Bhagya

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 परिमेय संख्याएँ Ex 1.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 परिमेय संख्याएँ Ex 1.2

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित संख्याओं को संख्या रेखा पर निरूपित कीजिए-
(i) \(\frac{7}{4}\)
(ii) \(\frac{-5}{6}\)
हल:
(i)

बिन्दु P संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{7}{4}\) को निरूपित करता है ।

(ii)

बिन्दु P संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{-5}{6}\) को निरूपित करता है ।

प्रश्न 2.
\(\frac{-2}{11}\), \(\frac{-5}{11}\), \(\frac{-9}{11}\) को संख्या रेखा पर निरूपित कीजिए।
हल:
बिन्दु P, Q, R क्रमशः संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{-2}{11}\), \(\frac{-5}{11}\), \(\frac{-9}{11}\) निरूपित करता है ।

प्रश्न 3.
ऐसी पाँच परिमेय संख्याएँ लिखिए जो 2 से छोटी हों।
हल:
2 से छेटी पाँच परिमेय संख्याएँ निम्न हैं-
1, \(\frac{1}{2}\), 0, -1, \(-\frac{1}{2}\)

प्रश्न 4.
\(\frac{-2}{5}\) और \(\frac{1}{2}\) के मध्य दस परिमेय संख्याएँ ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
सर्वप्रथम \(\frac{-2}{5}\) और \(\frac{1}{2}\) को समान हर वाली परिमेय संख्याओं में बदलेंगे ।

प्रश्न 5.
(i) \(\frac{2}{3}\) और \(\frac{4}{5}\)
(ii) \(\frac{-3}{2}\) और \(\frac{5}{3}\)
(iii) \(\frac{1}{4}\) और \(\frac{1}{2}\) के मध्य पाँच परिमेय संख्याएँ ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
(i) सर्वप्रथम \(\frac{2}{3}\) और \(\frac{4}{5}\) को समान हर वाली संख्याओं में बदलेंगे ।
\(\frac{2 \times 20}{3 \times 20}=\frac{40}{60}\) और \(\frac{4 \times 12}{5 \times 12}=\frac{48}{60}\)
अत: \(\frac{40}{60}\) और \(\frac{48}{60}\) के मध्य पाँच परिमेय संख्याएँ निम्न है –
\(\frac{41}{60}\), \(\frac{42}{60}\), \(\frac{43}{60}\), \(\frac{44}{60}\), \(\frac{45}{60}\)

(ii) सर्वप्रथम \(-\frac{3}{2}\) और \(\frac{5}{3}\) को समान हर वाली संख्याओं में बदलेंगे ।
\(-\frac{3 \times 3}{2 \times 3}\) और \(\frac{5 \times 2}{3 \times 2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{-9}{6}\) और \(\frac{10}{6}\)
अत: \(\frac{-9}{6}\) और \(\frac{10}{6}\) के मध्य 5 परिमेय संख्याएँ निम्न है –
\(\frac{-8}{6}\), \(\frac{-7}{6}\), \(\frac{-6}{6}\),\(\frac{-5}{6}\), \(\frac{-4}{6}\) या, \(\frac{-8}{6}\), \(\frac{-7}{6}\), 0,\(\frac{2}{6}\), \(\frac{3}{6}\)

(iii) सर्वप्रथम \(\frac{1}{4}\) और \(\frac{1}{2}\) को समान हर वाली संख्याओं में बदलेंगे ।
\(\frac{1 \times 8}{4 \times 8}\) और \(\frac{1 \times 16}{2 \times 16}\)
⇒ \(\frac{8}{2}\) और \(\frac{16}{32}\)
अत: \(\frac{8}{32}\) और \(\frac{16}{32}\) के मध्य पाँच परिमेय संख्याएँ निम्न है –
\(\frac{9}{32}\), \(\frac{10}{32}\), \(\frac{11}{32}\), \(\frac{12}{32}\), \(\frac{13}{32}\)

प्रश्न 6.
-2 से बड़ी पाँच परिमेय संख्याएँ लिखिए।
हल:
-2 से बड़ी पाँच परिमेय संख्याएँ निम्न है –
\(-\frac{3}{2}\), -1, \(-\frac{1}{2}\), 0, \(\frac{1}{2}\)

प्रश्न 7.
\(\frac{3}{5}\) और \(\frac{3}{4}\) के बीच में दस परिमेय संख्याएँ ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 परिमेय संख्याएँ Ex 1.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 परिमेय संख्याएँ Ex 1.1

प्रश्न 1.
उचित गुणधर्मों के उपयोग से निम्नलिखित का मान ज्ञात कीजिए-
(i) \(\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{3}{5}+\frac{5}{2}-\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{6}\)
(ii) \(\frac{2}{5} \times\left(\frac{-3}{7}\right)-\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{3}{2}+\frac{1}{14} \times \frac{2}{5}\)
हल :
(i) \(\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{3}{5}+\frac{5}{2}-\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{6}\)

(ii)

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक के योज्य प्रतिलोम लिखिए
(i) \(\frac{2}{8}\)
(ii) \(\frac{-5}{9}\)
(iii) \(\frac{-6}{5}\)
(iv) \(\frac{2}{-9}\)
(v) \(\frac{19}{-6}\)
हल :
(i) \(\frac{-2}{8}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम, \(\frac{2}{8}\) है; क्योंकि
\(\frac{-2}{8}\) + \(\frac{2}{8}\) = \(\frac{-2 + 2}{8}\) = \(\frac{0}{8}\) = 0

(ii) \(\frac{-5}{9}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{5}{9}\)

(iii) \(\frac{-6}{5}\) = \(\frac{6}{5}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{-6}{5}\)

(iv) \(\frac{2}{-9}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{2}{9}\)

(v) \(\frac{19}{-6}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = (v) \(\frac{19}{6}\)

प्रश्न 3.
(i) x = \(\frac{11}{15}\)
(ii) x = \(-\frac{13}{17}\) के लिए सत्यापित कीजिए कि – (-x) = x.
हल :
(i) x = \(\frac{11}{15}\)
x = \(\frac{11}{15}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = -x = \(\frac{-11}{15}\)
अर्थात् \(\frac{-11}{15}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{11}{15}\)
अभवा, –\(\frac{-11}{15}\) = \(\frac{11}{15}\) अर्थात् -(-x) = x

(i) x =\(-\frac{13}{17}\)
x = \(\frac{13}{17}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = -x = \(-\frac{13}{17}\)
अर्थात् \(\frac{13}{17}\) का योज्य प्रतिलोम = \(-\frac{13}{17}\)
अभवा, –\(-\frac{13}{17}\) = \(\frac{13}{17}\) अर्थात् -(-x) = x;

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित के गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम ज्ञात कीजिए
(i) -13
(ii) \(\frac{-13}{19}\)
(iii) \(\frac{1}{5}\)
(iv) \(\frac{-5}{8} \times \frac{-3}{7}\)
(v) -1 × \(\frac{-2}{5}\)
(vi) -1
हल :
(i) – 13 का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम = \(-\frac{1}{13}\)
क्योंकि, -13 × \(-\frac{1}{13}\) = 1 (\(\frac{a}{b} \times \frac{b}{a}=1\))

(ii) \(\frac{-13}{19}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{19}{-13}\)

(iii) \(\frac{1}{5}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम = 5

(iv) \(\frac{-5}{8} \times \frac{-3}{7}\) = \(\frac{56}{15}\)
\(\frac{56}{15}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{56}{15}\)

(v) -1 × \(\frac{-2}{5}\) ⇒ \(\frac{2}{5}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{5}{2}\)

(vi) -1 का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम = \(\frac{1}{-1}\)

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक में गुणन के अन्तर्गत | उपयोग किए गए गुणधर्म का नाम लिखिए-
(i) \(\frac{-4}{5} \times 1=1 \times \frac{-4}{5}=-\frac{4}{5}\)
(ii) \(-\frac{13}{17} \times \frac{-2}{7}=\frac{-2}{7} \times \frac{-13}{17}\)
(iii) \(\frac{-19}{29} \times \frac{29}{-19}\) = 1
हल :
(i) \(\frac{-4}{5} \times 1=1 \times \frac{-4}{5}=-\frac{4}{5}\) गुणनात्मक तत्समक है।

(ii) \(-\frac{13}{17} \times \frac{-2}{7}=\frac{-2}{7} \times \frac{-13}{17}\) क्रमविनिमेयता।

(iii) \(\frac{-19}{29} \times \frac{29}{-19}\) = 1 गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम

प्रश्न 6.
\(\frac{6}{13}\) को \(\frac{-7}{16}\) के व्युत्क्रम से गुणा कीजिए।
Solution:
सर्वप्रथम, \(\frac{-7}{16}\) का व्युत्क्रम = \(\frac{16}{-7}\)
अतः प्रश्नानुसार, latex]\frac{6}{13}[/latex] × \(\frac{16}{-7}\) = \(\frac{96}{-91}\)

प्रश्न 7.
बताइए कौन-से गुणधर्म की सहायता से आप \(\frac{1}{3} \times\left(6 \times \frac{4}{3}\right)\) को \(\left(\frac{1}{3} \times 6\right) \times \frac{4}{3}\) के रूप में अभिकलन करते हैं?
हल:
सहचारिता नियम से \(\frac{1}{3} \times\left(6 \times \frac{4}{3}\right)\) को \(\left(\frac{1}{3} \times 6\right) \times \frac{4}{3}\) के रूप में अभिकलन करते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
क्या -1\(\frac{1}{8}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम \(\frac{8}{9}\) है? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं?
हल:
हम जानते हैं कि, -1\(\frac{1}{8}\) = \(\frac{-9}{8}\)
नहीं, \(\frac{-9}{8}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम नहीं है।
क्योंकि \(\frac{-9}{8}\) × \(\frac{8}{-9}\) = -1

प्रश्न 8.
क्या 3\(\frac{1}{3}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम 0.3 है? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं?
हल:
हमें ज्ञात है, 3\(\frac{1}{3}\) = \(\frac{10}{3}\) 0.3 = \(\frac{3}{10}\)
\(\frac{10}{3}\) का गुणनात्मक प्रतिलोम \(\frac{3}{10}\) है।
क्योंकि \(\frac{10}{8}\) × \(\frac{3}{10}\) = 1

प्रश्न 10.
लिखिए
(i) ऐसी परिमेय संख्या जिसका कोई व्युत्क्रम नहीं है।
(ii) परिमेय संख्याएँ जो अपने व्युत्क्रम के समान हैं।
(iii) परिमेय संख्या जो अपने ऋणात्मक के समान है।
हल:
(i) हम जानते हैं कि ऐसी कोई परिमेय संख्या नहीं है जिसे 0 से गुणन करके 1 मिलता हो। अतः परिमेय संख्या 0 का कोई व्युत्क्रम नहीं है।
(ii) हम जानते हैं कि 1 का व्युत्क्रम 1 है और -1 का व्युत्क्रम -1 है। अतः 1 और -1 ऐसी परिमेय संख्याएँ हैं जो स्वयं के व्युत्क्रम के समान हैं।
(iii) परिमेय संख्या 0 अपने ऋणात्मक -0 = 0 के बराबर है।

प्रश्न 11.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए
(i) शून्य का व्युत्क्रम ___________ है।
हल:
नहीं

(ii) संख्याएँ ___________ तथा ___________ स्वयं के व्युत्क्रम हैं।
हल:
1, – 1

(iii)-5 का व्युत्क्रम ___________ है।
हल:
\(\frac{1}{x}\)

(iv) \(-\frac{1}{5}\) (x ≠ 0) का व्युत्क्रम ___________ है।
हल:
परिमेय संख्या

(v) दो परिमेय संख्याओं का गुणनफल हमेशा ___________ है।
हल:
परिमेय संख्या

(vi) किसी धनात्मक परिमेय संख्या का व्युत्क्रम ___________ है।
हल:
धनात्मक।

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 एक चर वाले रैखिक समीकरण Ex 2.6 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 एक चर वाले रैखिक समीकरण Exercise 2.6

निम्नलिखित समीकरणों को हल कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
\(\frac{8 x-3}{3 x}\) = 2
हल :
\(\frac{8 x-3}{3 x}\) = 2
कैंची गुणा करने पर,
⇒ (8x – 3) × 1= 3x × 2
8x – 3= 6x
– 3 तथा 6x का पक्षान्तरण करने पर,
⇒ 8x – 6x = 3
⇒ 2x = 3
∴ x = \(\frac{3}{2}\)

प्रश्न 2.
\(\frac{9 x}{7-6 x}\) = 15
हल :
\(\frac{9 x}{7 – 6x}\) = \(\frac{15}{1}\)
कैंची गुणा करने पर,
⇒ 9x × 1 = (7 – 6x) × 15
⇒ 9x = 105 – 90x
90x का पक्षान्तरण करने पर,
⇒ 9x + 90x = 105
⇒ 99x = 105
⇒ x = \(\frac{105}{99}\) = \(\frac{35}{33}\)
अतः x = \(\frac{35}{33}\)

प्रश्न 3.
\(\frac{z}{z+15}\) = \(\frac{4}{9}\)
हल :
\(\frac{z}{z+15}\) = \(\frac{4}{9}\)
⇒ 9z = 4(z + 15) (कैंची गुणा करने पर)
⇒ 9z = 4z + 60
⇒ 9z – 4z = 60
⇒ 5z = 60
⇒ z = \(\frac{60}{5}\)
अतः z = 12

प्रश्न 4.
\(\frac{3y+4}{2-6y}\) = \(\frac{-2}{5}\)
हल :
\(\frac{3y+4}{2-6y}\) = \(\frac{-2}{5}\)
कैंची गुणा करने पर,
⇒ 5(3y + 4) = – 2(2 – 6y)
⇒ 15y + 20 = – 4 +12y
⇒ 15y – 12y = – 4 – 20 (पक्षान्तरण करने पर)
⇒ 3y = – 24
⇒ y = \(\frac{-24}{3}\)
अतः y = -8

प्रश्न 5.
\(\frac{7y+4}{y+2}\) = \(\frac{-4}{3}\)
हल :
\(\frac{7y+4}{y+2}\) = \(\frac{-4}{3}\)
कैंची गुणा करने पर,
⇒ 3(7y + 4) = -4(y + 2)
⇒ – 21y + 12 = – 4y – 8
⇒ – 21y + 4y = – 8 – 12 (पक्षान्तरण करने पर)
⇒ – 25y = – 20
⇒ y = \(-\frac{20}{25}\) = \(-\frac{4}{5}\)
अतः y = \(-\frac{4}{5}\)

प्रश्न 6.
हरी और हैरी की वर्तमान आयु का अनुपात 5 : 7 है । अब से 4 वर्ष बाद उनकी आयु का अनुपात 3 : 4 हो जायेगा । उनकी वर्तमान आयु ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना कि हरी और हैरी की वर्तमान आयु क्रमश : 5x तथा 7x हैं।
अत: 4 वर्ष बाद हरी की आयु = (5x + 4) वर्ष
तथा 4 वर्ष बाद हैरी की आयु = (7x + 4) वर्ष
4 वर्ष बाद उनकी आयु का अनुपात = 3 : 4
प्रश्नानुसार,
\(\frac{5x+4}{7x+4}\) = \(\frac{3}{4}\)
कैंची गुणा करने पर,
⇒ 3(7x + 4) = 4 (5x + 4)
⇒ 21x + 12 = 20x + 16
⇒ 21x – 20x = 16 – 12 (पक्षान्तरण करने पर)
∴ x = 4
अत: हरी की वर्तमान आयु = 5x = 5 × 4 = 20 वर्ष
तथा हैरी की वर्तमान आयु = 7x = 7 × 4 = 28 वर्ष

प्रश्न 7.
एक परिमेय संख्या का हर उसके अंश से 8 अधिक है । यदि अंश में 17 जोड़ दिया जाए तथा हर में से 1 घटा दिया जाए, तब हमें में प्राप्त होता है । वह परिमेय संख्या ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना कि परिमेय संख्या का अंश =x
तब हर = (x+8)
तो परिमेय संख्या = \(\frac{x}{x+8}\)
अंश में 17 जोड़ने पर, नया अंश = (x + 17)
हर में से 1 घटाने पर, नया हर = (x + 8 – 1) = (x + 7)
तो प्राप्त नयी परिमेय संख्या = \(\frac{x+17}{x+7}\)
अतः प्रश्नानुसार, \(\frac{x+17}{x+7}\) = \(\frac{3}{2}\)
कैंची गुणा करने पर,
⇒ 2(x + 17) = 3(x +7 )
⇒ 2x + 34 = 3x + 21
⇒ 2x – 3x = 21 – 34 (पक्षान्तरण करने पर)
⇒ -x = -13
⇒ x = 13
∴ अंश = 13
हर (x + 8) = (13 + 8) ⇒ 21
अतः परिमेय संख्या = \(\frac{13}{21}\)

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 ठोस आकारों का चित्रण Ex 10.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 ठोस आकारों का चित्रण Ex 10.1

प्रश्न 1.
दिए हुए प्रत्येक ठोस के लिए, दो दृश्य दिए गए हैं। प्रत्येक ठोस के लिए संगत, ऊपर से दृश्य और सामने से दृश्य का मिलान कीजिए। इनमें से एक आपके लिए किया गया है।

हल:

चित्र	सामने के दृश्य	ऊपर से दृश्य
(a) एक बोतल	(iii)	(iv)
(b) एक बाट	(i)	(v)
(c) एक फ्लास्क	(iv)	(ii)
(d) कप और प्लेट	(v)	(iii)
(e) एक डिब्बा	(ii)	(i)

प्रश्न 2.
दिए हुए प्रत्येक ठोस के लिए, तीन दृश्य दिए गए हैं। प्रत्येक ठोस के संगत, ऊपर से दृश्य, सामने से दृश्य और पार्श्व दृश्य की पहचान कीजिए।

हल:

(a) एक अलमारी-	(i) सामने से	(ii) पार्श्व	(iii) ऊपर से
(b) एक माचिस की डिब्बी-	(i) पार्श्व	(ii)सामने से	(iii) ऊपर से
(c) एक टेलीविजन-	(i) सामने से	(ii) पार्श्व	(iii) ऊपर से
(d) एक कार-	(i) सामने से	(ii) पार्श्व,	(iii)ऊपर से

प्रश्न 3.
दिये गये प्रत्येक ठोस के लिए, ऊपर से दृश्य, सामने से दृश्य और पार्श्व दृश्य की पहचान कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 4.
दी हुई वस्तुओं के, सामने से दृश्य, पार्श्व दृश्य और ऊपर से दृश्य खींचिए-

हल :
विद्यार्थी चित्र की सहायता से स्वयं बनाएँ।

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

HBSE 8th Class Science Conservation of Plants and Animals Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called ………….. .
(b) Species found only in a particular area is known as ………….. .
(c) Migratory birds fly to far away places because of …………. changes.
Answer:
(a) wildlife sanetuary
(b) Endemic species
(c) climate.

Question 2.
Differentiate between the following:
(a) Wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
(b) Zoo and wildlife sanctuary.
(c) Endangered and extinct species.
(d) Flora and fauna.
Answer:
(a) Wildlife sanctuary is a place where wild animals are protected and preserved. Here poaching or capturing any animal is strictly prohibited. Biosphere reserves are the protecting areas meant for only conservation of biodiversity i.e. animals and plants and even the microorganisms. It also helps to maintain the culture of that area. It contains many wildlife sancturies, national parks.

(b) Zoos are smaller places having some animals protected for the public view, while wildlife sancturies protect and conserve wild animals in their natural habitats. They are spread in vast areas.

(c) Endangered species are those species which are at the verge of extinction and which are required to be protected and conserved, while extinct species are those which no more exist on the earth.

(d) Flora is the term used for wide variety of plants while fauna is used to refer to all the varieties of animals.

Question 3.
Discuss the effects of deforestation on the following:
(a) Wild animals
(b) Environment
(c) Villages (Rural areas)
(d) Cities (Urban areas).
(e) Earth
(f) The next generation.
Answer:
(a) Wild animals:
When forests are cut, they leave many wild animals unsheltered. Their habitat is snatched away from them and they are left to die without their natural shelter.

(b) Environment:
Environment is adversely effected by deforestation as ecological balance is disturbed. Carbondioxide is not absorbed by plants and it gets accumulated to cause global warming.

(c) Villages (Rural areas):
Villages are depended upon forests to large extent. They are closely related to forests. Some adjoining villages have to face the wrath of wild animals as unhabitated animals run to nearby villages and cause danger to them. Morever they are devoid of other benefits like fruits, fuel, wood etc. they get from forests.

(d) Cities (Urban areas):
Cities are not directly effected by the cutting of forests because they are away from forests. But changes in climate effect cities. Calamities like flood and droughts do not spare cities.

(e) Earth:
Earth is the worst effected by deforestation. Its fertile land gets converted into deserts and its temperature rises. Its environment and climate changes.

(f) The Next generation:
The next generation will not be able to see many beautiful and attractive flora and fauna. They will not get a clean and cool environment. They will have to breath poisonous gases and have to live in jungles of concrete.

Question 4.
What will happen if:
(a) we go on cutting trees.
(b) the habitat of an animal is disturbed.
(c) the’top layer of soil is exposed.
Answer:
(a) We go on cutting trees:
If we go on cutting trees, the earth will loose its top fertile soil and get converted to desert. The ecological balance will get disturbed and floods and droughts will become more frequent. Many animals will loose their shelter and there will be a scarcity of things like fruits, paper, etc. we get from forests.

(b) When the habitat of an animal is disturbed, it becomes unprotected and unconserved. It becomes prone to extinction and if not conserved and protected, it will stop to exist anymore on the earth.

(c) When the top layer of the soil is exposed, the humus is lost and fertile soil gets converted into dry sand particles. It is called desertification.

Question 5.
Answer in brief:
(а) Why should we conserve biodiversity?
(b) Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals. Why?
(c) Some tribes depend on the jungle. How?
(d) What are the causes and consequences of deforestation?
(e) What is Red Data Book?
(f) What do you understand by the term migration?
Answer:
(a) We should conserve biodiversity to save it from becoming extinct.

(b) Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals because the poachers have found access in these areas an,d still kill the wild animals inside these protected areas.

(c) Some tribes are totally dependent on forests for their food, shelter, clothes and other requirements.

(d) Causes of the deforestation are growing urbanization and industrialization. Consequences are the desertification and natural calamities. It has also rendered many species of plants and animals unprotected and unconserved.

(e) Red Data Book is the record book and source book of all the endangered animals and plants. Different record books are maintained for endangered animals and endangered plants.

(f) The term migration means the phenomenon of periodical movement of a species of brids from its owu habitat to some other habitat due to changes in climate. It is for the purpose of breeding and other specific purposes.

Question 6.
In order to meet the ever- increasing demand in factories and for shelter, trees are being continually cut. Is it justified to cut trees for such projects? Discuss this in your class and prepare a brief report.
Answer:
It is not justified to cut forests for any project. We not only cut forests, we snatch away shelters from many plants, animals and birds. They also disturb the ecological balances and cause many natural calamities. So, we should preserve and protect our forests.

Question 7.
How can you contribute to the maintenance of green wealth of your locality? Make a list of actions to be taken byyou.
Answer:
We can grow new plants in our locality. Take turns to water them and take care of them. The existing plants should be properly nourished. All the residents should be taught about the coming dangers due to deforestation like global warming etc. They should be encouraged to help in the maintenance of green wealth of our locality.

Question 8.
Explain how deforestation lead to reduced rainfall.
Answer:
Deforestation leads to reduce rainfall because plants are the main agents to maintain the water cycle in the environment. Plants will not absorb water from the soil and will not evaporate water from their leaves to form clouds. If clouds will not be formed then how can we expect rainfall.

Question 9.
Find out about national parks in your state. Identify and show their location on the outlipe map of India.
Answer:
For self attempt.

Question 10.
Why should paper be saved? Prepare a list of the ways by which you can save paper.
Answer:
Paper is manufactured by using, pulps of tree bark. If we will keep on cutting forests indiscriminately, then where will we get pulp from. We should save paper to protect our trees, because paper can be recycled to make- new paper. We should not throw papers here and there. Newspapers, old books, notebooks and other papers should be collected and sold to kabadiwala, so that he can further supply it for recycling.

Question 11.
Complete the word puzzle:
Down .
1. Species on the verge of extinction.
2. A book carrying information about endangered species.
5. Consequence of deforestation.
Across
1. Species which have vanished.
3. Species found only in a particular habitat.
4. Variety and variability of a plant, animal and microorganisms.

Answer:

Extended Learning – Activities And Projects

1. Plant at least five different plants in your locality during this academic year and ensure their maintenance till they grow.
Answer:
For self attempt.

