route to India. These historical influences led people in Kerala to practise Judaism, Islam and Christianity together with Hinduism. The fertile land and climate are suitable for growing rice and majority of the people eat rice, fish and vegetables.

The fishing nets are called cheena-vala and utensils used for frying are called cheen-chatti and it is believed that word cheen must have come from China.

Understanding Diversity Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Diversity: The variety or differences in the traits, looks, behaviour, culture, religion, language, abilities, resources and opportunities related to different people.
• Habitat: The geographical area in which people live and adapt their lives.
• Resources: Anything that can be of use to the people.
• Unity in Diversity: Oneness among people despite diversity in traits and emotions.