2. Promise yourself that this year you will gift at least 5 plants to your friends and relatives on their achievements, or on occasions like birthdays. Ask your friends to take proper care of these plants and encourage them to gift plants to their friends on such occasions. At the end of the year count the plants that have been gifted through this chain.
Answer:
For self attempt.

3. It is justified to prevent tribals from staying in the core area of the forest? Discuss the matter in your class and note down the points for and against the motion in your notebook.
Answer:
It is not justifiable in my Qpinin to prevent triabls from the core area of a forest. It is their natural habitat. They are not any threats to animals and plants as their life is centred around plants and animals. They don’t destroy forest or kill animals unnecessarily. Forest for them is an important as for other animals and plants.

4. Study the biodiversity of a park nearby. Prepare a detailed report with photographs and sketches of the flora and fauna.
Answer:
For self attempt.

5. Make a list of the new information you have gathered from this chapter. Which information did you find the most interesting and why?
Answer:
(i) We have learnt how deforestation is destoryed biodiversity.
(ii) We have learnt about the actual meaning ofbiodiversity.
(iii) We have also gathered new information about extinct and endangerous animals.
(iv) We did not know anything about Red Data Book-but know we have learnt about it through this lesson.

6. Make a list of various uses of papers. Obseve currency notes carefully. Do you find any difference between a currency paper and paper of your notebook? Find out where currency paper is made.
Answer:
Paper is very useful for us.
(i) Our book and notebooks are all made up of paper.
(ii) Most of our currency is made up of paper.
(iii) All legal information and other important information are encoded on papers.
(iv) Paper is used to make bags, containers, package materials, etc. The paper used to make currency is stiffer than the normal paper and is transparent to some extent.

7. Karnataka Government had launched “Project Elephant” to save Asian elephants in the state. Find out about this and other such campaigns launched to protect threatened species.
Answer:
For self attempt.

Activities

Activity No. 7.1

Add more causes of deforestation to your list and classify them into natural and man-made.
Answer:
Natural causes of deforestation:
(i) lightning fires.

Man-made causes of deforestation:
(i) animal grazing.
(ii) Wood for fuel making houses.
(iii) Wood for manufacuring of paper.

Activity No. 7.2

Animal life is also affected by deforestation. How? List the points and discuss them in your class. ,
Answer:
(i) Animals loose their shelter as trees are out.
(ii) There is shortage of food for animals due to deforestation.
(iii) Animals become easy prey to hunters and bigger animals.
(iv) Food chains are disturbed.
(v) Animals have to bear the bad effects of natural calamities.

Activity No. 7.4

List the factors disturbing the biodiversity of your area. Some of these factors and human activities may disturb the biodiversity unknowingly. List these . human activities. How can these be checked? Discuss in your class and write a brief report in or notebook.
Answer:
Main factor affecting biodiversity of an area is cutting of trees and using the forest land for construction and industrialization. Excessive rains or droughts also offer the biodiversity of an area. Certain human activities which give rise to polluting end products also disturb the biodiversity unknowningly. When plants and animals do get clean environment they either fall ill or die, thus disturbance in biodiversity.

Activity No. 7.7

Visit a nearby zoo. Observe the conditions provided to the animals. Were they suitable for the animals? Can animals live in artificial setting instead of their natural habitats? In your opinion, will the animals be confortable in a zoo or in their natural habitat?
Answer:
Conditions provided in a zoo can never be compared with the natural habitat. The condition in a zoo are not exactly suitable for animals, although it is tried best to provide best living conditions to the animals in a zoo. But in my opinion animals be most comfortable in their natural habitat.

HBSE 8th Class Science Conservation of Plants and Animals Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is cutting of forests called?
Answer:
Deforestations

Question 2.
Write any one cause of deforestation.
Answer:
Industrialization.

Question 3.
Name any one natural cause of deforestation.
Answer:
Forest fires.

Question 4.
Write any one consequence of deforestation.
Answer:
Increasing temperature of earth.

Question 5.
What is the process of conversion qf fertile soil into sand called?
Answer:
Desertification.

Question 6.
What are places where wild animals are protected called?
Answer:
Wildlife sanctuary.

Question 7.
What is the part of earth, which supports the biodiversity called?
Answer:
Biosphere reserve.

Question 8.
Name two wildlife sanctuaries hosted by Panchmarhi biosphere reserve.
Answer:
Bori and Panchmarhi.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Flora?
Answer:
All plants found in a particular area.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Fauna?
Answer:
All animals in a particular area.

Question 11.
What are species found only in a restricted area called?
Answer:
Endemic species.

Question 12.
Name any fauna of Panchmarhi Biosphere,reserve.
Answer:
Bison.

Question 13.
Name any three endangered species protected in our wildlife sanctuaries.
Answer:
Black buck, white eyed buck, golden cat.

Question 14.
What do National Parks preserve?
Answer:
Flora, fauna, landscape and historical objects.

Question 15.
Which is the first Reserve Forest of India?
Answer:
Satpura National Park.

Question 16.
Which prehistoric evidences of human life are found in Satpura National Park?
Answer:
Rock shelters of primitive humans.

Question 17.
When was Project Tiger launched?
Answer:
1st April, 1973.

Question 18.
What are the animals facing the danger of extinction are called?
Answer:
Endangered animals.

Question 19.
Name any one extinct animal.
Answer:
Dinosaurs.

Question 20.
Name the record book having records of all endangered animals and plants.
Answer:
Red Data Book.

Question 21.
Name some migratory birds.
Answer:
Surkhab, Bar Headed Goose, Great Cormorant.

Question 22.
How many times a paper can be recycled?
Answer:
5-7 times.

Question 23.
What do we call the restocking the plants by growing new plants?
Answer:
Reforestation.

Question 24.
What is plantation of new plants called?
Answer:
Afforestation.

Question 25.
What is the revised Forest Policy of 1952 called?
Answer:
Forest Act, 1980.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by deforestation?
Answer:
Indiscriminate cutting of forests for urbanization and industrialization is called deforestation. In simple words, deforestation means to clear the forests and use the land for other purposes.

Question 2.
Write some natural causes of deforestation.
Answer:
Natural causes of deforestation are those causes which are not initiated by human beings. Natural phenomenon like lightening on forests cause major forest fires, which can bum a large area of forests. Forest fires due to intense heat cause spontaneous combustion and bums a vast area of forest. Similarly, floods and severe droughts also cause damage to forests.

Question 3.
Write a few consequences of deforestation.
Answer:
Deforestation. has dangerous consequences which prove fatal for wildlife and human life. It gives rise to severe droughts and floods. It converts the fertile land into desert. It increases the temperature of the earth which causes melting of polar ice and glaciers. Many important species of plants, animals and birds become extinct and other stands at the verge of extinction.

Question 4.
How deforestation reduces rainfall?
Answer:
Deforestation disturbs the water cycle and reduces the rainfall. Increased amount of carbondioxide in environment increases the temperature of the earth. Which means there is less amount of water left on the earth. This reduces the evaporation of the water to form clouds thus reduced rainfall.

Question 5.
What do you mean by biodiversity?
Answer:
Biological diversity means the variety of living things existing on earth and their inter-relationship, as well as their relationship with the environment. In other words, variety of plants, animals and microorganisms generally found in an area is called its biodiversity.

Question 6.
What do you mean by endemic species?
Answer:
Species of animals and plants which are only found in a particular geographical area is called endemic species. These plants and animals cannot be found in any other geographical area e.g., wild mango arid gaint squirrel is endemic species of Panchmarhi.

Question 7.
What do you mean by wildlife sanctuaries?
Answer:
Wildlife sanctuaries are the protected areas where wild animals are protected and conserved. The wild animals are provided with their natural habitat. Their poaching and capturing is strictly prohibited m these protected areas.

Question 8.
What is a National Park?
Answer:
National Park is the protected vast area which conserves animals, plants, landscapes and even the historical objects. They are very large areas and can even protect whole sets of ecosystems in them. India has many such National Parks like Satpura National Park, Kaziranga National Park, etc.

Question 9.
What are the endangered and extinct animals?
Answer:
Endangered animals are those which are facing the danger to their existence. They are threatened to stop existing on the earth, if not saved. The extinct animals are those which do not exist any more on the earth e.g. Dinosaurs.

Question 10.
What is ecosystem?
Answer:
An ecosystem comprises of all the plants, animals, microorganisms in a particular area alongwith its non-living components like climate, soil, river, deltas etc.

Question 11.
What do you know about Project Tiger?
Answer:
Project Tiger was launched by Gqf*rtnment of India on 1st April, 1973 to enusre the maintenance of a viable populati on of tigers in our country. Tigers are one of the endangered species, so to preserve it Project Tiger was launched.

Question 12.
Why do birds migrate?
Answer:
Birds migrate from one place to another due to change in climate and for specific purposes like breeding etc. When weather in their natural habitat becomes cold they migrate to other lands covering long distances to lay eggs.

Question 13.
How does recycling of paper help preserving trees?
Answer:
Paper is made from the bark of trees. If used paper is recycled to make new papers, it means we do not have to cut more trees. So, recycling paper means protecting trees.

Question 14.
What do you mean by Habitat?
Answer:
Each species can live in particular environment according to their characteristics. So, the natural surroundings of a plant or animal species where they can grow, reproduce and live comfortably are called habitats, e.g. a lion can live in jungle, but not in a city. So jungle is the habitat of the lion.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Deforestation? Write its causes.
Answer:
Deforestation means indiscriminate cutting of trees in forest. Forest lands are cleared to be used for urbanisation and industrialization.
Following are different causes of deforestation:
(i) Forest land is used for urbanization. As population is growing, so is growing the need for houses. So more and more land is required.
(ii) With growing population, industries are also growing. So the cleared land is used to set-up factories and industries.
(iii) Wood of forest is used for making furniture, doors, windows of buildings etc.
(iv) Wood is cut to use as fuel for cooking.
(v) Some natural causes like forest fires etc. also cause destruction of forests.

Question 2.
What are the consequences of deforestation? Explain.
Answer:
Deforestation has dire consequences. Following are the consequences of deforestation:
(i) Deforestation snatches away the natural habitat of many animals, plants and birds. It puts many species in endangered zone and many get extinct.
(ii) Deforestation causes natural calamities like floods, drought etc.
(iii) Reduced rainfall and increase in earth’s temperature has caused problems like Global warming.
(iv) Increased amount of carbondioxide and other gases pollute environment.
(v) Oxygen level is decreased as well as the water level.
(vi) Fertile top layer of soil gets converted into desert.

Question 3.
What is done for the conservation of wildlife?
Answer:
Various measures are taken to conserve wildlife. Reserved and protected areas like Biosphere reserve, Wildlife sanctuaries and National parks are formed.

Biosphere Reserves are the areas which support biodiversity and culture of the reserved area. Biosphere Reserve is a vast area which contains many other protected areas.

Wildlife Sanctuaries are the areas where wild animals are conserved and protected. It is the area which is restricted and activities like killing of animals and capturing of animals are strictly prohibited.

National Parks: National Parks are meant to protect and preserve flora, fauna, landscapes and historical objects of an area. They not only protect the living organisms, but also the non-living things of that particular area.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Endemic Species? Write about any three species endemic to India.
Answer:
Species of animals and plants comfined to certain specific geographical areas are called endemic species. Following are the three species of animals endemic to India.
(i) Lion-tailed macaque:
This animal got his name from its tail which is 25 cm in length and has a tuft at the end like that of lion’s which is black in colour. It is endemic to south-west India an is one of the most threatened primates.

(ii) Asiatic lion:
Asiatic lion is now endemic to Gir National Patk only as it is believed that the last remnants of this species are found in Gir National Park in Gujarat only.

(iii) Nilgiri ibex:
These stocky goats possessing short coarse fur and a bristly main are endemic to Nilgiri Hills and the Southern postion of the Western Ghats range in Tamil Nadu and Kerela. It is actually called Nilgiri Thar and Nilgiri ibex is its local name.

Question 5.
What is migration and why animals migrate?
Answer:
Movements of animals in large number from one place to another place to escape unfavourable conditions is called migration. Animals migrate for specific purposes. When the purpose is solved, they usually come back to their endemic area.

Migration can be due to unfavourable environmental conditions, eg. The Arctic Tern migrate to Antarctic to spend its winlers. Some birds of colder regions migrate to Asiatic countries during winters. This type of migration is called seasonal migration which occur in many species of insects, birds, marine mammals and herbivorous mammals.

Migration is also done for better food or water availability in other regions due to temperature and other climatic conditions.
Some species of animals and birds also migrate for the purpose of reproduction e.g. fresh watereeds go to saltwaters from freshwater to lay eggs.

Question 6.
What is poaching? How is it done by anti social elements and for what purpose?
Answer:
Illegal hunting of animals is called poaching. Anti-social element some time create a nexus with the forest staff for poaching; They hunt the animals for selling their skin, horn, fur and hides.

All valuable parts of these animals are used for various purposes and are sold at very high prices.
Uses for ornaments: The bones and other parts like trunks of elephants etc. are used to make ornaments.
Uses in medicines: The horns and bones of some animals like rhinoceros and tigers are used to prepare some traditional medicine specially in Asian countries.
For wall hanging and clothings: The skin, fur and hides are used for the clothing. Mufflers, coats, jackets, skirts etc. are made using leather and fur of the animals like cats, minks, bears foe fur, skin of alligators and snakes and deer and cattle are killed for leather.

Question 7.
Write a short note op migratory birds.
Answer:
Migratory birds are those birds which migrate from their natural habitat to far off areas for breeding. When the natural habitat o.f these birds become very cold, they fly off to distant lands to lay eggs, as climate there is suitable for their breding. They always fly to a specific area every year at a specific period. They migrate in groups to escape the inhospitable climate of their natural habitat.

Birds like Surkhab fly to India from Malyasia. Other birds like Bar Headed Goose, Great Cormorant etc. are also migratory birds.

Question 8.
Recycling of paper helps to protect forest and environment. Explain.
Answer:
Paper is made from trees. Innumerable trees are cut to manufacture paper. If we recycle used paper, we will not have to cut trees to manufacture new paper. Each paper can be recycled 5-7 times and can be used. If we do not throw paper here or there and collect it to be sold to the Kabadiwala, we sire saving our green wealth. It will also save the chemicals used to prepare paper and also the energy used for preparing it. The wastage mid garbage produced during this process will also be reduced and environment will remain clean.

Question 9.
How can we save CHIT green wealth?
Answer:
Our forests are our wealth. We should not destory them but conserve them. To conserve our forests, first of all we should stop cutting them. We should plant as many plants as we cut, so that the number of trees remain unchanged. People should be made aware of the bad effects of deforestation and they should be made familiar with the advantages of the trees for us. Community plantation programmes should be encouraged. Students should be encouraged to plant one plant every year. Plantation of trees is not sufficient. They need proper look after too. So, the tree we plant, should be nourished and taken care of.

Conservation of Plants and Animals Class 8 HBSE Notes

1. A vast variety of plants and animals exist on earth.
2. Deforestation is a threat to the survival of these plants and animals as major varieties of plants and animals are present in forests.
3. Indiscriminate cutting of forests is called deforestation. Land cleared by deforestation is used for other purposes too.
4. Trees cut from these forests are used to make furnitures, papers, houses and is also used as . fuel.
5. Deforestation causes floods, droughts, infertility of soil and many other natural calamities.
6. Soil looses humous due to deforestation and becomes sand, thus deforestation converts a fertile land into a desert and it is called desertification.
7. We should conserve our forests by planting more and more trees which is called afforestation. For conservation of animals; wildlife sancturies and hational parks are formed. They give shelter to our wildlife and help to preserve our endangered species of plants and animals.
8. Variety pf life existing on earth and their inter-relation is called biodiversity. In other words biodiversity is variety of plants and animals and microorganisms generally found in a specific area. Such life is supported by the area called Biosphere.
9. Species ofplants and animals exclusively found in a restricted area are called Endemic species. They are not found in any other geographical area.
10. These species which are at the verge of extinction are called endangered species.
11. Red Data Book contains a record of the endangered species.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management

HBSE 8th Class Science Crop Production and Management Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks:
Float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation
(a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called …………… .
(b) The first step before growing crops is …………… of the soil.
(c) Damaged seeds would …………… on top of the water.
(d) For growing of crop, sufficient sunlight and …………… and …………… from the soil are essential.
Answer:
(a) Crop
(b) preparation
(c) float
(d) water, nutrients.

Question 2.
Match items in column ‘A’ with those in column ‘B’:

(A)	(B)
(i) Kharif crops	(a) Food for cattle
(ii) Rabi crops	(b) Urea and super phosphate
(iii) Chemical fertilisers	(c) Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste
(iv) Organic manure	(d) Wheat, gram, pea
	(e) Paddy and maize

Answer:

(A)	(B)
(i) Kharif crops	(e) Paddy and maize
(ii) Rabi crops	(d) Wheat, gram, pea
(iii) Chemical fertilisers	(b) Urea and super phosphate
(iv) Organic manure	(c) Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste

Question 3.
Give two examples of each:
(a) Kharif Crop
(b) Rabi Crop
Answer:
(a) Paddy and maize
(b) Wheat and gram

Question 4.
Write a paragraph in your own words on each of’the following:
(a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing.
Answer:
(a) Preparation of Soil:
Soil is prepared to sow the seeds. It is tilled to loosen the soil particles for better absorption of water and manures. Loosening of soil particles add humus and nutrition to the soil for better crops. Tilling of soil is done by using ploughs which are pulled by bulls. Tractor driven cultivators are also used to till the soil.

(b) Sowing:
Sowing means implanting the seeds in the prepared soil. Seeds are first selected. Better and healthy breeds of seeds are selected. They are then sowed in the fields with the help of seed drills and funnel shaped tools. The funnel, has a long body on one end of which is placed in soil. Seeds are put in the funnel and seeds go into the soil through long pipe which is carried over in the field with help of ploughs, the lower end pierces through the soil, spreading the seeds. Some seeds are simply spread through the field by hand. Some saplings are planted directly in the field manually.

(c) Weeding:
Unwanted plants growing along the crop are called the weeds. These weeds absorb the nutrients from the soil which are ment for the crops. They are, therefore, removed from the fields. Weeds are either removed manually or by mechanical tools. Certain chemicals are also used to kill the unwanted plants growing in the crops.

(d) Threshing:
Separation of grains from the chaff is called threshing. Seeds are removed from the chaff by threshers. When the crop is harvested, it is cut alongwith the stalks. They are then separated and the grains are removed. This whole process takes place with the help of a huge machine called combine.

Question 5.
Explain how fertilisers are different from manure.
Answer:
Differences between fertilizers and manure:
(i) Fertilisers are chemical substances, while the manures are the organic substances.
(ii) Fertilisers are prepared in the factories while the manures are prepared in fields.
(iii) Fertilisers don’t provide any humus to soil while manures provide a lot of humus.
(iv) Fertilisers are rich in plant nutrients will manures are less rich in plant nutrients.

Question 6.
What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.
Answer:
Watering the crops in the fields is called irrigation. Irrigation is done at different intervals. Irrigation should be done in a way in which water does not get wasted, two such methods which conserve water are:
(i) Sprinklers:
Sprinklers work like fountains. Long perpendicular pipes have holes at regular distances, when water is supplied, it comes out of these holes and spray water in field. These holes have rotating nozzles which sprinkle water in all directions. Limited outflow of water, controls wastage of water.

(ii) Drip System:
This system allows the water to flow drop by drop at the roots of the plants. It contains a main pipe which have further lateral pipes containing small nozzles for the outflow of the water. Nozzles are such placed that they throw water at the roots of the plants, which saves water from flowing around uselessly.

Question 7.
If wheat is sown in kharif season, what would happen? Discuss.
Answer:
If wheat are grown in Kharif season, they would not grow as they do not need ihuch water to grow. The seeds would get destroyed in excess water due to rainy season.

Question 8.
Explain how soil get affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field.
Answer:
Continuous plantation of crops drains off the nutrients of the soil. It leaves the land unfertile and unable to bear crop. It does not give any time to the soil to replenish the absorbed nutrients by the crops, thus unable to sustain any further healthy and good crop.

Question 9.
What are weeds V How can we control them?
Answer:
Weeds are the unwanted plants growing along crops. They share the nutrients meant for plants and thus are harmful. We can control weeds with the help of chemicals called weedicides. Weeds are the unwanted plants growing along the main crops. They are either removed manually or by chemicals. Weedicides are sprayed in the fields to kill the unwanted plants. These weedicides do not affect the main crop. Weeds are removed or killed during their vegetative phase before flowering or bearing seeds.

Question 10.
Arrange the following boxes in proper order to make a flow chart of sugarcane crop production:

Answer:

Question 11.
Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues given below:

Down
1. Providing water to the crops.
2. Crop grains have to be kept for a long time in proper conditions.
5. Certain plants of the same kind grown on a large scale.

Across
3. A machine used for cutting the taatured crops.
4. A rabi crop that is also one of the pulses.
6. A process of separating the grain from chaff.
Answer:

Activity 1.3

Food	Sources
1. Milk	Cow, Buffalo, She-goat, She-camel
2. Cereals grains	Plants like wheat, rice
3. Meat	Goat, Cow, Hen, Fish
4. Vegetables	Plants like brinjal, potatoes, tomatoes, etc.

Extended Learning – Activity And Projects

Question 1.
Sow some seeds in the soil and arrange to water them by drip irrigation. Observe daily.
(i) Do you think it can save water?
(ii) Note the changes in the seed.
Answer:
(i) Yes, drip irrigation saves water as it doe not allow the water to flow on sides and get wasted.
(ii) Seeds slowly get germinated.

Question 2.
Collect different types of seeds and put them in small bags. Attach these bags in a herbarium file and label them.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
Collect new agricultural machine pictures and paste in a file with their names and uses.
Answer:
Tractor to drew ploughs and carriage combines for threshing.
Plough for tilling soil.
Winnowing machine for removing chaff.

4. Project Work: Visit a farm, nursery or a garden nearby. Gather information about:
(i) importance of seed selection
(ii) method of irrigation
(iii) effect of extreme cold and extreme hot wather on the plants
(iv) effect of continuous rain on the plants
(v) fertilisers / manure used.
Answer:
(i) Good seed give good crops.
(ii) Traditional and modern
(a) Traditional: Moat, Chain pumps, Dhekli and Rahat
(b) Modern: Drip irrigation and Sprinklers.
(iii) Extreme cold and heat destroy the crops.

(iv) → Continuous rain get plants decomposedand waer logged in fields.
→ Minerals and fertilisers get flown away.
→ Top fertile layers get destroyed.
(v) Enhance the productivity of soil.

For more information, visit:

• www.krishiworld.com / html / balanced fertiliser.htm.
• www.ikis.com / links / ap.cultivation.html.

HBSE 8th Class Science Crop Production and Management Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do every living organism need food?
Answer:
Every living organism needs food to grow and perform various other activities and body functions.

Question 2.
Where do we get our food from?
Answer:
We get our food from plants and animals.

Question 3.
What is agriculture?
Answer:
Growing and managing crops is called agriculture.

Question 4.
What is crop?
Answer:
When same type of plants are grown at a large scale, it is called crop.

Question 5.
Name the factors controlling crop production.
Answer:
Soil, water, sunlight and air.

Question 6.
What are the rainy season crops called?
Answer:
Kharif crops.

Question 7.
What are the summer season crops called?
Answer:
Zayed crops.

Question 8.
What are the winter season crops called?
Answer:
Rabi crops.

Question 9.
Name any three Kharif crops.
Answer:
Paddy, maize, cotton.

Question 10.
Name any three Rabi crops.
Answer:
Wheat, gram, mustard.

Question 11.
Name any three Zayed crops.
Answer:
Moong, musk melon, bitter gourd.

Question 12.
What is tilling?
Answer:
Tilling is the loosening and turning of the soil.

Question 13.
What are crumbs?
Answer:
Crumbs are big pieces of soil present in fields, which require tilling.

Question 14.
Which agricultural tools are Used for tilling?
Answer:
Plough, hoe and cultivators.

Question 15.
Name tools used for sowing.
Answer:
Funnel shaped pipe with plough and seed drill.

Q. 16.
What is transplantation of seeds?
Answer:
Small saplings of plants are directly plantedj in fields. This is called transplantation.

Question 17.
What are fertilizers and manures?
Answer:
Manures and fertilizers are the substances added to soil to enhance its fertility and nutrients.

Question 18.
Which manure is called organic manure?
Answer:
Manure obtained from the dead bodies of plants and animals.

Question 19.
Name any two important fertilizers.
Answer:
Urea, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium).

Question 20.
What is a fallow?
Answer:
An uncultivated field between two croppings is called a fallow.

Question 21.
Write sources of irrigation.
Answer:
Wells, tubewells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams and canals.

Question 22.
What is harvesting?
Answer:
Cutting of the crop after it is mature is called harvesting.

Question 23.
What is threshing?
Answer:
Separating seeds from the chaff is called threshing.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by agriculture?
Answer:
The term agriculture is derived from the Latin words ‘Ager’ which means field and ‘culture’ which means cultivation. Thus, cultivation in fields means agriculture.

Question 2.
Write the names of various agricultural practices undertaken to produce a crop.
Answer:
Following agricultural practices are performed to produce the crop:
1. Soil preparation
2. Sowing
3. Adding manure and fertilizers
4. Irrigation
5. Protection from weeds
6. Harvesting
7. Storage.

Question 3.
How many categories of crops are sown in India based on the seasons?
Answer:
Three categories of crops are sown in India based on the seasons:
(i) Kharif crops are sown during rains.
(ii) Rabi crops are sown during winters, and
(iii) Zayed crops are grown during summers.

Question 4.
Why is the $oil turned and loosened before seeds are sown?
Answer:
The soil is turned and loosened during the process of ploughing. The ploughing loosens the soil particles and turn the soil of upper

surface. This allows the nutrients from the dead organism to be released back in the soil and better penetration and absorption of nutrients by plant roots.

Question 5.
What are manures and fertilizers?
Answer:
Manures and fertilizers are used to enhance the productivity and fertility of the field. Manure is made of waste products of animals and plants. Fertilizers are chemicals rich in nitrogen, potassium.

Question 6.
What is the role of water in production of crops?
Answer:
Water is essential for all plants. Crops should get enough water at different stages of their growth. Different crops require different amount of water in the field. The wheat crop requires moderate amount of water at the time of sowing, flowering and ripening of crop.
Therefore, corps should be irrigated properly according to their needs.

Question 7.
What are the different methods of irrigation?
Answer:
Different methods of irrigation are adopted according to the requirement of soil and size of the field. Some common methods of water supply are through small channels, which get water from tubewells and canals, lift irrigation, sprinkler, dripping irrigation, etc.

Question 8.
Define weeding. What tools are used for weeding?
Answer:
Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which grow alongwith the crop plants in the field. They grow rapidly than the crop plants and cause harm to them. It is, therefore, essential to remove weeds at proper time. The process of removing the weed plants is called weeding. It is done either by hand or by khurpi. It is also done by spraying chemicals or weedicides.

Question 9.
What is humus? How is it formed?
Answer:
Humus is a kind of soil rich in nutrients. It is formed by the microbial action on dead decaying bodies and leaves. It is generally formed on those spots where-there are dense layers of trees. The soil below it becomes dark having more number of pathogenic bacteria.

Question 10.
What are pesticides?
Answer:
The chemicals which are used to protect crops from the organisms called pests are known as pesticides. They are used to kill eggs and larvae of insects who could cause harm to the crops. Pesticides are sprayed in the fields by different methods at different intervals.

Question 11.
What safety measures are to be taken in handling pesticides and weedicides?
Answer:
Insecticides and pesticides are highly poisonous chemicals. They kill the pests. They can harm the humans also. So, certain precautionary measures should be taken while spraying pesticides and weedicides.

They should be kept away from the reach of children.
They should not be inhaled while spraying. Gloves and mouth covers should be used while spraying them.
Hands should be washed properly after their use.

Question 12.
Distinguish between pesticides and weedicides?
Answer:
Weeds are controlled by using certain chemicals called weedicides. These chemicals do not cause any damage to the crop.
Pesticides are the chemicals which are used to kill the pests growing on the crops. They kill the eggs and larvae of the insects.

Question 13.
Explain the process of harvesting?
Answer:
The removal of crop after maturity is called harvesting. The harvesting is done manually with the help of ordinary sickles in crops like wheat, paddy and maize. Even tractor driven machines are also used for harvesting wheat and paddy. Fruits and vegetables are plucked manually.

Question 14.
Explain the process of threshing,
Answer:
The crops need to be threshed to separate grains from the chaff. The mechanical harvesters help in both threshing and separating the grains. The small farmers thresh their crops by spreading the crops on the ground and walking of animals over it. Now-a-days threshing is done by threshing machines driven by tractors or electric motors, which separate grain from chaffs.

Question 15.
What factors influence the crop production?
Answer:
The factors that influence the crop production are as follow:
(i) “Soil: It is the upper layer of earth’s crust. It is the natural medium which supports plant growth.
(ii) Water: Plants require water during various stages of their growth and development such as germination, flowering, ripening, etc.
(iii) Air: Air is essential for breathing and photosynthesis.
(iv) Sunlight: It is essential for plants as a major promotion factor for photosynthesis, germination and flowering.

Question 16.
Suggest ways for the improvement of crops.
Answer:
Following ways should be adopted to improve the crops:
(i) Use of improved seeds.
(ii) Improve fertility of soil.
(iii) Protection against pests and weeds.
(iv) Better transport and storage facility.
(v) Introduction of high yielding varieties of seeds.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are some basic principles of crop production?
Answer:
There are certain conditions which are very important for causing the good crop yield. Good and right kind of soil, seeds, water and protection of crops from weeds and pests as well as the use of proper implements and practices- all go to determine the quality and reliability of crop yield.

A field or farm needs to be managed properly in order to get better yield. Farmers, therefore, must observe some important things which are listed below:
(i) The crop field should be open so that sunlight and air are abundantly available.
(ii) The field should be protected from stray cattle and tresspass which may destroy the crop.
(iii) The soil should be loosened and turned before sowing so that the plant roots can penetrate into it easily and are well ventilated. The latter helps in holding the plant firmly. Root and tuber crop plants need loosened soil for proper growth of the plant product.
(iv) The right amount of water should be available neither too less nor too in excess.
(v) The soil should contain sufficient nutrients for the growth of the plants.
(vi) The unwanted plants such as weeds should be removed from the soil. These weeds compete with the main plants and deprive them of their nourishment.

Question 2.
What is the use of soil for the plants?
Answer:
Soil plays an important role in agriculture in following ways:
(i) Soil fix up the plant in the soil. It holds the roots firmly and anchor the plant.
(ii) Soil has the power of retaining the water which helps the absorption by plants. It also contains minerals etc. which provides food nutrients to the plants.
(iii) It also provides space for living to useful animals such as earthworms which turn up soil and make it fertile.
(iv) Soil holds air in its gaps. This air is used by the plant for its respiration as well as for the respiration of the useful plants and bactria.

Question 3.
How are pests controlled in a crop field?
Answer:
Pests are the organisms smaller bugs which damage the crop plants in the field, during transportation, in the godowns. The common pests are birds, rats and other rodents, some animals, insects and micro-organisms belonging to different groups. They are harmful as they destroy the crop. Pests like locusts, beetles, red spiders, aphids, etc. can be controlled by three methods.
(i) Chemical control: The use of pesticides like DDT, malathion, BHC and aldrin. These chemicals are quick and effective way of controlling the growth of the pests.
(ii) Biological control: One insect feeds von other insect. In this method harmless insects are introduced in the field which will be harmful for insects and other pests.
(iii) Growing pests resistant varieties: Breeding crop varieties which are resistant to pests is a very effective and common method of pest control.

Question 4.
Why do we irrigate our crops? Explain.
Answer:
Water is required by the plants for the following activities:
(i) The seeds sown in the soil absorb water for various activities related to germination, such as activation of phenul, radicle and embryonal axis.
(ii) Water is essential for softening of soil particles so that the roots may penetrate deeply into the soil easily.
(iii) The mineral salts, manure particles, etc. dissolve in water and make the dilute solution. It is easily absorbed by the root hair.
(iv) Water is essential to maintain the turgidity of the cells and to keep them inactive form.
(v) Water is evaporated from the soil as well as from the aerial parts of the plants. Irrigation is essential to fill up the loss of water.
(vi) For the preparation of food by the plants through the process of photosynthesis, water is very essential.

Question 5.
Why an earthworm is called a friend of a farmer?
Answer:
Before sowing seeds every farmer prepares his soil for sowing. He digs the soil. He does tilling with help of tractors and ploughs. This all is done to loosen the soil particles so that air .and nutrients can be easily absorbed. Earthworm is an organism which lives under the soil and make burrows for itself. This burrowing action loosens the soil for better penetration of roots of the crops.

It create channels through the field which improves the physical properties of the soil. The burrowing action of earthworm improves soil structure, helps in formation of humus mix and till the soil and increase the supply of nutrients of the plants.

Question 6.
Write a short note of thresting and winnowing.
Answer:
When a farmer cut his crops, he has to separate the grains from the crop it is done in two ways. Manually and with machines.

The separation of seed from the crops by beating out the seeds (grain) from the crop is called threshing. It is done manually or by using threshers with combines.

After separating the grain from the harvested crop, it is required to separate grain from chaff. This process is done by winnowing. The grains are thrown from the height in the direction of air. The air carries away the lighter chaff or dried stems and leaves and the heavier grains drop down in form of a heap. This whole process is called winnowing.

Crop Production and Management Class 8 HBSE Notes

1. All living beings need food to live and perform various other activity.
2. We get food from plants and animals. The plant food is grown in fields making use of various processes. This is called agriculture.
3. All plants of same types grown together are called crops. Different types of crops are grown in the fields e.g. cereals (wheat, paddy rices) fruits and vegetables, etc.
4. Based on seasons many crops are grown. Rainy season crops are called Kharif. Winter crops are called Rabi and Summer crops are called Zayed crops.
5. To grow a crop a number of activities has to be performed. These are called agricultural practices. These agricultural practices include: soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, protection from weeds, harvesting, storage, etc.
6. Preparation of soil includes loosening soil. This is called tilling or ploughing. Plough, cultivator and hoe are used as tools.
7. Sowing means putting the seeds in the loosened ground to grow.
8. For a healthy and good crop manure and fertilizers are added to the crop. These are chemicals which enhance the crop production.
9. When we grow crop in the field it takes all the nutrition away from the soil. This nutrition is – required for the next crop. The soil is replenished with nutrition by these fertilizers and manures. Crop-rotation is another method of replenishing nutrition in soil.
10. Crops are watered sufficiently by canals, drips and rainwater. This is called irrigation of crops. Irrigation is the most important process of crop production.
11. Undesirable plants growing among the crops are removed manually or by machines. These unwanted plants are called weeds, chemicals used to kill weeds are Called weedicides.
12. Sometimes some small animals start eating the crops. These are called pests. Special chemicals
are sprayed on the crops to kill the pests. These chemicals are called pesticides.
13. After the crops are ready, they are harvested. Grains are separated from the chaff. This process is called threshing. Threshers are used to do this process.
14. The harvested grains are then Stored in huge stores, after they are properly dried in sun. These stores kre called granaries.
15. We also get our food from animals. For this purpose some useful animals are domesticated
and reared. This is called Animal Husbandry. Animals like cows, buffaloes, goats, hens etc. are domesticated for food.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Micro Orgmisms: Friends and Foe Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Micro Orgmisms: Friends and Foe

HBSE 8th Class Science Micro Orgmisms: Friends and Foe Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a ……….. .
(b) Blue green algae fix ………….. directly from air to enhance fertility of soil.
(c) Alcohol is produced with the help of ………….. .
(d) Cholera is caused by ……………… .
Answer:
(a) microscope
(b) atmospheric nitrogen
(c) yeast
(d) bacteria.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) Yeast is used in the production of:
(i) sugar
(ii) alcohol
(iii) hydrochloric acid
(iv) oxygen
Answer:
(ii) alcohol

(b) The following is an antibiotic:
(i) Sodium bicarbonate
(ii) Streptomycin
(iii) Alcohol
(iv) Yeast
Answer:
(ii) Streptomycin

(c) Carrier of malaria-causiiig protozoan is:
(i) female Anopheles mosquito
(ii) cockroach
(iii) housefly
(iv) butterfly
Answer:
(i) female Anopheles mosquito

(d) The most common carrier of communicable diseases is:
(i) ant
(ii) housefly
(iii) dragonfly
(iv) spider
Answer:
(ii) housefly

(e) The bread or idli dough rises because of:
(i) heat
(ii) grinding
(iii) growth of yeast cells
(iv) kneading
Answer:
(iii) growth of yeast cells

(f) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called:
(i) nitrogen fixation
(ii) moulding
(iii) fermentation
(iv) infection
Answer:
(iii) fermentation

Question 3.
Match the organisms in Column I with their action in Column II.

Column I	Column II
(i) Bacteria	(a) Nitrogen fixation
(ii) Rhizobium	(b) Setting of curd
(iii) Lactobacillus	(c) Baking of bread
(iv) Yeast	(d) Causes Malaria
(v) A protozoan	(e) Causing Cholera
(vi) A Virus	(f) Causing AIDS
	(g) Producing antibodies

Answer:

Column I	Column II
(i) Bacteria	(e) Causing Cholera
(ii) Rhizobium	(a) Nitrogen fixation
(iii) Lactobacillus	(b) Setting of curd
(iv) Yeast	(c) Baking of bread
(v) A protozoan	(d) Causes Malaria
(vi) A Virus	(f) Causing AIDS

Question 4.
Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If not, how can they be seen?
Answer:
Some organisms are very small in size. They are so small that they cannot be seen with naked eyes. A microscope has to be used to see these organisms. Therefore, they are called microorganisms.

Question 5.
What are the major groups of microorganisms?
Answer:
Microorganisms can mainly be divided into five groups:
(i) Bacteria
(ii) fungi
(iii) protozoa
(iv) algae,
(v) virus.

Question 6.
Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
Answer:
Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Blue green algae like Anabaena and Nostoc can fix atmospheric nitrogen in soil.

Question 7.
Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.
Answer:
Microorganisms are very useful to us.
They help us in following ways:
(i) Microorganisms help us in food sector. They are used for curdling of milk, preparation of bread, cake, etc.
(ii) Microorganisms are used to produce alcohol at large scale.
(iii) They are also used to produce wine.
(iv) Yeast is used to prepare vinegar.
(v) They are also used as preservatives for food items.
(vi) Used to make different medicines, especially the antibiotics.
(vii) Microorganisms are used to prepare vaccines for various disease.
(viii) Useful for agriculture sector, as they enhance the fertility of soil by fixing the biological nitrogen.
(ix) They work as natural cleansers, as they decompose the dead bodies of plants and animals.
(x) Microorganisms prepare manures by decomposing dead bodies of plants and animals.

Question 8.
Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by microorganisms.
Answer:
Microorganisms can prove very harmful to us, as they cause a number of human and animal diseases. Diseases in humans like common cold, tuberculosis, measles, chiken pox, Polio, Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis B, Malaria, etc. are caused by microorganisms. Some serious deseases like Anthrax is also caused in animals by the microbes. Microbes grow on food products and render them unfit for consumption.

Consumption of such food causes food poisoning. Microbes also spoil clothings and leather products. Microbes also cause diseases of plants like blights in potatoes, sugarcanes, oranges etc. They also reduce the yield.

Question 9.
What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?
Answer:
Medicines taken to kill or stop the growth of harmful or disease causing microbes in human body are called antibiotics. Antibiotics are very useful as only antibiotics can save us from many microbial infections and diseases. Antibiotics are made from fungi and bacteria. Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic called Penicillin in 1929. Now-a-days a number of antibiotics are used to cure a variety of human and animal diseases. Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin etc. are some commonly used antibiotics.

Antibiotics should only be taken when adviced by a qualified physician. Antibiotics should only be taken when needed otherwise, they become less effective for future use.

Extended Learning – Activities And Projects

1. Pull out a gram or bean plant from the field. Observe its roots. You will find round structures called root nodules on the roots. Draw a diagram of the root and show the root nodules.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

2. Collect the labels from the bottles of jams and jellies. Write down the list of contents printed on the labels.
Answer:
Ingredients: Sugar, Mixed fruit pulp, Gelling Agent (E440), And acidity regulator (E330). Permitted synthetic food colour (E122) and added artificial flavours. Contains permitted class-II Preservatives (E211, E224).

3. Visit a doctor. Find out why antibiotics should not be overused. Preapare a short report.
Answer:
Antibiotics should not be overused because they reduce of power of immunity.
(i) Regular or frequent use make the drug ineffective when needed in future.
(ii) They kill beneficial bacteria in our body.
So, antibiotics should only be consumed when prescribed by doctore only.

4. Project:
Requirement – 2 text tubes, marker pen, sugar, yeast powder, 2 ballons and lime water.

Take two test tubes and mark them A and B. Champ these tubes in a stand and fill them with water leaving some space at the top. Put two spoonfuls of sugar in each of the test tubes. Add a spoonful of yeast to test tube B. Inflate the two balloons incompletely Now tie the balloons on the mouths of each test tube. Keep them in a warm place, away from sunlight. Watch the setup every day for next 3-4 days. Record you observations and think of an explanation.

Now take another test tube filled V4 with lime water. Remove the balloon from test tube B in such a manner that gas inside the balloon does not escape. Fill the balloon on the test tube and shake well. Observe and explain.
Answer:
The balloon in test tube B will get inflated because process of fermentation has taken place in test tube B due to yeast bacteria and carbondioxide gas produce during this process has inflated the balloon. Now the balloon will get a little deflated as gas in consumed by the lime water and the lime water will turn milky.

5. For more information, visit the following websites.

• www.microorgan.isms
• www.biology4kids.com/files/micro_main html

HBSE 8th Class Science Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define microorganisms.
Answer:
Very small organisms around us which cannot be seen with naked eyes are called microorganisms.

Question 2.
Where are microorganisms found?
Answer:
Microorganisms are found everywhere. In air, water and in the body of other organisms.

Question 3.
Name the groups in which microorganisms can be divided.
Answer:
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, some algae and viruses.

Question 4.
Which common diseases do viruses cause?
Answer:
Viruses cause diseases like common cold, flu and most of the coughs.

Question 5.
Which serious diseases are caused by viruses?
Answer:
Diseases like polio and chicken pox.

Question 6.
Name diseases caused by protozoans.
Answer:
Dysentery and malaria are caused by protozoans.

Question 7.
Name any two algae.
Answer:
Chlamydomonas and spirogyra.

Question 8.
Name any two protozoa.
Answer:
Amoeba and paramecium.

Question 9.
Name any two fungi.
Answer:
Rhizopus and Aspergillus.

Question 10.
Name unicellular microbes.
Answer:
Bacteria and protozoa.

Question 11.
Name multicellular microbes.
Answer:
Algae and fungi.

Question 12.
Which bacteria is responsible for the curdling of milk?
Answer:
Lactobacillus.

Question 13.
Which bacteria is used to produce alcohol?
Answer:
Yeast.

Question 14.
What do you mean by fermentation?
Answer:
Conversion of sugar into alcohol using yeast is palled fermentation.

Question 15.
Who discovered the process of fermentation?
Answer:
Louis Pasteur.

Question 16.
What are antibiotics?
Answer:
Medicines used to kill or stop the growth of diseases causing microorganisms inside human body are called antibiotics.

Question 17.
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Answer:
Alexander Fleming.

Question 18.
Which antibiotic did Alexander Fleming discover?
Answer:
Penicillin.

Question 19.
Which microorganism is not affected by antibiotics?
Answer:
Viruses.

Question 20.
Name certain diseases which can be prevented by vaccination.
Answer:
Cholera, tuberculosis, small pox, hepatitis, polio, etc.

Question 21.
Name microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Answer:
Bacteria and blue green algae.

Question 22.
Name one free living bacteria and one blue green algae who fix nitrogen using oxygen from atmosphere.
Answer:
Azotobacter, Anabaena.

Question 23.
What are pathogens?
Answer:
Disease causing microorganisms are called pathogens.

Question 24.
What are communicable diseases?
Answer:
Diseases which spread with physical contacts are called communicable diseases.

Question 25.
Name an insect which is a common carrier of microbial diseases.
Answer:
Housefly.

Question 26.
Name the carrier of dengue virus.
Answer:
Female Aedes mosquito.

Question 27.
Where do mosquitoes breed?
Answer:
Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water and damp places.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the major group of the microorganisms?
Answer:
Major groups of microorganisms are:
(i) Bacteria: They are non-green single celled microorganisms.
(ii) Fungi: They are long thread like unicellular as well as multicellular microorganisms.
(iii) Algae: Aquatic* photosynthetic organisms commonly called sea weeds.
(iv) Protozoan: They are unicellular organisms.
(v) Virus: They are non-cellular microbes which only get active inside a living cell.

Question 2.
Describe various types of bacteria with examples.
Answer:
On the basis of their shape, the bacteria are divided into three types:
(i) Bacillus or rod shaped: Long rod shaped bacteria like Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus.
(ii) Cocus or round shaped: Streptococus, Sarcinaltc. are round shaped bacteria.
(iii) Spirillum or spiral: Comma shaped bacteria, they can also be spiral rods e.g. Camphilovector, Triponema.

Question 3.
State some beneficial effects of bacteria.
Answer:
Bacteria are very useful to us. Some of the beneficial effects of bacteria are as follows:
(i) Bacteria is helpful in agriculture as it fixes the atmospheric nitrogen in soil.
(ii) Products like vinegar, alcohol, curd etc. are obtained.
(iii) It decomposes the dead bodies of plants and animals.
(iv) Valuable medicines like antibiotics are obtained by bacteria.

Question 4.
Mention important uses of fungi,
Answer:
(i) Some fungi are eaten raw as food such as mushrooms.
(ii) Yeast being rich in amino acids and proteins are an important source of food for man and his farm animals.
(iii) Yeast is also used in the preparation of products like wine and bears from fruit juices or barley. It brings about fermentation of sugars into alcohols and carbondioxide.

Question 5.
Write the harmful effects of Bacteria.
Answer:
Bacteria cause a number of diseases in humans and animals. Diseases like cholera, pneumonia, tuberculosis are caused by bacteria. It also causes food poisoning as it makes the food unfit to consume. It spoils leather and clothings.

Question 6.
Write the harmful effects of fungi and algae.
Answer:
Some fungi causes damages or diseases. Smuts and rusts are fungi that damage the crops. Ring-warm and atheletes food diseases are caused by fungi. Amanite mushrooms contain poisonous substance. Algae are great nuisance as they spoil the drinking water. Excess growth of algae also blocks the movement of water in channels.

Question 7.
Write the diseases caused by protozoa.
Answer:
Several protozoa cause diseases in man and other animals. Antaemoeba Histolytica causes amoebic dysentry in man. Dangerous plasmodium causes malaria and dengue. Trypanosoma, causes sleeping sickness in man, cattle, pigs and horses.

Question 8.
Describe the main characteristics of viruses in brief.
Answer:
(i) They do not possess any cell wall or cell membrane.
(ii) They can only multiply in the bodies of living beings.
(iii) They cause many diseases.
(iv) Antibiotics do not have any affect on viruses.

Question 9.
What are vaccines?
Answer:
A vaccine consists of antigens of mild strains of pathogens of a particular disease. Vaccine when injected into the blood stream stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies. These antibodies act against the antigens and neutralise their toxins or destroy them.

Question 10.
How does microorganisms enter into our body?
Answer:
Microorganisms enter into our body:
(i) through the air we breathe.
(ii) through the water we drink.
(iii) through direct contact with infected person.
(iv) by the use of polluted water or food.

Question 11.
What are viruses?
Answer:
Viruses are microscopic organisms. These are the smallest organisms. They may be rod-shaped, polygonal, spherical or even cubical. There are four types of viruses: Plant viruses, Insect viruses, Bacterial viruses and mammalian viruses.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by microorganisms? Describe their different forms.
Answer:
Different living organisms present around us which cannot be seen with naked eyes are called microorganisms. They are present in soil, water and air. Microorganisms can be divided into five groups:
(i) Bacteria are the non-green single celled microscopic organisms. They have a rigid cell wall. It has a nuclear material. They are the simple most common form of life on earth. They have different shapes and sizes.

(ii) Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic organisms. In simple terms they are called sea weeds. They range in size, colour. Algae are of green, blue, red and blue^green colours.

(iii) Fungi are plants not having chloroplast but a cell wall. They are both unicellular and multicellular. Moulds, mushrooms etc. are fungi.

(iv) Protozoa are one celled living things. They range from 2 to 200 microns. Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and Plasmodium etc. are protozoas.

(v) Viruses are the non-cellular microbes. They are smaller than bacteria and multiply only inside a living cell.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Bacteria.
Answer:Bacteria are non-green single celled microscopic organisms. They have a rigid cell wall. They have a nuclear material. They are simple most common form of life on earth. They occur singly but are seen in chain of cells. They are of different shapes such as rod shaped, spiral, cork screw and comma shaped.

Bacteria are harmful for us, but some bacteria are quite useful. The most disadvantageous aspect of bacteria is their disease causing tendency. Various serious diseases like Tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid etc. are caused by bacteria. Bacteria are useftd as they are used to prepare vaccines and antibiotics. They decompose waste material and fix the atmospheric nitrogen into soil to enhance its fertility. Bacteria are also used to manufacture vinegar, acetic-acid, curd and cheese etc.

Question 3.
What are fungi? How are they useful or harmful to us?
Answer:
Fungi are microorganisms which exist in unicellular as well as multicellular forms. Some of the fungus like mushroom, yeast etc. can be seen with naked eyes. They have long thread like structures called hyphae. Fungus can reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Fungi are both harmful and useful. Smuts, crusts and ringworm etc. cause many diseases in humans as well as in animals and plants.

They are useful as they are used as food in many parts of world. Mushrooms are the mostly used food around the word. Yeast is used to make alcohol, breads, bhathuras, idlis, dosas etc. Penicillium is used to make penicillin an antibiotics.

Question 4.
What do you know about Protozoa?
Answer:
Protozoa are single celled living things. The size ranges from 2 microns to 200 microns.

Amoeba, Paramesium, Euglena, Plasmodium etc. are examples of Protozoa. Protozoa are the part of animal kingdom because they do not have chlorophyll.

They are oval, elongated and spherical in shape. Protozoa cause diseases like malaria and dengue. Protozoa like Entamoeba Histolytica causes amoebic dysentery in man. Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness in man and cattle. Protozoa are useful as they form an important link in acquatic food chain. They decompose organic matters to convert them in useful soil nutrients.

Question 5.
What are food preservatives? Explain some common preservatives.
Answer:
Chemicals used to check or stop the growth of harmful microorganisms in food are called preservatives. These preservatives keep the edibles protected from the invasion of microorganisms which can spoil the food.
Some commonly found preservatives are:
Salt: Common salt is used to preserve meat, fish, amla, raw mangoes, tamarind, etc.

Sugar preserves jam, jellies, squashes and other sweet drinks. Sugar reduces the moisture and checks the growth of microorganisms.

Oil: Edible oils are used as preservatives in vegetables and pickles. Oil does not allow the moisture to surface thus preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.

Vinegar preserves vegetables, fruits, fish, meat and pickles.
Other processes like pasteurization etc. also preserve the milk and other liquids.

Question 6.
How can we detect the spoilage in food?
Answer:
Following indications help us an detecting the spoilage in food:
(a) Odour:
When food gives out smell, it is the indication that the bacteria has spoiled the food. Food gives out repulsive smell when bacteria breaks the proteins found in food. This is called Putrefaction.

(b) Discoluration:
Growth of microbes on food results in discolouration of food black. Moulds on breads, blue green moulds on citrus fruits and cheese cause the change in the original colour of the food. Any small discolouration indicates that the food has been spoiled and is unfit for consumption.

(c) Souring:
Sometimes the cooked food starts tasting sour. It is due to the production of acids by the action of certain bacteria. Milk starts tasting sour if not preserved properly, same is the case with curries and gravies of some vegetables.

(d) Sliminess:
Sometimes the food became slimy. It is also due to action of certain bacteria thread like slimes are also caused due to moulds.

(e) Gas formation:
Due to action of bacteria gases like carbondioxide are produced. They also spoil the food by making it swell or become spongy.

Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Class 8 HBSE Notes

1. Many living organisms exist around us in water, soil and air. They are so small that they cannot be seen with naked eyes. These tiny organisms are called microorganisms or microbes.
2. Microorganism can live in any kind of extreme environment like hot, cold, humid, icecold, saline water, desert or hot soil.
3. Microorganisms have wide variety of structural forms. They can be from unicellular to multicellular organisms.
4. Microorganisms are classified as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses.
5. Viruses are different from other microorganisms, yet referred to as the microorganism.
6. These microorganisms are helpful economically. They are also used to make many medicines.
7. These microorganisms can be very harmful too as they cause many diseases. Such microbes are called pathogens.
8. Microorganisms are used to enhance the fertility of the soil as they trap the biological nitrogen and fix them in the soil, which in turn is used by plants.
9. Microorganisms work on the dead bodies of the plants and animals to decompose them. They, thus, work as the natural cleansers of the environment.
10. Some microorganisms destroy our food by growing on it. The food infected by these microorganisms become unfit to consume. If consumed it can cause food poisoning.
11. Some special microbes reside in the nodules of the leguminous plants which fix the biological nitrogen from air into soil. The nitrates and nitrites present in soil are further converted into nitrogen gas and released in atmosphere. This whole cycle is called the nitrogen cycle.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 11 प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 11 प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः

HBSE 10th Class Sanskrit प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत
(अधोलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृतभाषा में लिखिए-)
(i) चन्दनदासः कस्य गृहजनं स्वगृहे रक्षति स्म ?
(ii) तृणानां केन सह विरोधः अस्ति ?
(iii) कः चन्दनदासं द्रष्टुमिच्छति ?
(iv) पाठेऽस्मिन् चन्दनदासस्य तुलना केन सह कृता ?
(v) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियं के इच्छन्ति ?
(vi) कस्य प्रसादेन चन्दनदासस्य वणिज्या अखण्डिता ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) चन्दनदासः अमात्यराक्षसस्य गृहजनं स्वगृहे रक्षति स्म।
(ii) तृणानानाम् अग्निना सह विरोधः अस्ति।
(iii) चाणक्यः चन्दनदासं द्रष्टुमिच्छति।
(iv) पाठेऽस्मिन् चन्दनदासस्य तुलना शिविना सह कृता।
(v) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियं राजानः इच्छन्ति।
(vi) आर्यस्य प्रसादेन चन्दनदासस्य वणिज्या अखण्डिता।

प्रश्न 2.
स्थूलाक्षरपदानि आधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत(स्थूलपदों के आधार पर प्रश्ननिर्माण कीजिए-)
(i) शिविना विना इदं दुष्करं कार्यं कः कुर्यात्।
(ii) प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृत्।।
(ii) आर्यस्य प्रसादेन मे वणिज्या अखण्डिता।
(iv) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः राजानः प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति।
(v) तृणानाम् अग्निना सह विरोधो भवति।
उत्तराणि-(प्रश्ननिर्माणम्)
(i) केन विना इदं दुष्करं कार्यं कः कुर्यात् ?
(ii) प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः कः ?
(iii) कस्य प्रसादेन मे वणिज्या अखण्डिता ?
(iv) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः के प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति ?
(v) केषाम् अग्निना सह विरोधो भवति ?

प्रश्न 3.
निर्देशानुसारं सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत
(निर्देशानुसार सन्धि/सन्धिविच्छेद कीजिए-)
(क) यथा- कः + अपि – कोऽपि
प्राणेभ्यः + अपि – …………….
…………….. + अस्मि – सज्जोऽस्मि।
आत्मनः + …………….. – आत्मनोऽधिकारसदृशम्
(ख) यथा- सत् + चित् – सच्चित्
शरत् + चन्द्रः – कदाचित् + च
उत्तराणि
(क) यथा- कः + अपि – कोऽपि
प्राणेभ्यः + अपि – प्राणेभ्योऽपि
सज्जः + अस्मि – सज्जोऽस्मि।
आत्मनः + अधिकारसदृशम् – आत्मनोऽधिकारसदृशम्
(ख) यथा-. सत् + चित्
सच्चित् शरत् + चन्द्रः – शरच्चन्द्रः
कदाचित् + च – कदाचिच्च।

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषु निर्देशानुसारं परिवर्तनं कुरुत
(अधोलिखित वाक्यों में निर्देश के अनुसार परिवर्तन कीजिए-)
यथा-प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति राजानः। प्रतिप्रियमिच्छति राजा। (एकवचने)
(i) सः प्रकृतेः शोभां पश्यति (बहुवचने)
(ii) अहं न जानामि। (मध्यमपुरुषैकवचने)
(iii) त्वं कस्य गृहजनं स्वगृहे रक्षसि ? (उत्तमपुरुषैकवचने)
(iv) कः इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात् ? (प्रथमपुरुषैबहुवचने)
(v) चन्दनदासं द्रष्टुमिच्छामि। (प्रथमपुरुषैकवचने)
(vi) राजपुरुषाः देशान्तरं व्रजन्ति। (प्रथमपुरुषैकवचने)
उत्तराणि
(i) ते प्रकृतेः शोभां पश्यन्ति।
(ii) त्वं न जानासि।
(iii) अहं कस्य गृहजनं स्वगृहे रक्षामि ?
(iv) के इदं दुष्करं कुर्युः ?
(v) चन्दनदासं द्रष्टुमिच्छति।
(vi) राजपुरुषः देशान्तरं व्रजति।

प्रश्न 5.
कोष्ठकेषु दत्तयोः पदयोः शुद्धं विकल्पं विचित्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत
(कोष्ठक में दिए गए पदों में से शुद्ध विकल्प चुन कर रिक्तस्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए-)
(i) ……….. विना इदं दुष्करं कः कुर्यात्। (चन्दनदासस्य / चन्दनदासेन)
(ii) …………… इदं वृत्तान्तं निवेदयामि। (गुरवे / गुरोः)
(ii) आर्यस्य ………… अखण्डिता मे वणिज्या। (प्रसादात् / प्रसादेन)
(iv) अलम् ………..। (कलहेन / कहलात्)
(v) वीरः ………. बालं रक्षति। (सिंहेन / सिंहात्)
(vi) ………… भीतः मम भ्राता सोपानात् अपतत्। (कुक्कुरेण / कुक्कुरात्)
(vii) छात्रः …………….. प्रश्नं पृच्छति। (आचार्यम् / आचार्येण)
उत्तराणि
(i) चन्दनदासेन विना इदं दुष्करं कः कुर्यात् ।
(ii) गुरवे इदं वृत्तान्तं निवेदयामि।
(iii) आर्यस्य प्रसादेन अखण्डिता मे वणिज्या।
(iv) अलं कलहेन।
(v) वीरः सिंहात् बालं रक्षति।
(vi) कुक्कुरात् भीतः मम भ्राता सोपानात् अपतत्।
(vii) छात्रः आचार्य प्रश्नं पृच्छति।।

प्रश्न 6.
अधोदत्तमञ्जूषातः समुचितपदानि गृहीत्वा विलोमपदानि लिखत
(नाचे दी गई मञ्जूषा से समुचित पद लेकर विलोम पद लिखिए-)
आदरः असत्यम् गुणः पश्चात् तदानीम् तत्र
(i) अनादरः ………………………………..
(ii) दोषः ………………………………..
(iii) पूर्वम् ………………………………..
(iv) सत्यम् ………………………………..
(v) इदानीम् ………………………………..
(vi) अत्र ………………………………..
उत्तराणि
(i) अनादरः – आदरः
(ii) दोषः – गुणः
(iii) पूर्वम् – पश्चात्
(iv) सत्यम् – असत्यम्
(v) इदानीम् – तदानीम्
(vi) अत्र – तत्र

प्रश्न 7.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य अधोलिखितानि पदानि प्रयुज्य पञ्चवाक्यानि रचयत
(उदाहरण के अनुसार अधोलिखित पदों का प्रयोग करके पाँच वाक्य बनाइए-)
यथा निष्क्रम्य- शिक्षिका पुस्तकालयात् निष्क्रम्य कक्षां प्रविशति।
(i) उपसृत्य ………………………………..
(ii) प्रविश्य ………………………………..
(iii) द्रष्टुम् ………………………………..
(iv) इदानीम् ………………………………..
(v) अत्र ………………………………..
उत्तराणि-(वाक्यप्रयोगः)
(i) उपसृत्य – बालक: मातरम् उपसृत्य प्रणमति।
(ii) प्रविश्य – बालकाः उद्याने प्रविश्य क्रीडन्ति।
(iii) द्रष्टुम् – त्वं किं द्रष्टुम् इच्छसि ?
(iv), इदानीम् – इदानीम् अहं चलचित्रं द्रष्टुम् इच्छामि।
(v) अत्र – अत्र चलचित्रगृहं नास्ति।

योग्यताविस्तारः
कविपरिचयः’मुद्राराक्षसम्’ इति नाम्नः नाटकस्य प्रणेता विशाखदत्तः आसीत्। सः राजवंशे उत्पन्नः आसीत्। तस्य पिता भास्करदत्तः महाराजस्य पदवी प्राप्नोत्। विशाखदत्तः राजनीतेः न्यायस्य ज्योतिषविषयस्य च विद्वान् आसीत्। वैदिकधर्मावलम्बी भूत्वाऽपि सः बौद्धधर्मस्य अपि आदरमकरोत्।

कवि परिचय-‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ इस नाम के नाटक के रचयिता विशाखदत्त थे। वे राजवंश में उत्पन्न हुए थे। उनके पिता भास्करदत्त ने महाराज की पदवी प्राप्त की थी। विशाखदत्त राजनीति, न्याय और ज्योतिष विषय के विद्वान् थे। वैदिक धर्मावलम्बी होकर भी वे बौद्धधर्म का भी आदर करते थे।

ग्रन्थपरिचयः- ‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ एकम् ऐतिहासिकं नाटकम् अस्ति। दशाङ्केषु विरचिते अस्मिन्नाटके चाणक्यस्य राजनीतिककौशलस्य बुद्धिवैभवस्य राष्ट्रसञ्चालनार्थम् कूटनीतीनाम् निदर्शनमस्ति। अस्मिन्नाटके चाणक्यस्यामात्यराक्षसस्य च कूटनीत्योः संघर्षः।

‘मुदाराक्षसम्’ एक ऐतिहासिक नाटक है। दश अंकों में रचित इस नाटक में चाणक्य के राजनीतिक कौशल, बुद्धि वैभव और राष्ट्र संचालन के लिए उनकी कूटनीतियों का निदर्शन है। इस नाटक में चाणक्य और अमात्य राक्षस की कूटनीतियों का संघर्ष है।

भावविस्तार:
चाणक्य-चाणक्यः एकः विद्वान् ब्राह्मणः आसीत्। तस्य पितृप्रदत्तं नाम विष्णुगुप्तः आसीत्। अयमेव ‘कौटिल्य’ इति नाम्ना प्रसिद्धः केषाञ्चित् विदुषाम् इदमपि मतमस्ति यत् राजनीतिशास्त्रे कुटिलनीतेः प्रतिष्ठापनाय तस्याः स्व-जीवने उपयोगाय च अयं ‘कौटिल्यः’ इत्यपि कथ्यते। चणकनामकस्य कस्यचित् आचार्यस्य पुत्रत्वात् ‘चाणक्यः’ इति नाम्ना स प्रसिद्धः जातः । नन्दानां राज्यकालः शतवर्षाणि पर्यन्तम् आसीत्। तेषु अन्तिमेषु द्वादशवर्षे एतेन सुमाल्यादीनाम् अष्टनन्दानां संहारः कारितः तथा च चन्द्रगुप्तमौर्यः नृपत्वेन राजसिंहासने स्थापितः। अयमेकः महान् राजनीतिज्ञः आसीत्। एतेन भारतीयशासनव्यवस्थायाः प्रामाणिकतत्त्वानां वर्णनेन युक्तं “अर्थशास्त्रम्” इति अतिमहत्त्वपूर्णः ग्रन्थः रचितः।

चन्द्रगुप्तमौर्यः-चन्द्रगुप्तः महापद्मनन्दस्य मुरायाः च पुत्रः आसीत्। चाणक्यस्य मार्गदर्शने अनेन चतुर्विंशतिवर्षपर्यन्तं राज्यं कृतम्।। राक्षसः-नन्दराज्ञः स्वामिभक्तः चतुरः प्रधानामात्यः आसीत्। चन्दनदासः-कुसुमपुर-नाम्नि नगरे महामात्यस्य राक्षसस्य प्रियतमं पात्रं मित्रञ्च आसीत्। स मणिकारः श्रेष्ठी च आसीत्। अस्यैव गृहात् राक्षसः सपरिवार: नगरात् बहिरगच्छत्।
चाणक्य-चाणक्य एक विद्वान ब्राह्मण था। उसके पिता द्वारा दिया गया नाम विष्णुगुप्त था। यह ही कौटिल्य इस नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ। कुछ विद्वानों का यह भी मत है कि राजनीति शास्त्र में कूटनीति की प्रतिष्ठापना के लिए और उसका अपने जीवन में उपयोग करने के लिए इन्हें ‘कौटिल्य’ कहा जाता है।

चणक नामक किसी आचार्य का पुत्र होने के कारण वे ‘चाणक्य’ इस नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुए। नन्दों का राज्य काल 100 वर्षों तक रहा। उनमें अन्तिम 12 वर्षों में इन (चाणक्य) के द्वारा सुमाल्य आदि आठ नन्दों का विनाश करवाया गया और चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य को राजा के रूप में राजसिंहासन पर बैठाया गया। ये एक महान् राजनीतिज्ञ थे। इन्होंने भारतीय शासन व्यवस्था का प्रामाणिक तत्त्वों के वर्णन से युक्त अर्थशास्त्र नामक अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण ग्रन्थ की रचना की। चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य-चन्द्रगुप्त महापद्मनन्द और मुरा का पुत्र था। चाणक्य के मार्गदर्शन में इसने 24 वर्ष तक राज्य किया।
राक्षस-राजा नन्द का स्वामीभक्त चतुर प्रधान अमात्य था। चन्दनदास-कुसुमपुर नामक नगर में महामात्य राक्षस का सबसे प्रिय पात्र और मित्र था। वह सुवर्णकार और सेठ था। इसी के घर से राक्षस परिवार सहित नगर से बाहर गया था।

भाषिक विस्तारः
1. पृथक् और विना शब्दों के योग में द्वितीया तृतीया और पंचमी तीनों विभक्तियों का प्रयोग
यथा-जलं विना जीवनं न सम्भवति। द्वितीया
जलेन विना जीवनं न सम्भवति । तृतीया
जलात् विना जीवनं न सम्भवति। पञ्चमी
परिश्रमं पृथक् नास्ति सुखम्। द्वितीया
परिश्रमात् पृथक् नास्ति सुखम्। पञ्चमी

2. अनीयर् प्रत्ययप्रयोगः
अत्यादरः – शङ्कनीयः
जन्तुशाला – दर्शनीया
याचकेभ्यः दानं – दानीयम्
वेदमन्त्राः – स्मरणीयाः
पुस्तकमेलापके पुस्तकानि – क्रयणीयानि।
(क) अनीयर् प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः योग्यार्थे भवति।
(ख) अनीयर् प्रत्यये ‘अनीय’ इति अवशिष्यते।
(ग) अस्य रूपाणि त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु चलन्ति।
यथा-
पुंल्लिङ्गे स्त्रीलिङ्गे नपुंसकलिङ्गे
पठनीयः पठनीया पठनीयम्
इनके रूप क्रमशः देववत्, लतावत् तथा फलवत् चलेंगे।

3. उभ सर्वनामपदम् पुल्लिङ्गे नपुंसकलिङ्गे

HBSE 10th Class Sanskrit प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितानां वाक्यानां/सूक्तीनां भावार्थं हिन्दीभाषायां लिखत
(अधोलिखित वाक्यों/सूक्तियों के भावार्थ हिन्दीभाषा में लिखिए-)
(क) अत्यादरः शङ्कनीयः’।
(अत्यधिक आदर सन्देह पैदा करता है)
भावार्थ :-‘अत्यादरः शङ्कनीयः’ यह सूक्ति हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी भाग-2’ में संकलित ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ पाठ से उद्धृत की गयी है। यह पाठ महाकवि विशाखदत्त के ‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ नाटक से लिया गया है। उपर्युक्त सूक्ति में अत्यधिक आदर को सन्देह का कारण बतलाया गया है।
इस सूक्ति का भावार्थ यह है कि यदि कोई व्यक्ति बिना कारण आपके प्रति अत्यधिक आदर प्रदर्शित करता है या जो व्यक्ति अब तक आपके प्रति तटस्थ या शत्रुतापूर्ण व्यवहार करता था और अब अचानक अतीव आदर प्रदर्शित करने लगा है तो समझ लो कि दाल में कुछ काला है। अर्थात् आदर प्रदर्शित करने वाला व्यक्ति कोई न कोई चाल चलने वाला है। पाठ में जब चाणक्य अपने शत्रु (राक्षस) के मित्र चन्दनदास के प्रति अतीव आदरपूर्ण व्यवहार करने लगता है तब चन्दनदास यह कहता है कि चाणक्य में एकाएक आया यह परिवर्तन अवश्य ही इनकी कोई कपटी चाल का हिस्सा है।
भाव यह कि हमें अचानक अत्यधिक आदर करने वाले व्यक्ति के प्रति सचेत होकर रहना चाहिए।

(ख) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति राजानः।
(प्रसन्न हुई प्रजाओं से राजा लोग बदले में अपना हित भी करवाना चाहता है)
भावार्थ :-उपर्युक्त सूक्ति हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी भाग-2’ में संकलित ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ पाठ से उद्धृत की गयी है। यह पाठ महाकवि विशाखदत्त के नाटक ‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ से संकलित है। सूक्ति में राजा और प्रजा के पारस्परिक सम्बन्धों के विषय में बतलाया गया है।
प्रदत्त सूक्ति का भाव यह है कि राजा अपनी प्रजाओं की हर प्रकार की रक्षा करता है और यदि प्रजाएँ राजा के प्रशासन से सर्वथा प्रसन्न हैं तो राजा भी यह आशा करता है कि प्रजायें भी राजा की इच्छा के अनुसार कार्य करें। पाठ में चाणक्य चन्दनदास से पूछता है कि क्या आपका व्यापार ठीक चल रहा है। चन्दनदास कहता है कि बिल्कुल ठीक चल रहा है। चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य के राज्य में हमें कोई कठिनाई नहीं है। चाणक्य कहता है कि यदि आप उनके प्रशासन से प्रसन्न हैं; तो आप भी राजा का कुछ हित कीजिए। अर्थात् राजा नन्द के मन्त्री राक्षस के जो परिवार चन्दनदास के पास रह रहा है; वह उस परिवार को वर्तमान के राजा चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य को सौंप दे।
भाव यह कि राजा और प्रजा का पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध उपकार एवं प्रत्युपकार “Give and take” पर आधारित होता है।

कीदृशस्तृणानामग्निना सह विरोधः।
प्रसंग :-“कीदृशस्तृणानामग्निना सह विरोधः” यह सूक्ति हमारी संस्कृत की पाठ्यपुस्तक “शेमुषी भाग-2′ में मुद्राराक्षस नाटक से संकलित पाठ “प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्” से उद्धृत की गयी है। इसमें बड़ों के साथ छोटे कैसे शत्रुता मोल ले सकते हैं; इस तथ्य को प्रकट किया गया है।
सरलार्थ :-तिनकों का अग्नि के साथ विरोध सम्भव नहीं है।
भावार्थ :-ऊपर लिखित सक्ति का भावार्थ यह है कि बड़े छोटों से वैर करें यह तो समझ आ जाता है क्योंकि ऐसा करने पर वे उन्हें सजा आदि देने का सामर्थ्य रखते हैं; परन्तु छोटे बड़ों के साथ वैर या द्वेष रखें यह सम्भव नहीं है क्योंकि उनके पास बड़ों को दण्डित करने का सामर्थ्य नहीं होता है। पाठ में चाणक्य चन्दनदास को कहता है कि आप राजा अर्थात् चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य का विरोध करना छोड़ दो तब चन्दनदास कहता है कि आप यह क्या कह रहे हैं; मैं राजा का विरोध क्यों करूँगा क्योंकि क्या कभी तिनके अग्नि का विरोध कर सकते हैं अर्थात् कभी नहीं।
अतः जहाँ सूर्य को दीपक दिखाने जैसी बात हो या दो पक्षों में बहुत बड़ा अन्तर हो वहाँ उपर्युक्त सूक्ति का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

(ग) शिरसि भयम् अतिदूरं प्रतिकारः।
(चाणक्य चन्दनदास को धमकी देते हुए कहता है कि-भय आपके सिर पर मण्डरा रहा है और उसका उपाय बहुत दूर है)
भावार्थ :-‘शिरसि भयम् अतिदूरे प्रतिकारः’ यह सूक्ति हमारी संस्कृत की पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी भाग-2’ में संकलित पाठ ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ पाठ से उद्धृत की गयी है। इसमें अप्रस्तुत की अपेक्षा प्रस्तुत से लाभ उठाने की बात कही गयी है।
सूक्ति का भावार्थ यह है कि चन्दनदास तुम जिस व्यक्ति (मन्त्री राक्षस) के लिए कार्य कर रहे हो; वह यहाँ नहीं है और आपकी इस समय कोई सहायता भी नहीं कर सकता है जबकि यदि तुम अपने घर पर छुपे हुए मन्त्री के परिवार को हमें सौंप देते हो तो हम आपको सजा देने की अपेक्षा पुरस्कृत भी कर सकते हैं। अब आप निर्णय करो कि वर्तमान का लाभ उठाना है या भविष्य के साथ चिपके रहना है। इस सूक्ति का प्रयोग वर्तमान और भविष्य में से एक का चुनाव करने के विकल्प के रूप में किया जाता है।

सुलभेष्वर्थलाभेषु परसंवेदने जने ।
क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यादिदानीं शिविना विना ॥

प्रसंग :-उपर्युक्त सूक्ति हमारी संस्कृत की पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी भाग-2’ में मुद्राराक्षस नाटक से उद्धृत पाठ ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ से ली गयी है। इसमें चन्दनदास की मित्र के प्रति निष्ठा को देखकर उसकी प्रशंसा में कहता है कि आपने तो परोपकार में राजा शिवि की भान्ति आदर्श प्रस्तुत कर दिया।
सरलार्थ :-चाणक्य चन्दनदास की मित्र के प्रति निष्ठा को देखकर कहता है कि-दूसरों की वस्तु के समर्पित करने पर बहुत धन प्राप्त होने की स्थिति में भी दूसरों की वस्तु के सुरक्षा रूपी कठिन कार्य को ‘शिवि’ को छोड़कर तुम्हारे अतिरिक्त दूसरा कौन कर सकता है।
भावार्थ :-ऊपर लिखित सूक्ति का भाव यह है कि धन लोभ का त्याग करके भी धरोहर की रक्षा करना किसी विरले ही महापुरुष के वश की बात होती है। चाणक्य कहता है कि चन्दनदास मन्त्री राक्षस के परिवार को चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य को सौंप देने पर आप धन और पद की प्राप्ति कर सकते हैं तथापि आप अपनी धरोहर की रक्षा के प्रति वचनबद्ध हैं। ऐसी निष्ठा या तो हमने शिवि द्वारा कबूतर रक्षण में देखी थी या फिर आज आप में देख रहे हैं।
संसार में ऐसे लोग भी विद्यमान हैं जो सब कुछ त्याग कर भी अपने वचन पर अडिग रहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
स्थूलपदानि आधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत
(स्थूलपदों के आधार पर प्रश्ननिर्माण कीजिए-)
(क) अत्यादरः शङ्कनीयः।
(ख) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति राजानः।
(ग) राजनि अविरुद्धवृत्तिर्भव।
(घ) सन्तमपि गेहे अमात्यराक्षस्य गृहजनं न समर्पयामि।
(ङ) नन्दस्यैव अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिम् उत्पादयति।
उत्तराणि-(प्रश्ननिर्माणम्)
(क) अत्यादरः कीदृशः?
(ख) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति के?
(ग) कस्मिन् अविरुद्धवृत्तिर्भव?
(घ) सन्तमपि गेहे कस्य गृहजनं न समर्पयामि?
(ङ) नन्दस्यैव अर्थसम्बन्धः किम् उत्पादयति?

प्रश्न 3.
अधोलिखित-प्रश्नानां प्रदत्तोत्तरविकल्पेषु शुद्धं विकल्पं विचित्य लिखत
(अधोलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर के लिए दिए गए विकल्पों में से शुद्ध विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए-)
(क) ‘कदाचिच्च’ पदस्य सन्धिविच्छेदोऽस्ति
(i) कदाचित् + च
(ii) कदाचिच् + च
(iii) कदा + चिच्च
(iv) कदाचित + च।
उत्तरम्:
(i) कदाचित् + च।

(ख) ‘प्राणेभ्यः + अपि’ अत्र सन्धियुक्तपदम्
(i) प्राणेभ्योरपि
(ii) प्राणेभ्योऽअपि
(iii) प्राणेभ्योष्वपि
(iv) प्राणेभ्योऽपि।
उत्तरम्:
(iv) प्राणेभ्योऽपि।

(ग) ‘गृहजनम्’ अस्मिन् पदे कः समासोऽस्ति ?
(i) बहुव्रीहिः
(ii) तत्पुरुषः
(ii) अव्ययीभावः
(iv) द्वन्द्वः ।
उत्तरम्:
(ii) तत्पुरुषः

(घ) ‘अपरिक्लेशः’ इति पदस्य समास-विग्रहः
(i) अपरः क्लेशः
(ii) क्लेशम् अनतिक्रम्य
(iii) न परिक्लेशः
(iv) अपरिहार्यः क्लेशः।
उत्तरम्:
(iii) न परिक्लेशः

(ङ) ‘द्रष्टुम्’ इति पदे कः प्रत्ययः ?
(i) त्व
(ii) तल्
(iii) तुमुन्
(iv) क्ता।
उत्तरम्:
(iii) तुमुन्

(च) ………. प्रचीयन्ते संव्यवहारणां वृद्धिलाभाः ?
(रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः अव्ययपदेन)
(i) अपि
(ii) ह्यः
(iii) न
(iv) च।
उत्तरम्:
(i) अपि

(छ) मम विद्यालये ……… प्रमुखं प्रवेशद्वारम् अस्ति।
(रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः उचितसंख्यापदेन)
(i) एकम्
(ii) एका
(iii) चतस्रः
(iv) शताधिकम्।
उत्तरम्:
(i) एकम्।

(ज) आर्यस्य प्रसादेन कस्य वणिज्या अखण्डिता ?
(i) अमात्यराक्षसस्य
(ii) चाणक्यस्य
(iii) चन्दनदासस्य
(iv) चन्द्रगुप्तस्य।
उत्तरम्
(iii) चन्दनदासस्य।

(झ) तृणानां केन सह विरोधः भवति ?
(i) जलेन
(ii) अग्निना
(iii) वायुना
(iv) पशुना।
उत्तरम्:
(i) अग्निना

(ज) ‘आर्येण’ अत्र का विभक्तिः प्रयुक्ता ?
(i) प्रथमा
(ii) सप्तमी
(iii) तृतीया
(iv) चतुर्थी।
उत्तरम्:
(iii) तृतीया।

यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत
(ट) ‘भीताः’ इति पदस्य प्रकृति-प्रत्ययौ लिखत।
(ठ) ‘ननु भवता प्रष्टव्याः स्मः। (अत्र किम् अव्ययपदं प्रयुक्तम्)
(ड) ‘राजनि अविरुद्धवृत्तिर्भव। (‘भव’ अत्र कः लकारः प्रयुक्तः ?)
(ढ) अयम् विद्यालयः 12 कक्षापर्यन्तः अस्ति। (अङ्कस्थाने संस्कृतसंख्यावाचक-विशेषणं लिखत)
(ण) प्राचार्यस्य 2 सहायकौ उपप्राचार्यों स्तः। (अङ्कस्थाने संस्कृतसंख्यावाचकविशेषणं लिखत)
(त) शिविना विना इदं दुष्करं कः कुर्यात्। (रेखाङ्कितपदेन प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत)
उत्तराणि-
(ट) ‘भीताः’ – भी + क्त।
(ठ) ‘ननु’ इति अव्ययपदं प्रयुक्तम्।
(ड) ‘भव’ अत्र लोट् लकारः प्रयुक्तः ।
(ढ) अयम् विद्यालयः द्वादश-कक्षापर्यन्तः अस्ति।
(ण) प्राचार्यस्य द्वौ सहायकौ उपप्राचार्यों स्तः।
(त) केन विना इदं दुष्करं कः कुर्यात् ?

प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः पठित-अवबोधनम्

निर्देशः-अधोलिखितं गद्यांशं पठित्वा एतदाधारितान् प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृत-पूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
(अधोलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर इन पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृत के पूर्ण वाक्य में लिखिए-)

1. चाणक्यः – वत्स ! मणिकारश्रेष्ठिनं चन्दनदासमिदानीं द्रष्टुमिच्छामि। शिष्यः
शिष्यः – तथेति (निष्क्रम्य चन्दनदासेन सह प्रविश्य) इतः इतः श्रेष्ठिन् (उभौ परिक्रामत:)
शिष्यः – (उपसृत्य) उपाध्याय ! अयं श्रेष्ठी चन्दनदासः।
चन्दनदासः -जयत्वार्यः।
चाणक्यः – श्रेष्ठिन् ! स्वागतं ते। अपि प्रचीयन्ते संव्यवहारणां वृद्धिलाभाः ?
चन्दनदासः – (आत्मगतम्) अत्यादरः शङ्कनीयः। (प्रकाशम्) अथ किम्। आर्यस्य प्रसादेन अखण्डिता मे वणिज्या।
चाणक्यः – भो श्रेष्ठिन् ! प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति राजानः।
चन्दनदासः – आज्ञापयतु आर्यः, किं कियत् च अस्मजनादिष्यते इति।
चाणक्यः – भो श्रेष्ठिन् ! चन्द्रगुप्तराज्यमिदं न नन्दराज्यम्। नन्दस्यैव अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिमुत्पादयति। चन्द्रगुप्तस्य तु भवतामपरिक्लेश एव।
चन्दनदासः – (सहर्षम्) आर्य ! अनुगृहीतोऽस्मि।

पाठ्यांश-प्रश्नोत्तर
(क) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत
(i) चाणक्यः कं द्रुष्टुम् इच्छति ?
(ii) आर्यस्य प्रसादेन कस्य वणिज्या अखण्डिता ?
(iii) अनुगृहीतः कः भवति ?
(iv) कस्य एव अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिम् उत्पादयति ?
(v) अत्यादरः कीदृशः ?
(vi) चन्दनदासः कः अस्ति ?
(vii) किम् इच्छन्ति राजानः ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) चाणक्यः चन्दनदासं द्रुष्टुम् इच्छति।
(ii) आर्यस्य प्रसादेन चन्दनदासस्य वणिज्या अखण्डिता।
(iii) अनुगृहीतः चन्दनदासः भवति।
(iv) नन्दस्य एव अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिम् उत्पादयति।
(v) अत्यादरः शङ्कनीयः।
(vi) चन्दनदासः मणिकारश्रेष्ठी अस्ति।
(vii) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियम् इच्छन्ति राजानः ।

(ख) निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत
(i) ‘परिक्रामतः’ अत्र कः उपसर्गः प्रयुक्तः ?
(ii) ‘अखण्डिता वणिज्या’-अत्र विशेष्यपदं किम् ?
(ii) ‘व्यापाराणाम्’ इत्यर्थे प्रयुक्तं पदं किम् ?
(iv) ‘अस्मज्जनादिष्यते’-अत्र ‘अस्मत्’ इति सर्वनाम कस्मै प्रयुक्तम् ?
(v) ‘दरिद्रः’ इत्यस्य प्रयुक्तं विलोमपदं किम् ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) परि।
(ii) वणिज्या।
(iii) संव्यवहाराणाम्।
(iv) चन्दनदासाय।
(v) श्रेष्ठी।

हिन्दीभाषया पाठबोधः

शब्दार्था:-मणिकारश्रेष्ठिनम् = (रत्नकारं वणिजम्) मणियों का व्यापारी । निष्क्रम्य = (बहिर्गत्वा) बाहर निकलकर। परिक्रामतः = (परिभ्रमणं कुर्वतः) (दोनों) परिभ्रमण करते है। उपसृत्य = (समीपं गत्वा) पास जाकर। प्रचीयन्ते =(वृद्धिं प्राप्नुवन्ति) बढ़ते हैं । संव्यवहाराणाम् = (व्यापाराणाम्) व्यापारों का। आत्मगतम् = (स्वगतम्) मन-ही-मन। प्रकाशम् = (प्रकटरूपे) प्रकट रूप में। शङ्कनीयः = (सन्देहास्पदम्) शंका करने योग्य। प्रसादेन = (कृपया) कृपा से। अखण्डिता = (निर्बाधा) बाधारहित । वणिज्या = (वाणिज्यम्) व्यापार । प्रीताभ्यः = (प्रसन्नाभ्यः) प्रसन्नजनों के प्रति। प्रतिप्रियम् = (प्रत्युपकारम्) उपकार के बदले किया गया उपकार। अपरिक्लेशः = (दु:खाभाव:) दुःख का अभाव।

प्रसंगः-प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘शेमुषी द्वितीयो भागः’ के ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। चाणक्य से भेंट करने के लिए उनकी अनुमति से सेठ चन्दनदास को चाणक्य के सामने लाया जाता है और चाणक्य उसका बहुत आदर करते हुए चन्द्रगुप्त के राज्य में उसके व्यापार की वृद्धि के बारे में पूछता है। इसी का वर्णन प्रस्तुत नाटयांश में है।

सरलार्थः
चाणक्य – पुत्र ! मैं इस समय सुवर्ण व्यापारी सेठ चन्दनदास को देखना (मिलना) चाहता हूँ।
शिष्य – ठीक ही (बाहर निकलकर चन्दनदास के साथ प्रवेश करके) इधर से इधर से सेठ जी ( दोनों घूमते हैं)।
शिष्य – (पास जाकर) उपाध्यायजी ! ये सेठ चन्दनदास हैं।
चन्दनदास – आर्य की जय हो।
चाणक्य – सेठ जी ! आपका स्वागत है। क्या आपके व्यापार-कार्यों की लाभवृद्धियाँ हो रही हैं ?
चन्दनदास – (मन-ही-मन) अत्यधिक आदर शङ्का (सन्देह) के योग्य है। (प्रकट रूप में) और क्या! आर्य की कृपा से मेरा व्यापार परिपूर्ण है।
चाणक्य – अरे सेठ जी ! राजा प्रसन्न हुई अपनी प्रजा से बदले में प्रिय चाहते हैं। अर्थात् राजा का तुम्हारे प्रति जो मृदु व्यवहार है, उसके बदले में वे भी आपसे कुछ प्रिय व्यवहार चाहते हैं।
चन्दनदास – आर्य आज्ञा करें, इस व्यक्ति से क्या और कितना चाहते हैं ?
चाणक्य – अरे सेठजी ! यह चन्द्रगुप्त का राज्य है, न कि नन्द का राज्य। धन का सम्बन्ध नन्द के लिए ही प्रीति उपजाता है। चन्द्रगुप्त के लिए तो आपका दुःख रहित होना ही प्रीतिदायक है।
चन्दनदास – (हर्ष के साथ) आर्य ! अनुगृहीत हुआ हूँ।

भावार्थ:-भाव यह है कि चाणक्य चन्दनदास को आदरपूर्वक मिलने के लिए बुलाता है। चन्दनदास अपने प्रति चाणक्य के अति आदर को शंका की दृष्टि से देखता है। चाणक्य उससे पूछता है कि चन्द्रगुप्त के राज्य में उसका व्यापार फल-फूल रहा है या नहीं। चन्दनदास कहता है कि बिल्कुल ठीक चल रहा है। चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य के राज्य में हमें कोई कठिनाई नहीं है। चाणक्य कहता है कि यदि आप उनके प्रशासन से प्रसन्न हैं; तो आप भी राजा का कुछ हित कीजिए। क्योंकि राजा और प्रजा का पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध उपकार एवं प्रत्युपकार “Give and take” पर आधारित होता है।
नोट-संस्कृत में वाक्य के आरम्भ में आने वाला ‘अपि’ शब्द प्रश्नवाचक होता है-अपि = किम्। जैसे-अपि कुशलोऽसि ?
‘क्या आप कुशल हैं ?’

2. चाणक्यः भो श्रेष्ठिन् ! स चापरिक्लेशः कथमाविर्भवति इति ननु भवता प्रष्टव्याः स्मः।
चन्दनदासः – आज्ञापयतु आर्यः।
चाणक्यः – राजनि अविरुद्धवृत्तिर्भव।
चन्दनदासः – आर्य ! कः पुनरधन्यो राज्ञो विरुद्ध इति आर्येणावगम्यते ?
चन्दनदासः – (कर्णो पिधाय) शान्तं पापम्, शान्तं पापम्। कीदृशस्तृणानामग्निना सह विरोध: ?
चाणक्यः – अयमीदृशो विरोधः यत् त्वमद्यापि राजापथ्यकारिणोऽमात्यराक्षसस्य गृहजनं स्वगृहे रक्षसि।
चन्दनदासः – आर्य ! अलीकमेतत्। केनाप्यनार्येण आर्याय निवेदितम्।
चाणक्यः – भो श्रेष्ठिन् ! अलमाशङ्कया। भीताः पूर्वराजपुरुषाः पौराणामनिच्छतामपि गृहेषु गृहजनं निक्षिप्य देशान्तरं व्रजन्ति। ततस्तत्प्रच्छादनं दोषमुत्पादयति।

पाठ्यांश-प्रश्नोत्तर
(क) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत
(i) कस्मिन् अविरुद्धवृत्तिः भवेत् ?
(ii) तृणानां केन सह विरोधः भवति ?
(ii) राजापथ्यकारी कः अस्ति ? ।
(iv) चन्दनदासः कस्य गृहजनं रक्षति ?
(v) के देशान्तरं व्रजन्ति?
(vi) चाणक्येन राज्ञः विरुद्धः अधन्यः कः अवगम्यते ?
(vii) केषां गृहजनं स्वगृहे प्रच्छादनं दोषम् उत्पादयति ?
उत्तराणि
(i) राजनि अविरुद्धवृत्तिः भवेत्।
(ii) तृणानां अग्निना सह विरोधः भवति।
(iii) राजापथ्यकारी अमात्यराक्षसः अस्ति।
(iv) चन्दनदासः कस्य गृहजनं रक्षति।
(v) पूर्वराजपुरुषाः देशान्तरं व्रजन्ति।
(vi) चाणक्येन राज्ञः विरुद्धः अधन्यः चन्दनदासः अवगम्यते।
(vii) पूर्वराजपुरुषाणां गृहजनं स्वगृहे प्रच्छादनं दोषम् उत्पादयति।

(ख) निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत
(i) ‘असत्यम्’ इत्यर्थे प्रयुक्तं पदं किम् ?
(ii) ‘राजहितकारिणः’ इत्यस्य प्रयुक्तं विलोमपदं किम् ?
(ii) ‘भीताः पूर्वराजपुरुषाः’ अत्र विशेषणपदं किम् ?
(iv) ‘निक्षिप्य’ अत्र कः प्रत्ययः प्रयुक्तः ?
(v) ‘केनाप्यनार्येण’ अत्र सन्धिच्छेदं कुरुत।
उत्तराणि
(i) अलीकम्।
(ii) राजापथ्यकारिणः ।
(iii) भीताः ।
(iv) ल्यप् ।
(v) केन + अपि + अनार्येण।

हिन्दीभाषया पाठबोधः
शब्दार्थाः-आविर्भवति = (अवतारणाम् करोति) अवतरित करना, उपस्थित करना। आज्ञापयतु = (आदिशतु) आदेश कीजिए। अर्थसम्बन्धः = (धनस्य सम्बन्धः) धन का सम्बन्ध । परिक्लेशः = (दुःखम्) दुःख । प्रष्टव्याः = (प्रष्टुं योग्याः) पूछने योग्य। अविरुद्धवृत्तिः = (अविरुद्धस्वभाव:) विरोधरहित स्वभाववाला। अवगम्यते = (ज्ञायते) जाना जाता है। पिधाय = (आच्छाद्य) बन्दकर। राजापथ्यकारिणः = (नृपापकारकारिणः) राजाओं का अहित करने वाले। अलीकम् = (असत्यम्) झूठ। अनार्येण = (दुष्टेन) दुष्ट के द्वारा। पौराणाम् = (नगरवासिनाम्) नगर के लोगों के। अनिच्छताम् = (न इच्छताम्) न चाहते हुओं का। निक्षिप्य = (स्थापयित्वा) रखकर। व्रजन्ति = (गच्छन्ति) जाते हैं। प्रच्छादनम् = (आच्छादनम्) छिपाना।

प्रसंग:-प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘शेमुषी द्वितीयो भागः’ के ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। चाणक्य सेठ चन्दनदास से बातचीत करते हुए स्पष्ट करता है कि राजा का अहित करने वाले के परिवार को अपने घर में आश्रय देना दण्डनीय अपराध है और अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार को छिपाकर तुमने भी यह अपराध किया है। इसी का वर्णन प्रस्तुत नाट्यांश में है।

सरलार्थ:
चाणक्य – अरे सेठ जी ! और वह दुःख का अभाव कैसे पैदा होता है, बस यही आपसे पूछा जाना है।
चन्दनदास – आज्ञा कीजिए आर्य।
चाणक्य – राजा के प्रति उसके अनुकूल व्यवहार वाले होओ।
चन्दनदास – आर्य ! फिर कौन अभागा राजा के विरुद्ध आचरण करने वाला जाना गया है ?
चाणक्य – पहले तो आप ही हैं।
चन्दनदास – (कानों पर हाथ रखकर) पाप शान्त हो, पाप शान्त हो-अग्नि के साथ तिनकों का कैसा विरोध ?
चाणक्य – यह विरोध ऐसे है कि तुम आज भी राजा का अहित करने वाले अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार के लोगों की अपने घर में रक्षा कर रहे हो।
चन्दनदास – आर्य, यह झूठ है। किस दुष्ट के द्वारा आर्य को निवेदन किया गया है।
चाणक्य – अरे सेठ जी । आशका मत करो। डरे हुए पूर्व राजपुरुष नगरवासियों के न चाहते हुए भी उनके घरों में (अपने) परिवार के लोगों को रखकर परदेश को चले जाते हैं। इसी से उनको छिपाना दोष उत्पन्न करता है। अर्थात् इस प्रकार राजा के अहितैषी राजपुरुषों के परिवारजनों को छिपाना अपराध है।

भावार्थ:-भाव यह है कि चाणक्य चन्दनदास को कहता है कि वह आज भी राजा का अहित करने वाले अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार के लोगों की अपने घर में रक्षा कर रहा है और इस प्रकार राजा का अहित चाहने वाले राजपुरुषों के परिवारजनों को छिपाना अपराध है।

3. चन्दनदासः – एवं नु इदम्। तस्मिन् समये आसीदस्मद्गृहे अमात्यराक्षसस्य गृहजन इति।
चाणक्यः – पूर्वम् ‘अनृतम्’, इदानीम् “आसीत्” परस्परविरुद्ध वचने।
चन्दनदासः – आर्य ! तस्मिन् समये आसीदस्मद्गृहे अमात्यराक्षस्य गृहजन इति।
चाणक्यः – अथेदानी क्व गतः ?
चन्दनदासः – न जानामि।
चाणक्यः – कथं न ज्ञायते नाम ? भो श्रेष्ठिन् शिरसि भयम् अतिदूरं तत्प्रतिकारः।
चन्दनदासः – आर्य ! किं मे भयं दर्शयसि ? सन्तमपि गेहे अमात्यराक्षस्य गृहजनं न समर्पयामि, किं पुनरसन्तम् ?
चाणक्यः – चन्दनदास ! एष एव ते निश्चयः ?
चन्दनदासः – बाढम् एष एव मे निश्चयः।
चाणक्यः – (स्वगतम् ) साधु ! चन्दनदास साधु। सुलभेष्वर्थलाभेषु परसंवेदने जने। क इदं दुष्करं कुर्यादिदानीं शिविना विना॥

पाठ्यांश-प्रश्नोत्तर

(क) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत
(i) तस्मिन् समये कस्य गृहे अमात्य-राक्षसस्य गृहजनः आसीत् ?
(ii) पूर्वम् ‘अनृतम्’, इदानीं किम् ?
(iii) कस्य प्रतिकारः अतिदूरम् अस्ति ?
(iv) भयं कः दर्शयति ?
(v) केन विना इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात् ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) तस्मिन् समये चन्दनदासस्य गृहे अमात्य-राक्षसस्य गृहजनः आसीत्।
(ii) पूर्वम् ‘अनृतम्’, इदानीं किम् ‘आसीत्’ ।
(iii) भयस्य प्रतिकारः अतिदूरम् अस्ति।
(iv) भयं चाणक्यः दर्शयति।
(v) शिविना विना इदं दुष्करं कुर्यात्।

(ख) निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत
(i) ‘परस्परविरुद्धे वचने’ अत्र विशेषणपदं किम् ?
(ii) ‘कुत्र’ इत्यर्थे अत्र प्रयुक्तम् अव्ययपदं किम् ?
(iii) ‘सन्तम्’ इत्यस्य प्रयुक्तं विलोमपदं किम् ?
(iv) ‘एष एव मे निश्चयः’ अत्र ‘मे’ इति सर्वनाम कस्मै प्रयुक्तम् ?
(v) ‘सुलभेष्वर्थलाभेषु’ अत्र सन्धिच्छेदं कुरुत।
उत्तराणि:
(i) परस्परविरुद्ध।
(ii) क्व।
(ii) असन्तम्।
(iv) चन्दनदासाय।
(v) सुलभेषु + अर्थलाभेषु।

हिन्दीभाषया पाठबोधः
शब्दार्थाः-अमात्यः = (मन्त्रीं) मन्त्री। प्रतिकारः = (प्रतिशोधार्थं कृता क्रिया) बदले की कार्यवाही। असन्तम् = (न निवसन्तम्) न रहने वाले। बाढम् = (आम्) हाँ। संवेदने = (समर्पणे कृते सति) समर्पण कर देने पर। जने = (लोके) संसार में। शिविना = (शिवि-नृपेण) राजा शिवि के द्वारा।

प्रसंगः-प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘शेमुषी द्वितीयो भागः’ के ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। चन्दनदास के परस्पर विरुद्ध वचनों में भी चाणक्य जब यह स्पष्ट कर देते हैं कि अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार को उसने अपनी सुरक्षा में रखा हुआ हैं तो चन्दनदास राजदण्ड की बात सुनकर भी निर्भय होकर कहता है कि घर में होने पर भी मैं अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार को राजा के लिए समर्पित न करता। फिर घर में न होने पर उसे दिया ही कैसे जा सकता है ? इसी का वर्णन प्रस्तुत नाट्यांश में है।

सरलार्थः
चन्दनदास – हाँ ऐसा ही है। तब मेरे घर में अमात्य राक्षस का परिवार था।
चाणक्य -पहले ‘झूठ’, अब ‘था’ ऐसे दो परस्पर विपरीत वचन।
चन्दनदास – आर्य ! उस समय मेरे घर में अमात्य राक्षस का परिवार था।
चाणक्य – तो अब कहाँ गया ?
चन्दनदास – नहीं जानता हूँ।
चाणक्य – क्यों नहीं जानते। अरे सेठ जी ! (भय) सिर पर है, उसका प्रतिकार (निवारण) बहुत दूर।
चन्दनदास – आर्य ! क्या मुझे भय दिखा रहे हो ? घर में होने पर भी अमात्य राक्षस के परिजन को नहीं देता, फिर न होने पर तो बात ही क्या ?
चाणक्य – चन्दनदास ! यही तुम्हारा निश्चय है ?
चन्दनदास – हाँ यही मेरा निश्चय है।
चाणक्य – (मन-ही-मन) धन्य ! चन्दनदास धन्य!
श्लोकान्वयः – परस्य संवेदने अर्थलाभेषु सुलभेषु इदं दुष्करं कर्म जने (लोके) शिविना विना कः कुर्यात् ।
संस्कृतेऽर्थः – परस्य परकीयस्य अर्थस्य संवेदने समर्पणे कृते सति अर्थलाभेषु सुलभेषु सत्सु स्वार्थं तृणीकृत्य
परसंरक्षणरूपमेवं दुष्करं कर्म जने (लोके) एकेन शिविना विना त्वदन्यः कः कुर्यात् । शिविरपि कृते युगे कृतवान् त्वं तु इदानीं कलौ युगे करोषि इति ततोऽप्यतिशयित-सुचरितत्वमिति भावः।

श्लोक का सरलार्थ:-दूसरों की वस्तु को समर्पित करने पर बहुत धन प्राप्त होने की स्थिति में भी दूसरों की वस्तु की सुरक्षा रूपी कठिन कार्य को एक शिवि को छोड़कर तुम्हारे अलावा दूसरा कौन कर सकता है ?

भावार्थ:-भाव यह है कि चन्दनदास के परस्पर विरुद्ध वचनों के आधार पर चाणक्य जब यह स्पष्ट कर देता है कि अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार को उसने अपनी सुरक्षा में रखा हुआ है तो चन्दनदास राजदण्ड की बात सुनकर भी निर्भय होकर कहता है कि घर में होने पर भी मैं अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार को राजा के लिए समर्पित न करता। फिर घर में न होने पर उसे दिया ही कैसे जा सकता है ?
प्रस्तुत श्लोक के माध्यम से महाकवि विशाखदत्त ने बड़े ही संक्षिप्त शब्दों में चन्दनदास के गुणों का वर्णन किया है। इसमें कवि ने कहा है कि दूसरों की वस्तु की रक्षा करनी कठिन होती है। यहाँ चन्दनदास के द्वारा अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार की रक्षा का कठिन काम किया गया है। न्यायसंरक्षण को महाकवि भास ने भी दुष्कर कार्य मानते हुए स्वप्नवासवदत्तम् में कहा है-‘दुष्करं न्यासरक्षणम्’।

निष्कर्षः- चन्दनदास अगर अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार को राजा को समर्पित कर देता, तो राजा उससे प्रसन्न भी होता और बहुत-सा धन पारितोषिक के रूप में देता, पर उसने भौतिक लाभ व लोभ को दरकिनार करते हुए अपने प्राणप्रिय मित्र के परिवार की रक्षा को अपना कर्तव्य माना और इसे निभाया भी। कवि ने चन्दनदास के इस कार्य की तुलना राजा शिवि के कार्यों से की है जिन्होंने अपने शरणागत कपोत की रक्षा के लिए अपने शरीर के अंगों को काटकर दे दिया था। राजा शिवि ने तो सत्युग में ऐसा किया था, परन्तु चन्दनदास ने ऐसा कार्य इस कलियुग में किया है, इसलिए वह और भी अधिक प्रशंसा का पात्र है।

प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः (प्राणों से भी प्यारा मित्र) Sumarry in Hindi

प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः पाठ-परिचय

‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ महाकवि विशाखदत्त द्वारा रचित राजनीति पर केन्द्रित एक महत्त्वपूर्ण नाटक है। इस नाटक में आठ अंक हैं। जिनमें चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य के शासन को चाणक्य द्वारा स्थापित करने का कथानक है। कूटनीतिज्ञ चाणक्य की बुद्धि से चन्द्रगुप्त न केवल पाटलिपुत्र का राज्य प्राप्त करता है अपितु अपनी कूटनीति के बल पर ही चाणक्य नन्द वंश के अति गुणवान् स्वामिभक्त महा-मन्त्री राक्षस को भी चन्द्रगुप्त का मन्त्री बनाने के लिए विवश कर देता है। राक्षस को वश में करने में चाणक्य की कूटनीति, गुप्तचर व्यवस्था तथा राक्षस की मुद्रा से अंकित एक पत्र की महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है। मुद्रा के द्वारा राक्षस को वश में करने के कारण ही इस नाटक का नाम ‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ रखा गया है।
पाठ के रूप में प्रस्तुत नाट्यांश ‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ इसी ‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ नाटक के प्रथम अङ्क से उद्धृत किया गया है। नन्दवंश का विनाश करने के बाद उसके हितैषियों को खोज-खोजकर पकड़वाने के क्रम में चाणक्य, अमात्य राक्षस एवं उसके कुटुम्बियों की जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए चन्दनदास से वार्तालाप करता है, किन्तु चाणक्य को अमात्य राक्षस के विषय में कोई सुराग न देता हुआ चन्दनदास अपनी मित्रता पर दृढ़ रहता है। उसके मैत्री-भाव से प्रसन्न होता हुआ भी चाणक्य जब उसे राजदण्ड का भय दिखाता है, तब चन्दनदास राजदण्ड भोगने के लिए भी सहर्ष प्रस्तुत हो जाता है। इस प्रकार अपने सुहृद् के लिए प्राणों का भी उत्सर्ग करने के लिए तत्पर चन्दनदास अपनी सुहृद्-निष्ठा का एक ज्वलन्त उदाहरण प्रस्तुत करता है।

प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृदः पाठस्य सारांश:

‘प्राणेभ्योऽपि प्रियः सुहृद्’ यह पाठ महाकवि विशाखदत्त द्वारा रचित ‘मुद्राराक्षसम्’ नामक नाटक से लिया गया है। प्रस्तुत पाठ में राक्षस के मित्र सेठ चन्दनदास का अपने मित्र के प्रति प्रगाढ़ प्रेम दर्शाया गया है। पाठ का सार इस प्रकार है

चाणक्य को अपने गुप्तचरों द्वारा यह पता चल जाता है कि पूर्व राजा नंद के विश्वासपात्र मन्त्री राक्षस के परिवार को राजधानी के एक सेठ चन्दनदास ने अपने घर में छिपाकर रखा हुआ है। चाणक्य अपने शिष्यों के द्वारा पूछताछ के लिए सेठ चन्दनदास को बुलवाता है और बड़े आदर के साथ उसके व्यापार का कुशल पूछता है। उत्तर में चन्दनदास अपने व्यापार वृद्धि पर प्रसन्नता प्रकट करता है। चाणक्य चन्दनदास से कहता है कि अमात्य राक्षस राजा चन्द्रगुप्त का हितैषी नहीं है और विद्रोही राजपुरुषों के परिवार को अपने घर में छिपाकर रखना एक अपराध है।

आपने अमात्य राक्षस के परिवार को अपने घर में छिपाकर यह अपराध किया है। जिसके दंड से बचना कठिन है। चन्दनदास निर्भयतापूर्वक कहता है कि यदि मेरे पास अमात्य राक्षस का परिवार हो भी, तो भी मैं उसे राजा के लिए समर्पित नहीं करूँगा, फिर मेरे पास तो है ही नहीं। चाणक्य मन ही मन चन्दनदास की मित्रता पर प्रसन्न होता है और उसे बधाई देता है कि अपने मित्र के जिस परिवार को सौंपकर इस सेठ को पर्याप्त धन लाभ हो सकता है यह सेठ चन्दनदास उस परिवार को सौंपने को तैयार नहीं है शरण में आए हुए की रक्षा अपने प्राणों से भी बढ़कर करना यह राजा शिवि के अतिरिक्त और कौन कर सकता है। दूसरे शब्दों में सेठ चन्दनदास को राजा शिवि के समान शरणागत की रक्षा करने वाला मानकर चाणक्य ने उसकी प्रशंसा की है और चन्दनदास ने भी अपने प्राणों की बाजी लगाकर अपने मित्र के परिवार की रक्षा करके सिद्ध कर दिया कि मित्र प्राणों से भी प्रिय होता है।

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Sanskrit Solutions Apathit Avabodhanam अपठित-अवबोधनम् Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम्

1. प्रदत्तगद्यांशं पठित्वा अधोलिखित प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत
द्वापरयुगे हस्तिनापुरे शान्तनुः नाम नृपतिः अभवत्। शान्तनोः पुत्रस्य नाम देवव्रतः आसीत्। गंगायाः पुत्रत्वात् तस्य नाम ‘गांगेय’ इत्यपि आसीत्। सः पराक्रमी आसीत्। सः बालब्रह्मचारी, पितृभक्तश्च आसीत्।

(क) शान्तनुः कुत्र राजा आसीत् ?
(ख) देवव्रतः कस्य पुत्रः आसीत् ?
(ग) देवव्रतः कीदृशः आसीत् ?
(घ) पितृभक्तः कः आसीत् ?
(ङ) ‘इत्यपि’ पदे सन्धिच्छेदं कुरुत। (H.B. 2014-A)
उत्तराणि
(क) शान्तनुः हस्तिनापुरे राजा आसीत्।
(ख) देवव्रतः शान्तनोः पुत्रः आसीत्।
(ग) देवव्रतः पराक्रमी, बालब्रह्मचारी, पितृभक्तश्च आसीत्।
(घ) पितृभक्तः देवव्रतः आसीत्।
(ङ) ‘इत्यपि’ = इति + अपि।

2. प्रदत्तगद्यांशं पठित्वा अधोलिखित प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत
एकस्मिन् वने एकः वृक्षः आसीत्। वृक्षे एकः खगः अवसत्। वृक्षे स सुन्दरं नीडम् अरचयत्। तत्र दम्पती उषित्वा शावकानां रक्षाम् अकुरुताम्। एकदा महती वर्षा अभवत्। तदा तत्र एकः वानरः आगच्छत्। खगः तम् अवदत्। त्वं कथं न नीडं रचयसि ? वानरः क्रुद्ध्वा नीडम् अत्रोटयत्।

(क) वृक्षः कुत्र आसीत् ?
(ख) खगः कम् अवदत् ?
(ग) वानरः क्रुद्ध्वा किम् अकरोत् ?
(घ) दम्पती केषां रक्षाम् अकुरुताम् ?
(ङ) ‘आसीत्’ क्रिया पदे क: लकारः ? (H.B. 2014-B)
उत्तराणि
(क) वृक्षः वने आसीत्।
(ख) खगः वानरम् अवदत्।
(ग) वानरः क्रुद्ध्वा नीडम् अत्रोटयत्।
(घ) दम्पती उषित्वा शावकानां रक्षाम् अकुरुताम्।
(ङ) ‘आसीत्’ क्रिया पदे कः लकारः। ।

3. प्रदत्तगद्यांशं पठित्वा अधोलिखितप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत
आचार्यः गुरुः भवति। गुरवः पूज्याः भवन्ति। संसारे गुरून् विना किमपि कार्यं न सिध्यति। अतः गुरवः महत्त्वपूर्णाः सन्ति। गुरवः शिष्याणां हिताय यत् यत् शुभं कथयन्ति तत् तत् वाक्यमेव उपदेशो भवति। अतः आचार्य देवो भव।

(क) गुरवः कीदृशाः भवन्ति ?
(ख) गुरून् विना किं न सिध्यति ?
(ग) गुरवः केषां हिताय उपदिशन्ति ?
(घ) ‘किमपि’ इति पदे सन्धिच्छेदं कुरुत।
(ङ) ‘विना’ योगे का विभक्तिः भवति ? (H.B. 2014-C)
उत्तराणि:
(क) गुरवः पूज्याः भवन्ति।
(ख) गुरून् विना किमपि कार्यं न सिध्यति।
(ग) गुरवः शिष्याणां हिताय उपदिशन्ति।
(घ) ‘किमपि’ = किम् + अपि।
(ङ) ‘विना’ योगे द्वितीया/तृतीया/पञ्चमी विभक्तिः भवति।

4. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखतअहम् एकः छिन्नद्रुमः अस्मि। ह्यः वने एक: नरः आगच्छत्। सः काष्ठाय मम शरीरम् अच्छिनत्। छेदनेन मे शरीरे अनेके व्रणाः जाताः । छुरिकायाः प्रहारम् शरीरात् अश्रुरूपाः जलबिन्दवः अपतन्। अकथनीया मम पीड़ा। हृदयं विदीर्णं जातम्। अश्रुभिः कण्ठः अवरुद्धः । मम अन्तकालः समीपे एव तिष्ठति। काष्ठानि एकत्रीकृत्य सः तु अगच्छत्। परं कोऽस्ति अत्र व्यथा कथाश्रवणाय ?

प्रश्नाः
(i) एषः अनुच्छेदः कस्य आत्मकथां कथयति।
(ii) कदा वने एकः नरः आगच्छत्।।
(iii) सः नरः किमर्थं वृक्षस्य शरीरं अच्छिनत् ?
(iv) छेदनेन वृक्षस्य शरीरे के जाताः ?
(v) वृक्षस्य अश्रुभिः किम् अभवत् ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) एषः अनुच्छेदः एकस्य छिन्नस्य द्रुमस्य आत्मकथां कथयति।
(ii) ह्यः वने एक: नरः आगच्छत् ।
(iii) सः नरः काष्ठाय वृक्षस्य शरीरम् अच्छिनत्।
(iv) छेदनेन वृक्षस्य शरीरे व्रणाः जाताः।।
(v) वृक्षस्य अश्रुभिः जलबिन्दवः अपतन्।

5. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
प्रकृतिः मनुष्यस्य उपकारिणी। मनुष्यैः सह तस्याः शाश्वतः सम्बन्धः। सा विविधरूपेषु अस्मिन् जगति आत्मानं प्रकटयति। विविधाः ओषधयः सकलानि खनिजानि च प्रकृतेः एव शोभा। सा तु नित्यं एव एतैः साधनैः सर्वेषाम् उपकारं करोति, परम् अधन्यः अयं जनः कृतज्ञतां विहाय असाधुसेवितं पथं गच्छति, विविधानि कष्टानि च अनुभवति।

प्रश्नाः-
(i) मनुष्यैः सह कस्याः शाश्वतः सम्बन्धः ?
(ii) प्रकृतिः विविधरूपेषु कुत्र आत्मानं प्रकटयति ?
(iii) प्रकृतेः का शोभा अस्ति ?
(iv) प्रकृति कस्य उपकारिणी अस्ति ?
(v) अधन्यः अयं जनः कृतज्ञतां विहाय किं करोति ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) मनुष्यैः सह प्रकृत्याः शाश्वतः सम्बन्धः ।
(ii) प्रकृतिः विविधरूपेषु जगति आत्मानं प्रकटयति।
(iii) विविधाः ओषधयः सकलानि खनिजानि च प्रकृतेः शोभा अस्ति।
(iv) प्रकृतिः मनुष्यस्य उपकारिणी अस्ति।
(v) अधन्यः अयं जनः कृतज्ञतां विहाय असाधुसेवितं पथं गच्छति।

6. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
अस्माकं देशे अनेकानि राज्यानि सन्ति। तेषु हरियाणा राज्य अति लघुराज्यं वर्तते। अस्य उदयः 1966 तमे वर्षे नवम्बर मासस्य प्रथमे दिनाङ्के अभवत्। हरियाणाप्रदेश: वीराणां भूमिः कथ्यते। अस्य कुरुक्षेत्रे नगरे महाभारतस्य युद्धम् अभवत्। श्रीकृष्ण अर्जुनाय गीतायाः उपदेशम् अत्रैव अयच्छत्। इदं राज्यं कृषिप्रधान राज्यम् अस्ति। अस्य भूमिः अति उपजाऊ: अस्ति। अस्य कृषकाः अतीव परिश्रमं कुर्वन्ति। जनाः साधारणं जीवनं व्यतीतं कुर्वन्ति।

(क) हरियाणा राज्यं कीदृक् राज्यं वर्तते ?
(ख) हरियाणा केषां भूमिः कथ्यते ?
(ग) अस्य कृषकाः किं कुर्वन्ति ?
(घ) अस्य कुरुक्षेत्रनगरे किम् अभवत् ?
(ङ) जनाः कीदृशं जीवन व्यतीतं कुर्वन्ति ?
उत्तरम्
(क) हरियाणा राज्यं लघुराज्यं राज्यं वर्तते।
(ख) हरियाणा वीराणां भूमिः कथ्यते।
(ग) अस्य कृषकाः अतीव परिश्रमं कुर्वन्ति।
(घ) अस्य कुरुक्षेत्रनगरे महाभारतस्य युद्धम् अभवत्।
(ङ) जनाः साधारणं जीवन व्यतीतं कुर्वन्ति।

7. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
निरपराधानां प्राणिनां हिंसनं न कर्तव्यम्, इत्यहिंसायाः भावः। भारतवर्षेऽहिंसायाः स्थानं महत्त्वपूर्णमस्ति। अहिंसाधर्मस्यैव पालनेन भगवतो बुद्धस्य गणना दशावतारेषु क्रियते। भगवान् महावीरोऽपि अहिंसायाः पोषक: आसीत्। अहिंसायाः पालनं मनसा, वाचा, कर्मणा च कर्तव्यम्। निरपराधस्य कस्यापि जन्तोः हिंसनं नूनं निन्दनीयम्।

प्रश्ना:-
(i) अहिंसायाः पालनं कथं कर्तव्यम् ?
(ii) भारतवर्षे कस्याः स्थानं महत्त्वपूर्णमस्ति ?
(iii) अहिंसाधर्मस्यैव पालनेन कस्य गणना दशावतारेषु क्रियते ?
(iv) क: अहिंसायाः पोषकः आसीत् ?
(v) केषां हिंसनं न कर्तव्यम् ?
उत्तराणि
(i) अहिंसायाः पालनं मनसा, वाचा, कर्मणा च कर्तव्यम्।
(ii) भारतवर्षेऽहिंसायाः स्थानं महत्त्वपूर्णमस्ति।
(iii) अहिंसाधर्मस्यैव पालनेन भगवंतो बुद्धस्य गणना दशावतारेषु क्रियते।
(iv) भगवान् महावीरोऽपि अहिंसायाः पोषकः आसीत्।
(v) निरपराधानां प्राणिनां हिंसनं न कर्तव्यम्।

8. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
अद्य भोजनालये पाचकः बहुव्यञ्जनानि पचति। चुल्यामग्निः सम्यक् न ज्वलति। धूमोऽपि मन्दं मन्दं बहि: चारों खण्डों की परीक्षोपयोगी सामग्री नि:सरति । स्थाल्यां बहुमोदकाः सन्ति। कटाहे तप्तं घृतं वर्तते, जलपात्रेषु जलं न दृश्यते। पीठेषु मनुष्या: नोपविष्टाः सन्ति। काष्ठधारः अस्ति, तस्योपरि दधिपात्रं विद्यते।

प्रश्ना:-
(i) स्थाल्यां के सन्ति ?
(ii) कुत्र जलं न दृश्यते ?
(iii) कटाहे कीदृशं घृतं वर्तते ?
(iv) अद्य भोजनालये पाचक: कानि पचति ?
(v) धूमोऽपि कथं बहि: निःसरति ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) स्थाल्यां बहुमोदकाः सन्ति
(ii) जलपात्रेषु जलं न दृश्यते।
(iii) कटाहे तप्तं घृतं वर्तते।।
(iv) अद्य भोजनालये पाचक: बहुव्यञ्जनानि पचति।
(v) धूमोऽपि मन्दं मन्दं बहिः निःसरति।

9. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
स्वस्थं पर्यावरणं अस्माकं जीवनस्य आधारोऽस्ति पर्यावरणस्य आधारः पुष्पिता: पल्लविताः वृक्षाः भवन्ति। वृक्षाः ऑक्सीजन प्रदाय पर्यावरणं स्वस्थं कुर्वन्ति। वृक्षाः पर्यावरणं संतुलितं कुर्वन्ति। ते यथाकालम् मेघानाम् वर्षणे सहायकाः भवन्ति। वृक्षाः पुष्पाणां फलानाम् औषधीनाम् च आगाराः सन्ति। वृक्षपादपानाम् हरीतिमा, तेषां पुष्पाणाम् शोभा, पक्षिणाम् कलरवः च शुष्कहृदयानपि रसविभोरान् कुर्वन्ति।

प्रश्ना:
(i) कस्य आधारः वृक्षाः भवन्ति ?
(ii) वृक्षाः किं प्रदाय पर्यावरणं स्वस्थं कुर्वन्ति ?
(iii) वृक्षाः यथाकालं केषां वर्षणे सहायकाः भवन्ति ?
(iv) वृक्षाः कस्य आगाराः सन्ति ?
(v) वृक्षाणां शोभाः पक्षिणां कलरवः च किं कुर्वन्ति ?
उत्तराणि
(i) पर्यावरणस्य आधारः वृक्षाः भवन्ति।
(ii) वृक्षाः आक्सीजनं प्रदाय पर्यावरणं स्वस्थं कुर्वन्ति।
(iii) वृक्षाः यथाकालं मेघानां वर्षणे सहायकाः भवन्ति।
(iv) वृक्षाः पुष्पाणां फलानाम् औषधीनाम् च आगाराः सन्ति।
(v) वृक्षाणां शोभाः पक्षिणां कलरवः च शुष्कहृदयान् अपि रसविभोरान् कुर्वन्ति।

10. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखतदक्षिणभारते सागरमध्ये एकं लघुद्वीपं वर्तते। तस्मिन् द्वीपे सागरतरङ्गैः क्षाल्यमानं प्राचीनं नगरं कन्याकुमारी इति अस्ति। एषा कन्याकुमारी त्रयाणां सागराणां सङ्गमस्थली। समुद्रजले प्रतिबिम्बितं सूर्योदयस्य दृश्यम् अद्भुतम् एव। सूर्यस्य क्रमश: अरुणा पीता धवला च शोभा दर्शकान् मन्त्रमुग्धान् करोति। सागरस्य लहरीभिः क्षिप्तानां चित्र-विचित्रवर्णानां शुक्तीनां वृष्टिः इव भवति।

प्रश्नाः
(i) सागरमध्ये एकं लघुद्वीपं कुत्र वर्तते ?
(ii) तस्मिन् द्वीपे सागरतरङ्गः क्षाल्यमानं किम् कन्याकुमारी इति अस्ति ?
(iii) एषा कन्याकुमारी केषाम् सइगमस्थली अस्ति ?
(iv) समुद्रजले प्रतिबिम्बितं सूर्योदयस्य दृश्यम् कीदृशं भवति ?
(v) सूर्यस्य कीदृशी शोभा दर्शकान् मन्त्रमुग्धान् करोति ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) सागरमध्ये एकं लघुद्वीपं दक्षिण भारते वर्तते।।
(ii) तस्मिन् द्वीपे सागरतरङ्गैः क्षाल्यमानं प्राचीनं नगरं कन्याकुमारी इति अस्ति।
(iii) एषा कन्याकुमारी त्रयाणां सागराणां सइगमस्थली अस्ति।
(iv) समुद्रजले प्रतिबिम्बितं सूर्योदयस्य दृश्यम् अद्भुतं भवति।
(v) सूर्यस्य क्रमशः अरुणा पीता धवला च शोभा दर्शकान् मन्त्रमुग्धान् करोति।

11. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत-
एकस्मिन् देवालये ताम्रचूडः नाम परिव्राजक: वसति स्म। स च प्रत्यहं भिक्षाटनं कृत्वा जीविकानिर्वाहं करोति। सर्वां भिक्षां भिक्षापात्रे निधाय नागदन्ते अवलम्ब्य रात्रौ स्वपिति। अथ एकदा मूषकाः स्वस्वामिनम् अकथयन्-स्वामिन्। वयं भिक्षां भक्षयतुं न शक्नुमः। भवान् तत्र आरोढुं समर्थः। अतः कृपां कुरु। मूषक-स्वामी भिक्षापात्रं समारुह्य मूषकेभ्यः भिक्षान्नम् अयच्छत्। परिव्राजकः अचिन्तयत् – कथमेनं मारयेयम्। सः जर्जरवंशम् आनीय पुनः पुनः ताडयति। एकदा तस्य मित्रं तत्र आगच्छत् । स परिव्राजकम् अवदत् — यदि त्वं मद्वचनं न शृणोषि तर्हि अन्यत्र यास्यामि । परिव्राजक: उवाच् मा एवं वद। अहं मूषकेण त्रस्तः किं कुर्याम् ?

प्रश्ना:
(i) ताम्रचूड: नाम परिव्राजकः कुत्र वसति स्म ?
(ii) ताम्रचूड: सर्वां भिक्षां किं कृत्वा रात्रौ स्वपिति ?
(iii) मूषक-स्वामी किं कृत्वा मूषकेभ्यः भिक्षान्नम् अयच्छत् ?
(iv) परिव्राजक: किं आनीय पुनः पुनः ताडयति ?
(v) परिव्राजक: किमर्थं मित्रस्य वचनं न शृणोति ?
उत्तराणि:
(i) ताम्रचूड: नाम परिव्राजकः एकस्मिन् देवालये वसति स्म।
(ii) ताम्रचूड: सर्वां भिक्षां भिक्षापात्रे निधाय नागदन्ते अवलम्ब्य रात्रौ स्वपिति।
(iii) मूषक-स्वामी भिक्षापात्रं समारुह्य मूषकेभ्यः भिक्षान्नम् अयच्छत् ।
(iv) परिव्राजक: जर्जनवंशम् आनीय पुनः पुनः ताडयति।
(v) परिव्राजक: मूषकेण त्रस्तः, अतएव मित्रस्य वचनं न शृणोति।

12. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
एकदा प्रात:काले बालः सिद्धार्थः उपवने भ्रमणम् अकरोत्। तदा गगने कस्यचित् व्याधस्य बाणेन एकः हंसः विद्धः अभवत्, सः च प्रकम्पमान: सिद्धार्थस्य उपवने अपतत् सिद्धार्थः धावित्वा हंसम् उपागच्छत्। हंसः पीडया व्यथितः आसीत्। सः हंसस्य शरीरात् बाणं बहिः अकरोत् । तदा देवदत्तः तत्र आगतः। सः अकथयत् – अयं मम हंसः अस्ति यतः अयं मया एव बाणेन विद्धः आसीत्। उभौ स्वपक्षे निर्णयं प्राप्तुं न्यायालयं गतौ। न्यायाधीशः अकथयत् – अ पक्षी तस्मै दास्यते यस्य समीपे मया मुक्तः अयं गमिष्यति। तदा राज्ञा मुक्तः सः हंसः सिद्धार्थम् उपागच्छत्। सिद्धार्थः तं गृहीत्वा गगने अमुञ्चत्।

प्रश्ना:
(i) बालः सिद्धार्थः कुत्र भ्रमणम् अकरोत् ?
(ii) गगने हंसः केन विद्धः अभवत् ?
(iii) ‘अयं मम हंसः अस्ति’ इति कः अवदत् ?
(iv) उभौ किमर्थम् न्यायालयं गतौ ?
(v) राज्ञा मुक्तः सः हंसः कम्’ उपागच्छत् ?
उत्तराणि
(i) बालः सिद्धार्थः उपवने भ्रमणम् अकरोत्।
(ii) गगने हंसः कस्यचित् व्याधस्य बाणेन विद्धः अभवत् ।
(iii) ‘अयं मम हंसः अस्ति’ इति सिद्धार्थः अवदत्।
(iv) उभौ स्वपक्षे निर्णयं प्राप्तुं न्यायालयं गतौ ?
(v) राज्ञा मुक्तः सः हंसः सिद्धार्थम् उपागच्छत् ?

13. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
एक: शशक: कच्छपम् अवदत् – त्वं शनैः शनैः चलसि। अहं तु तीव्र धावामि। कच्छपः अवदत् – रे । शशक ! अहं शनैः शनैः चलामि परम आलस्यं न करोमि । तयोः मध्ये अयं समयः अभवत् – मार्गस्य अन्ते यः जलाशयः अस्ति, तत्र यः पूर्वं गमिष्यति सः विजयी भविष्यति । शशक: अधावत् -परं कच्छप: मन्दं मन्दम् अचलत्। किञ्चित् दूरं गत्वा शशक: वृक्षस्य छायायां विश्रामम् अकरोत्। श्रान्तः सः शीघ्रं गाढनिद्रायां सुप्तः। कच्छपः शशकं सुप्तं दृष्ट्वा अग्रे अचलत्। शशकः चिरात् निद्रां त्यक्त्वा यदा जलाशयस्य समीप प्राप्तः तदा तत्र स्थितः कच्छपः वदति-“ये सततं कार्ये संलग्नाः, तेषाम् एव विजयः भवति।

प्रश्ना:
(i) शशककच्छपमध्ये कः तीव्र धावति ?
(ii) कच्छपशशकमध्ये कः समयः अभवत् ?
(iii) शशकः कुत्र विश्रामं अकरोत् ?
(iv) शशक: जलाशयस्य समीपं कदा प्राप्तः ?
(v) केषाम् सततम् विजयः भवति ? (H.B. 2007-C)
उत्तराणि
(i) शशककच्छपमध्ये शशकः तीव्र धावति।
(ii) तयोः मध्यं अयं समयः अभवत् – मार्गस्य अन्ते यः जलाशयः अस्ति, तत्र यः पूर्वं गमिष्यति सः विजयी भविष्यति।।
(iii) शशक: वृक्षस्य छायायां विश्राम अकरोत्।
(iv) यदा कच्छपः विजय प्राप्तः तत्पश्चात् शशक: जलाशयस्य समीपं प्राप्तः।
(v) ये सततं कार्ये संलग्नाः भवन्ति, तेषाम् एव विजयः भवति।

अभ्यासार्थम्

1. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
महर्षेः दयानन्दस्य जन्मनाम मूलशंकरः आसीत्। अयं महात्मा गुजरातप्रान्तस्य मौर्वी राज्ये टंकारा ग्रामे औदीच्यब्राह्मणकुले जन्म अलभत। अस्य पितुः नाम अम्बाशंकरः आसीत्। अस्मिन् कुले शिवपूजा महती भक्तिरूपेण भवति स्म। अम्बाशंकरः स्वपुत्रमपि शिवभक्तं द्रष्टुम् ऐच्छत्। पश्चात् एष संस्कृतस्य महान् विद्वान् अभवत्। वेदेषु अस्य अपारनिष्ठा आसीत्। एष एव श्रेष्ठसमाज-निर्माणाय आर्यसमाजस्य स्थापनाम् अकरोत्।

प्रश्नाः
(i) महर्षेः दयानन्दस्य जन्मनाम किम् आसीत् ?
(ii) कस्मिन् कुले महर्षेः दयानन्दस्य जन्म अभवत् ?
(iii) अस्य कुले कस्य पूजा भवति स्म ?
(iv) अम्बाशंकरः कस्य नाम आसीत् ?
(v) महर्षिः द्रयानन्दः आर्यसमाजस्य स्थापनाम् किमर्थम् अकरोत् ?

(2) अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
प्रकृतिः मनुष्यस्य उपकारिणी। मनुष्यैः सह तस्याः शाश्वत: सम्बन्धः । सा विविधरूपेषु अस्मिन् जगति आत्मानं प्रकटयति। विविधाः ओषधयः सकलानि खनिजानि च प्रकृतेः एव शोभा। सा तु नित्यम् एव एतैः साधनैः सर्वेषाम् उपकारं करोति, परम् अधन्यः अयं जनः कृतज्ञतां विहाय असाधुसेवितं पथं गच्छति, विविधानि कष्टानि च अनुभवति । नरः शाश्वतं सुखं वाञ्छति चेत् तर्हि प्रकृतेः प्रतिकूलं कदापि न आचरेत्।

प्रश्नाः-
(i) मनुष्यैः सह कस्याः शाश्वतः सम्बन्धः ?
(ii) प्रकृतिः विविधरूपेषु कुत्र आत्मानं प्रकटयति ?
(iii) प्रकृतेः का शोभा अस्ति ?
(iv) प्रकृति कस्य उपकारिणी अस्ति ?
(v) नरः शाश्वतं सुखं वाञ्छति चेत् तर्हि किं कदापि न आचरेत् ?

3. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
अहं पाटलपुष्पम् अस्मि। दिने रविकिरणा: मां विकासयन्ति रात्रौ ज्योत्स्ना मां लालयति। मम अनेके वर्णाः-श्वेतः, पीतः, नारङ्गः, अरुणः, पाटलश्च । एतेषु रक्तिमः वर्णः जनेभ्यः सर्वाधिकं रोचते। वरवध्वोः जयमालयोः अहं विलसामि। अहं मृदुना सुगन्धेन वातावरणं सुरभितं करोमि । मम स्वल्पकालजीवनमपि लोकहितम् आतनोति अतः पूर्णविकसितं मे रूपम् अभिनन्दन्ति जनाः।

प्रश्ना :
(i) पाटलपुष्पम् कुत्र विलसति ?
(ii) दिने के पाटलपुष्पं विकासयन्ति ?
(iii) रात्रौ पाटलपुष्पं का लालयति ?
(iv) पाटलपुष्पस्य कति वर्णाः भवन्ति ?
(v) पाटलपुष्पस्य कं रूपं जनाः अभिनन्दन्ति ?

4. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत-
कस्मिंश्चित् नगरे एकः नसीमः नाम धनिकः वसति। नसीमः अतीव उदारपुरुषः आसीत्। सः सदैव निर्धनेभ्यः धनम्, वस्त्रहीनेभ्यः च वस्त्रम् यच्छति। एकदा तस्य प्रदेशे वर्षा न अभवत्। अन्नस्य तु तस्मिन् प्रदेशे अभावः एव अभवत्। तदा स: नसीमः सर्वेभ्य: जनेभ्यः अन्नदानम् अकरोत्। सः प्रतिदिनम् निर्धनेभ्यः अन्नम् भोजनम् च यच्छति। तस्य नगरे कोऽपि जनः क्षुधया पीडितः न अभवत्। एकदा नसीमः मार्गे काष्ठभारं वहन् एकम् वृद्धम् अपश्यत्। सः तम् अपृच्छत्-“त्वम् भोजनाय नसीमस्य गृहे किमर्थम् न गच्छसि ? वृथा वृद्धावस्थायाम् अपि श्रमम् करोषि इति”। वृद्धः अवदत् “श्रम एव मम जीवनम् न तु हस्तप्रसारणम्”।

(क) नसीमः कीदृशः पुरुषः आसीत् ?
(ख) स: केभ्यः धनम् यच्छति ?
(ग) नसीमः भारवहन् कम् अपश्यत् ?
(घ) तस्य नगरे कोऽपि जनः कया पीड़ितः न अभवत् ?
(ङ) अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य उचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।

5. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
एक: कर्तव्यपरायणः नगररक्षकः आसीत्। यदा सः इतस्ततः अभ्रमत् तदा एकम् वृद्धम् महापुरुषम् अपश्यत्। सः वृद्धः आम्रवृक्षस्य आरोपणे लीनः आसीत्। इदम् दृष्ट्वा सः नगररक्षकः तम् अवदत्-“भवान् किमर्थम् वृथा परिश्रमम् करोति ? यतः यदा एषः वृक्ष: फलिष्यति तदा भवान् जीवितः न भविष्यति, अतः अलं श्रमेण” । वृद्धः महापुरुषः हसित्वा अवदत्”पश्यतु भवान् एतान् फलयुक्तान् वृक्षान्, एतेषाम् आरोपणम् मया न कृतम् परं अहम् फलानि खादित्वा सन्तुष्ट: भवामि। अतः यदा मम आरोपितस्य वृक्षस्य फलानि अन्ये खादिष्यन्ति, अहम् पुनः प्रसन्नः भविष्यामि”। महापुरुषस्य वचनम् श्रुत्वा नगररक्षकः अचिन्तयत्-“अहम् अपि वृक्षान् आरोपयिष्यामि”।

(क) नगररक्षकः कीदृशः आसीत् ?
(ख) सः कीदृशम् महापुरुषम् अपश्यत् ?
(ग) वृद्धः महापुरुषः कस्य आरोपणे लीनः आसीत् ?
(घ) कस्य वचनम् श्रुत्वा नगररक्षकः अचिन्तयत् ?
(ङ) अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य उचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।

6. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
एक: कृषक: तस्य भार्या च प्रतिदिनम् स्वक्षेत्रे कार्यम् अकुरुताम्। एकदा यदा कृषक: खनित्रेण भूमिम् खनति स्म तदा सः एकम् स्वर्णस्य महाकुम्भम् प्राप्नोति। कुम्भे च स्वर्णमुद्राः आसन्। तौ प्रसन्नौ भूत्वा गृहे अगच्छताम्। अग्रिमे दिवसे कृषकस्य भार्या स्वसख्यै सर्वम् न्यवेदयत्। जनाः कृषकम् कथयन्ति धनम् राजकोषे यच्छ। यदा रात्रौ तस्य पत्नी स्वपिति स्म तदा कृषक: अनेकानि मिष्ठान्नानि क्रीत्वा सूत्रखण्डै: बद्ध्वा उद्यानस्य वृक्षेषु लम्बयत। यदा तस्य पत्नी वृक्षेषु मिष्ठान्नानि फलितानि सन्ति । सर्वे जनाः हसित्वा गच्छन्ति। कृषक: तु कथयति-“मम भार्या तु अद्यत्वे कल्पनालोके एव विचरति। स्वर्णकुम्भः अपि तस्याः कल्पना एव”।

(क) कृषकः प्रतिदिनम् कुत्र कार्यम् अकरोत् ?
(ख) क्षेत्रे कृषक: किम् प्राप्नोति ?
(ग) धनम् राजकोषे प्रयच्छ इति के कथयन्ति ?
(घ) कृषक: केन भूमिम् खनति ?
(ङ) अस्य अनुच्छेदस्य उचितं शीर्षकं लिखत।

7. अधोलिखितम्-अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा प्रदत्तप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतपूर्णवाक्येन लिखत
अस्माकं जन्मभूमिः भारतवर्षमस्ति। देशोऽयमतिरमणीयः वर्तते। देवाः अप्यस्य दर्शनोत्सुकाः भवन्ति। अस्य भूमिः विविधानि फलानि अन्नानि च उत्पादयति। भारतस्योत्तरस्यां दिशि नगाधिराजो हिमालयः शोभते। दक्षिणस्यां च दिशि सागरः पादक्षालनं करोति। षड्ऋतवोऽत्र क्रमशः आगच्छन्ति। अत्र अनेकाः भाषाः, विविधाः सम्प्रदायाः, विभिन्नाः जातयश्च सन्ति, पुनरपि अनेकतायामप्येकता सर्वत्र दृश्यते।

(i) भारतस्योत्तरस्यां दिशि कः शोभते ?
(ii) भारतभूमिः कानि उत्पादयति ?
(iii) . देशोऽयं कीदृशः वर्तते ?
(iv) दक्षिणस्यां दिशि कः पादक्षालनं करोति ?
(v) कति ऋतवोऽत्र क्रमशः आगच्छन्ति ?

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 4 Heat Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 4 Heat

HBSE 7th Class Science Heat Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer.
Answer:
Laboratory Thermometer: While performing experiments involving measurement of temperature in the laboratory, a mercury thermometer is used. It is a thermometer having graduations marked on Celsius scale from 0°C to 100°C.

The difference between the lower and upper fixed points is called range of the thermometer. The range of a mercury thermometer is 100°C. A mercury thermometer having graduations from 0°C to 100°C is shown in figure 4.8.

Clinical Thermometer:
To measure the temperature of a person running fever, doctor uses a thermometer known as Clinicdl Thermometer. It is a specially designed mercury thermometer and is used in the clinics and hospitals by doctors to measure human body temperature.

In construction, it differs from laboratory thermometers, in the sense that a kink or constriction is provided in the stem just above the bulb. Because of this kink, mercury doesn’t fall back into the bulb when clinical thermometer is taken out of the mouth of a patient to know the temperature. A jerk is given to the thermometer so that it is set again for measuring human body temperature. The temperature interval marked on the clinical thermometers ranges from 35°C to 43°C.

Question 2.
Give two examples each of conductors and insulators of heat.
Answer:
Conductors: aluminium, iron
Insulators: plastic, wood

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The hotness of an object is, is determined by its …………… .
(b) Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a …………… thermometer.
(c) Temperature is measured in degree ……………. .
(d) No medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of ………….. .
(e) A cold steel spoon is dipped in a cup of hot milk. It transfers heat to its other end by the process of …………. .
(f) Clothes of …………… colours absorb heat better than clothes of light colours.
Answer:
(a) Touching
(b) Clinical
(c) Celsius
(d) Radiation
(e) Conduction
(f) Dark

Question 4.
Match the following:

(i) Land breeze blows during	(a) summer
(ii) Sea breeze blows during	(b) winter
(iii) Dark coloured clothes are preferred during	(c) day
(iv) Light coloured clothes are preferred during	(d) night

Answer:

(i) Land breeze blows during	(d) night
(ii) Sea breeze blows during	(c) day
(iii) Dark coloured clothes are preferred during	(b) winter
(iv) Light coloured clothes are preferred during	(a) summer

Question 5.
Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing of during winter keeps us warmer tljian wearing just one thick piece of clothing?
Answer:
More layers of clothing keep us warm in winters as they have a lot of space between them. This space gets filled up with air. As air is a bad conductor, it does not allow the body heat to escape out.

Question 6.
Look at Fig. 4.10. Mark where the heat is being transferred by conduction, by convection and by radiation.
Answer:

Question 7.
In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white. Explain.
Answer:
In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer wail of houses be painted white because white colour do not radiate heat easily.

Question 8.
One litre of water at 30°C is mixed with one litre of water at 50°C. The temperature of the mixture will he:
(a) 80°C
(b) More than 50°C but less than 80°C
(d) 20°C
(d) Between 30°C and 50°C
Answer:
(b) More than 50°C but less than 80°C

Question 9.
An iron ball at 40°C is dropped in a mug containing water at 40°C. The heat will:
(a) Flows from iron ball to water.
(b) Not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball.
(c) Flows from water to iron ball.
(d) Increase the temperature of both.
Answer:
(a) flows from iron ball to water.

Question 10.
A wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice-cream. Its other end:
(a) Becomes cold by the process of conduction.
(b) Becomes cold by the process of convection.
(c) Becomes cold by the process of radiation.
(d) Does not become cold.
Answer:
(d) does not become cold.

Question 11.
Stainless steel pans are usually provided with copper bottoms. The reason for this could be that:
(a) Copper bottom makes the pan more durable.
(b) Such pans appear colourful.
(c) Copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel.
(d) Copper is easier to clean than the stainless steel.
Answer:
(c) Copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel.

Extended Learning – Activities And Projects

Question 1.
Go to a doctor or your nearest health centre. Observe the doctor taking temperature of patients. Enquire:
(a) Why he/she dips the thermometer in a liquid before use.
(b) Why the thermometer is kept under the tongue.
(c) Whether the body temperature can be measured by keeping the thermometer at some place other than mouth.
(d) Whether the temperature of different parts of the body is the same or different. You can add m.ore questions which come to your mind.
Answer:
Do yourself. You can take help of your family doctor.

Question 2.
Go to a veterinary doctor (a doctor who treats animals). Discuss and find out the normal temperature of domestic animals and birds.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
Wrap a thin paper strip tightly around an iron rod. Try to burn the paper with candle while rotating the iron rod continuously. Does it burn? Explain your observation.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Take two similar transparent glass bottles having wide mouths. Put a few crystals of potassium permaganate or pour a few drops of ink in one bottle. Fill this bottle with hot water. Fill the other bottle with cold water. Cover the cold water bottle with a thick piece of paper such as a postcard. Press the postard firmly with one hand and hold the bottle with the other hand. Invert the bottle and place it on top of the hot water bottle. Hold both the bottles firmly. Ask some other person to pull the postcard. Observe what happens. Explain.
Answer:
Do yourself.

HBSE 7th Class Science Heat Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is heat?
Answer:
The energy transferred from one body to another body due to a temperature difference between them is called heat.

Question 2.
Define temperature.
Answer:
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

Question 3.
Define thermometer.
Answer:
A device used for measuring the temperature of different objects is called a thermometer.

Question 4.
Hot water bottles are used for fermentations. Explain why?
Answer:
Hot water bottles are used for fermentation as the water does not cool quickly due to its large specific heat capacity.

Question 5.
When equal amount of air, iron and oil are heated from 15°C to 25°C. List them in the order of increasing expansion.
Answer:
Iron, oil, air.

Question 6.
Name any four substances which expand on heating.
Answer:
Aluminium, steel, iron and copper.

Question 7.
Name any two substances which have negligible changes in length on heating.
Answer:
Pyrex glass, Invar.

Question 8.
Name two substances which contract on heating?
Answer:
Ice, Bismuth.

Question 9.
Do all liquids expand when heated or is there any exception?
Answer:
Yes, below 4°C when heated, water contract in stead of expanding.

Question 10.
Which substances has the highest heat capacity?
Answer:
Water.

Question 11.
What is the temperature of a normal human being on the Celsius scale?
Answer:
The temperature of a normal human being on the Celsius scale is 37°C.

Question 12.
Name the thermometer used for measuring the temperature of the human body.
Answer:
The thermometer used to measure the temperature of a human body is called clinical thermometer.

Question 13.
Define convection.
Answer:
The phenomenon due to which particles of a medium actually move to the source of heat energy and then move away from it after absorbing heat energy is called convection.

Question 14.
Why is convection not possible in solids?
Answer:
The molecules of a solid are held strongly due to intermolecular forces. As these molecules cannot travel to the source of heat energy, convection is not possible in case of solids.

Question 15.
What is ventilation?
Answer:
The process by which impure and warm air inside a room is continuously replaced by fresh air from outside is called ventilation.

Question 16.
What do you understand from the term lower standard point?
Answer:
The 0°C correspondence to the temperature of pure melting ice and is called the lower standard point.

Question 17.
What do you understand by upper standard point?
Answer:
100°C corresponds to the temperature of pure boiling water and is called the upper standard point.

Question 18.
Define conduction.
Answer:
The process of transmission of heat energy in solids without the actual movement of particles from their position is called conduction.

Question 19.
Give two examples to show that heat caused biological changes.
Answer:
(i) Conversion of ‘gur’ into alcohol.
(ii) Conversion of milk into curd.

Question 20.
Why is ice wrapped in gunny bags?
Answer:
Gunny bags have a number of fine pores, filled with air. Air being a bad conductor of heat does not allow the external heat to go in and melts the ice.

Question 21.
Why is tea generally served in China clay cups and plates?
Answer:
Because the China clay is bad conductor of heat and checks the heat conduction from the tea to the surroundings and thus keeps the tea hot.

Question 22.
By which of the processes (conduction, convection, radiation), it is not possible to transfer heat?
(i) In a vacuum
(ii) Through the solid material.
Answer:
(i) Conduction and convection
(ii) Convection and radiations.

Question 23.
Why do we use cooking utensils made of metals and alloys?
Answer:
Metals and alloys are good conductors of heat so that the heat from the flame is conducted to the food inside quickly and efficiently.

Question 24.
Is medium necessary for the transference of heat by radiations?
Answer:
No, medium is not necessary for the transference of heat by radiation.

Question 25.
Why do we feel warm while standing beside a burning furnace?
Answer:
When we stand beside a burning furnace, we feel warms, because of the heat radiation coming from the furnace.

Question 26.
Firemen wear helmets made from brass polished from outside. Why?
Answer:
Brass polished helmets reflects most of the heat and absorbs only a very little part of it when they fight against a fire.

Question 27.
When does the conduction of heat stop in two bodies in contact?
Answer:
The conduction of heat stops in two bodies in contact when both attain the same (equal) temperature. In this position they have no temperature difference.

Question 28.
Why is the handle of a press made of ebonite or wood?
Answer:
The handle of press is made of ebonite or wood, because ebonite and wood are bad conductors of heat. So the heat does not reach in our body.

Question 29.
Define radiation.
Answer:
The transfer of heat energy from a hot body to a cold body directly, without heating the space in between the two bodies is called radiation.

Question 30.
Define insulators.
Answer:
The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are poor conductors of heat such as plastic and wood. Poor conductors are known as insulators.

Question 31.
What is thermos flask?
Answer:
Thermos flask is a device in which heat losses due to conduction, convention and radiation are minimised.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The cooking utensils are made of metals like aluminium or copper while their handles are made of wood. Why?
Answer:
The cooking utensils are made of metals like aluminium or copper because these metals are good conductors of heat so they help in the transfer of heat.

The handles of cooking utensils are made up of bad conductors such as wood, plastic etc. As the handles made of bad conductors do not get heated up while cooking, we can hold them easily.

Question 2.
Kites and eagles fly without flapping their wings. Why?
Answer:
During the day, hot air surrounding the land gradually rises up and a convection air current develops. Kites and eagles move along this rising current without flapping the wings to fly high up in the sky.

Question 3.
Why do the birds puff up their feathers in winter?
Answer:
The birds puff up their feathers in winter, because in doing so they trap large amount of air, which in turn acts as an insulator and does not allow their body heat to flow out.

Question 4.
Explain briefly the formation of air currents.
Answer:
In coastal areas, during the day, the cool air blows from sea towmrds the land called sea breeze. During the night, the cool air blows from land to sea called the land breeze. This happens because of convection air currents. At night, land cools down much faster than sea. So, sea is warmer than land and the air current blows from land to sea. During the day, land is hotter than sea. As a result, the air rises up and cold air from sea blows towards the land to take its place.

Question 5.
Cement or concrete floors are made in pieces with metals or glass strips in between. Give reasons.
Answer:
It is done to allow for the expansion in summer and contraction in winter. If cement or concrete floors are made out in one continuous pieces. It would develop crackes due to contraction and expansion.

Question 6.
Room heaters have shiny reflectors. Why?
Answer:
Room heaters have shiny reflectors as the shiny surface absorbs very little heat. They reflect all the heat which makes the room heaters more effective.

Question 7.
Why is the handle of a pressure cooker covered with thick plastic?
Answer:
The handle of a pressure cooker covered with thick plastic, because plastic is a bad conductor of heat. Hence, the heat from the hot cooker does not flow to the handle, with the result that we can hold easily.

Question 8.
The desert sand is very hot in the day and very cool at night. Why?
Answer:
The desert sand has low specific heat capacity. So sand gets very hot in day time. During the night sand cools more quickly due to cold air which moves towards the sea.

Question 9.
Why is the handle of a metallic kettle covered with strips of cane?
Answer:
Cane strips is bad conductor of heat. Therefore, it cannot get heated when water is boiled in kettle. Therefore, the handle of a metallic kettle is covered with cane strips.

Question 10.
Why does the handle of an iron made of ebonite or wood?
Answer:
Ebonite or wood is a bad conductor of heat. Therefore, the heat from the iron is not conducted to the hand.

Question 11.
How does a blanket keep you warm in a cold night, even though it is not a source of heat?
Answer:
The blanket is made of wool, which is a bad conductor of heat. It has fine pores in which air is trapped which is also a bad conductor of heat. They do not allow heat to escape from our body to the surroundings. Therefore, the blanket keeps our body warm in winter.

Question 12.
Why are cloudy nights warmer than the clear nights?
Answer:
Cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights due to the fact that the heat which is radiated by the earth is again reflected back by the clouds. While on the other hand this phenomenon is not possible when the night is clear.

Question 13.
How are had conductors of heat useful in our daily life?
Answer:
Bad conductors are used for holding hot utensils in the kitchen. Bricks and mud which are bad conductors are used in building houses, especially in the ruler. regions. They keep houses warm in winter and cool in summer. The feathres of birds, hair and fur of animals keep them warm in winter, as they are bad conductor of heat.

Question 14.
Why do we wear woolen clothes in winter?
Answer:
Woolen clothes have fine pores filled with air. Wool and air are bad conductors of heat They do not allow heat of our bodies to escape out. Therefore woolen cloth keep the body warm in winter. And for the same reason we wear woolen cloth in winter.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe briefly the process of conduction.
Answer:
Heat travels through solids by conduction only. The process of transmission of heat energy in solids without the actual movement of particles from their position is called conduction. Conduction takes place under the following conditions:
(i) A material medium that is compact.
(ii) No movement of any particle in the medium.
Thus, solids transmit heat though conduction. When a solid substance is heated, the particles that become hot start vibrating and pass on the excess energy to the neighbouring particles. This process continues till the whole body is heated. However during such an energy transfer, a particle does not change its position. Hence, heat is carried without the bodily movement of the particles.

There are some solids which allow the heat to pass through them. Such substances are called the conductors. Almost all metals such as iron, copper, silver, aluminium etc. are good conductors. The substances which do not allow the heat to pass through them are called the insulators. Wood, plastic, wool, clay etc. are bad conductors.

Question 2.
Write an experiment to prove that heat radiations can travel through vacuum.
Answer:
Take a flat bottomed flask. In the mouth of the flask fix a rubber stopper having two holes. Pass a thermometer through one hole and a glass tube with stopper through the other hole.

Remove air from the flask, by connecting to a vacuum pump. Record the temperature from the thermometer. Place the flask in bright sunlight or in front of an electric heater. It is observed that the thermometer records a rise in temperature. Thus, the experiment proves that transference of heat by radiaton requires no medium.

Question 3.
Explain the working of a thermos flask.
Answer:
Thermos flask is a special kind of flask for keeping liquids. It prevents loss or gain of heat by any of the three methods. It keeps liquid warm or cold for a long time. It was invented by Sir James Dewan in 1893.

It consists of a double-walled glass-cylinder. A vacuum is created in the space between the double walls. The two inner surfaces of glass walls are silvered. The flask is placed on a spring within a non-conduction cylindrical case to protect it from jerks and breakages. The gaps between flask and outer casing is packed with felt pads. The mouth of the flask is finally closed with a cork.

Since the container is made of glass which is a bad conductor of heat and therefore, the loss or gain of heat due to conduction is prevented. As there is vacuum between the double walls, it prevents transmission of heat by convection. Due to silvering of the inner surfaces, the heat loss by radiation is prevented. The cork and the felt pads also help to preserve the heat inside the flask. So, the hot liquids like tea, coffee, etc. remain hot and cold liquids like water, juice, etc. remain cold for a long time.

Question 4.
Write five applications of radiation.
Answer:
Applications of radiation:
(i) The base of cooking utensils is painted black so that it can absorb more heat and hence cooking is done fast.
(ii) Dark clothes are worn in winters as they absorb more heat from the sunlight and keep our body warm.
(iii) White clothes are worn in summer as they absorb very little heat and keep us cool.
(iv) Room-heaters have shiny reflectors as the shiny surface absorbs very little heat. They reflect all the heat which makes the room- heaters more effective.
(v) Crockeries are polished and painted white from outside so that they do not radiate heat easily.

Question 5.
Describe the process of radiation. How is it different from conduction and convection?
Answer:
Radiation is a process of transmission of heat in which heat energy travels in straight lines from hotter to cooler regions without the help of any intervening medium. It means that this process is different from the other two as it does not need any medium like conduction or convection. Radiation can take place in a vaccum. For example, heat from the sun reaches us through the outer space (vacuum) by means of radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Differefnbe between radiation, conduction and convection:

Radiation	Conduction and convection
1. No medium is needed.	1. A medium is needed.
2. Heat energy is transferred in the form of electromagnetic waves.	2. In conduction, heat energy is transferred from particle to particle but in convection heat energy is transferred by the transfer of metres.
3. It is a fast mode of heat transfer.	3. It is a slow mode of heat transfer.
4. Medium (if any) is no heated.	4. Medium is heated.

Heat Class 7  HBSE Notes

• Our sense of touch is not always a reliable guide to the degree of hotness of an object.
• Heat: Heat is a form of energy which produces in us sensation of warmth. It causes hotness or coldness sensation in our body.
• Temperature: Temperature tells how hot a body is? Temperature of a body is the degree of hotness or coldness of the body.
• Heat flows in the direction of fall of temperature. Heat can be converted to other forms of energy like sound, light, mechanical energy etc. Other forms of energy can also be converted to heat energy.
• Effects of heat:
  (i) The object becomes hot.
  (ii) The object may expand in size.
  (iii) The object may change in state.
  (iv) Heat can speed up chemical reaction.
• Temperature is measured by a device called thermometer.
• The thermometer that measure our body temperature is called a clinical thermometer. The range of this thermometer is from 35°C to 42°C. For other purposes, we use the laboratory thermometers. The range of these thermometers is usually from 10°C to 110°c.
• The laboratory thermometer used in laboratories. It is called Celsius thermometer. It has one hundred markings on it.
• The melting point of pure ice is called lower standard point. Its value is 0°C.
• The boiling point of pure water is called upper standard point. Its value is 100°C.
• Transfer of heat: Heat flows from one body to another body by temperature difference. The flow of heat is from higher temperature to lower temperature. There are three different ways of heat transfer: conduction, convention and radiations.
• Conduction of heat: The process in which heat is handed over from one particle to another in the direction of fall of temperature without the actual movement of the particles of the medium is called conduction.
  
• Good conductor of heat: The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily, are called good conductor of heat. For example, silver, copper, aluminium, mercury etc. are good conductors of heat.
• Bad conductor of heat: The materials which do not easily allow heat to pass through them are called bad conductors of heat or insulators. Wood, plastics, mud, cork, cotton, ebonite, asbestos, most gases and liquids are bed conductor of heat.
• Convention of heat: Convention is a process by which heat is transferred from one part of a substance to another part through the actual movement of its constituents particles (atoms or molecules). Only liquids and gases convert heat. A solid cannot do so because solids do not flow like liquids or gases do.
• Radiation of heat: The process by which heat travels from one body to another without the intervention of any material medium is known as radiation.
  All hot objects transfer heat by radiation. Radiation does not require either a conducting medium or a convecting fluid. The sun transfers heat in all directions through the process of radiation. The radiations absorbed or emitted by a body depends upon the colour of the body.
  
• Thermos Flask (Vacuum Flask): Thermos flask is used to keep things warm and cold. It consists of a double walled glass flask, having vacuum between the walls, kept inside metallic case with the cork supporters.
  The outer and inner surfaces of the glass flask are highly silvered. The mouth of flask is fitted with air tight cork.
  
  (i) The vacuum between the two walls of the flask prevent heat transfer by conduction or convection.
  (ii) The silver coating of the walls of the vessels reflects back heat radiations. Thus heat by radiation can neither enter inside the flask nor go out of the flask.
  (iii) The air-tight cork, which is bad conductor of heat prevents any loss of heat by conduction or convection.
  Some heat may be transferred by conduction through thin glass walls at the neck and the poorly conducting cork. Total transfer of heat is very-very small, thus hot or cold liquid kept inside will keep its temperature for a long time.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 3 Fibre to Fabric Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 3 Fibre to Fabric

HBSE 7th Class Science Fibre to Fabric Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You must be familiar with the following nursery rhymes:
(i) Baa baa black sheep, have you any wool
(ii) Mary had a little lamb, whose fleece was white as snow
Answer the following:
(a) Which parts of the black sheep have wool?
(b) What is meant by the white fleece of the lamb?
Answer:
(a) The Hair (fleece) of the black sheep have wool.
(b) The white fleece is the v/hite hair of the lamb.

Question 2.
The silkworm is (a) a caterpiller, (b) a Larva. Choose the correct option.
(i) a
(ii) b
(iii) both a and b
(iv) neither a nor b.
Answer:
(iii) both a and b.

Question 3.
Which of the following does not yield wool?
(i) Yak
(ii) Camel
(iii) Goat
(iv) Woolly dog.
Answer:
(iv) Woolly Dog.

Question 4.
What is meant by the following terms?
(i) Reasing
(ii) Shearing
(iii) Sericulture
Answer:
(i) The fleece of the sheep alongwith a thin layer of skin is removed from its body. This process is called shearing.
(ii) Silk fibres are also animal fibres. Silkworms spin the ‘silk fibres’.
(iii) The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.

Question 5.
Given below is a sequence of steps in the processing of wool. Which are the missing steps? Add them.
Shearing, ………………. , sorting, ………………. , ………………. , ………………. , ………………. .
Answer:
Shearing, scouring, sorting, drying, dying, spinning, weaving.

Question 6.
Make sketches of the two stages in the life history of the silk moth which are directly related to the production of silk.
Answer:

(a) Female silkworm moth with eggs

Question 7.
Out of the following, which are the two terms related to silk production? Sericulture, Floriculture, Moriculture, Apiculture, Silviculture
Hints:
(i) Silk production involves cultivation of mulberry leaves and rearing silkworms.
(ii) Scientific name of mulberry is Morus alba.
Answer:
Sericulture, Moriculture.

Question 8.
Match the words of column I with those given in column II.

Column I	Column II
1. Scouring	(a) Yields silk fibres
2. Mulberry leaves	(b) Wool yielding animal
3. Yak	(c) Food of silk worm
4. Cocoon	(d) Reeling
	(e) Cleaning sheared skin

Answer:

Column I	Column II
1. Scouring	(e) Cleaning sheared skin
2. Mulberry leaves	(c) Food of silk worm
3. Yak	(b) Wool yielding animal
4. Cocoon	(a) Yields silk fibres

Question 9.
Given below is a crossword puzzle based on this lesson. Use hints to fill in the blank spaces with letters that complete the words.

Answer:

Extended Learning-Activities And Projects

Question 1.
Paheli wants to know the maximum length of continuous silk thread that can be obtained from a cocoon.
Answer:
Do yourself. Take help to your teacher.

Question 2.
Boojho wants to know why caterpillars need to shed their skin when they grow bigger but we humans do not.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
Boojho wants to know why caterpillars should not be collected with bare hands.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Paheli wanted to buy a silk frock and went to the market with her mother. There they found that the artificial (synthetic) silk was much cheaper and wanted to know why Do you know why? Find out.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 5.
Someone told Paheli that an animal called ‘Vicuna’ also gives wooljl Can you tell her where this animal is found? Look for this in a dictionary or an encyclopaedia.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 6.
When handloom and textile exhibitions are held, certain stalls display real moths of various varieties of silk and their life histories. Try and visit these stalls with elders or teachers and see these moths and stages of their life history.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 7.
Look for eggs of any moth or butterfly in your garden or park or any other place full of plants. They look like tiny specks (dots) laid in a cluster on the leaves. Pull out the leaves containing eggs and-place them in a cardboard box. Take some leaves of the same plant or another plant of the same variety, chop them and put them in the box. Eggs will hatch into caterpillars, which are busy eating day and night. Add leaves everyday for them to feed upon. Sometimes you may be able to collect the caterpillars. But be careful. Use a paper napkin or a paper to hold a caterpillar.
Observe everyday. Note the
(i) number of days taken for eggs to hatch
(ii) number of days taken to reach the cocoon stage and
(iii) to complete life cycle. Record your observations in your notebook.
Answer:
Do yourself.

HBSE 7th Class Science Fibre to Fabric Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the sources of obtaining fibres.
Answer:
The sources of obtaining fibres are plants and animals.

Question 2.
Name some wool yielding animals.
Answer:
Some wool yielding animals are: sheep, angora goat, goat, yak, camel, llama, alpaca.

Question 3.
What is shearing?
Answer:
The fleece (hair) of the sheep alongwith a thin layer of skin is removed from its body. This process is called shearing.

Question 4.
From where do we get wool and silk fibres?
Answer:
Wool and silk fibres are obtained from animals. Wool is obtained from hair of animals ; as sheep hairs and silk fibtes are obtained from silk worm.

Question 5.
What is wool?
Answer:
Wool is the common name of applied to soft curly fibres obtained chiefly from the fleece of domesticated sheep.

Question 6.
What determines the fineness of wool?
Answer:
The number of crimps per centimetre determines the fineness of wool fibre.

Question 7.
Name two breeds of sheep which has finest fleece?
Answer:
Two breeds of sheep which has finest fleece are: merino and Karakul.

Question 8.
Name two systems used in the processing of wool.
Answer:
Two system used in the processing of wool are:
1. Woollen system
2. Worsted system.

Question 9.
Name two substance removed from row wool, before manufacturing yam.
Answer:
Two substance removed from raw wool, before manufacturing yarn are:
1. Yolk
2. Suint.

Question 10.
What is woolmark?
Answer:
Woolmark is the mark of standardisation given to woollen yarns and woollen products. This mark has been instituted by International Wool Secretariat (I.W.S.) located in North Yorkshire (U.K.).

Question 11.
What are the uses of wool?
Answer:
Wool is used for making fabrics, shawls, blankets, carpets, felt and upholstery.

Question 12.
Write the properties of wool fibre.
Answer:
Wool fibre is considerably resilient, has high tensile strength, light weight and is heat insulator.

Question 13.
Name the domesticated moth whose larva produces silk.
Answer:
Silk is obtained from the cocoon of the pupa of mulberry silk moth.

Question 14.
Name the plant on which silk larva feeds.
Answer:
Silk larva feeds on the leaves of mulberry tree.

Question 15.
Name the person responsible for the discovery of silk.
Answer:
Silk was discovered by Xi-Ling-Shi, the bride of Chinese emperor Huang Di, in about 3000 B.C.

Question 16.
Name the strongest variety of silk.State whether the variety you have named is wild silk or domesticated silk.
Answer:
The strongest variety of silk is “Muga”. It is the variety of wild silk.

Question 17.
Name the different varieties of processed silk.
Answer:
Organize, Gepe, Tram and Thrown Singles are different, varieties of processed silk.

Question 18.
Give uses of silk, other than for making dresses.
Answer:
Other than for making dresses, silk is used for items such as parachutes, bicycle tyres, bullet proof vests and non-absorbable sutures in surgery.

Question 19.
What is sericulture?
Answer:
The science of raising silkworms, so as to obtain silk cocoons, is called sericulture.

Question 20.
Where are sheep reared in India?
Answer:
In India sheep are reared in Sub-Himalyan region which has a cooler climate.

Question 21.
Differentiate between staple fibres and filament fibres.
Answer:
The fibres like cotton, jute, and wool are short in length. Silk however, is the longest natural fibre. The short fibres are known as the stable fibres, where as long fibres are known as the filament fibres.

Question 22.
Name some Indian breeds of sheep.
Answer:
Some Indian breeds of sheep are Lohi, Rampur bushair, Nali, Bakharwal, Marwari, and Patanwadi.

Question 23.
What is reeling of silk?
Answer:
A pile of cocoons is used for obtaining silk fibres. This process is called reeling of silk.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between woollen yarn and worsted yam.
Answer:
The woolen yarn is made from the woolen fibres of mixed lenghts. These fibres are, carded and spun to form a woolen yarn. The articles made from this yarn do not have smooth finished surface.

In the worsted yarn, only the long fibres are used. They are formed into smooth compact strands and are then spun to form woolen yarn. The articles made from these have smooth finished surface.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the term ‘weighting of sillf’?
Answer:
Silk when unwound from the cocoon is covered with a sticky substance. This has to be removed by washing process. As a result, silk loses about 20% of its weight. To make up for this loss some manufactures dip silk in metallic salt solution. This is known as weighting of the silk. This silk is weaker than pure silk. It than not be cleaned properly. This silk is of substandard quality and hence, deceives the buyers.

Question 3.
What is raw silk? How is it produced?
Answer:
After brushing, filaments from four to eight cocoons are joined and twisted. They are then combined with a number of other similarly twisted filaments, to make a thread that is wound on a reel. The thread is called raw silk.

It usually consists of 48 individual silk fibres. When each cocoon is unwound, it is replaced by another cocoon.Unlike the threads spun from other natural fibres, such as cotton or wool, the silk thread is made of extremely long fibres.

Question 4.
Name and describe any two types of silk threads used in the making of silk cloth.
Answer:
Two types of silk threads used in the making of silk cloth are:
1. Organzine:
Organzine thread is made by giving raw silk thread a preliminary twist in one direction and then twisting two or more of these threads in the opposite direction at rate of about 4 turns / cm.
2. Crepe: Crepe is similar to organzine, but it twisted to much greater extent, usually, 16 to 32 turns / cm.

Question 5.
Why do the wool fibres have greater bulk as compared to other fibres?
Answer:
The scales and crimps in the wool fibre make it possible to spin and felt the fleece. They help the individual wool fibres “grab” each other so that they stay together. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have a greater bulk; than other textiles. They can retain lot of air and hence wool fabrics are good insulators of heat. The heat insulation also works boths ways.

Question 6.
Name the some breeds of sheep reared in our country. Also, indicate the quality and texture of the fibres obtained from them.
Answer:
Some Indian breeds of sheep:
Answer:

Name of breed	Quality of wool	State where found
1. Lohi	Good quality wool	Rajasthan, Punjab
2. Rampur bushair	Brown fleece	Uttar Pradesh, Himachal
3. Nali	Carpet wool	Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab
4. Bakharwal	For woollen shawls	Jammu and Kashmir
5. Marwari	Coarse wool	Gujarat
6. Patanwadi	For hosiery	Gujarat

Question 7.
Write short note on ‘wool production’.
Answer:
Australia is the world’s largest producer of raw wool and contributes 29% of total world supply. Other leading producers of wool are former Soviet Republics, New Zealand, China, Argentina, South Africa and Uruguay. In India sheep are reared in Sub-Himalayan regions which has a cooler climate. The sheep which are reared in Rajasthan have poor quality of wool and are mainly reared for meat.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is raw silk? How is it produced?
Answer:
After brushing, filaments from four to eight cocoons are joined and twisted. They are then combined with a number of other similarly twisted filaments, to make a thread that is wound oft a reel. The thread is called raw silk. It usually consists of 48 individual silk fibres. When each cocoon is unwound, it is replaced by another cocoon. Unlike the threads spun from other natural fibres, such as cotton or wool, the silk thread is made of extremely long fibres. About 5,500 cocoons are required to produced 1 kg of raw silk.

Question 2.
What is sericulture? Explain in brief.
Answer:
The silk is obtained from cocoon. When the complete cocoon is formed, they are collected. The pupa inside the cocoon is killed by treating the cocoons with boiling water. This hot water not only kills the cocoons but also dissolves the sticky substance that holds the cocoon filaments in place. The cocoons are, thereafter, dried and brushed. This removes the outer portion that is made of coarse filaments.

The thread is then unwound from the cocoons and is wound on a reel. The thread is called the raw silk. It generally consists of 48 individual silk fibres. The silk filaments are unwound from cocoon in a manufacturing plant known as filature. The silk thread is made up of extremely long fibres. About 5,500 silkworms are needed to produce 1 kg of raw silk. The breeding and management of silk moths for producing silk is known as sericulture.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the process of wool manufacturing.
Answer:
In order to make different articles, the raw wool is processed which starts with sorting of the fibres. The fibres are sorted on the basis of length, fineness, etc. The sorting is followed by cleaning 6f the fibres. Using a suitable detergent, the fibres are cleaned from lanolin (an oily substance) and suint (the dried perspiration of sheep). The cleaned wool fibres are then dried and disentangled. Thereafter, they are drawn into a straight continuous thread. This process is called cerding. The kind of yarns that are produced may be woollen yarn or worsted yarn.

For the production oi wooiien yarn, the web is split into fine thin strands, by a process called roving. It is then spun into woollen yarn. Woollen fabric such as tweed is woven from woollen yarn. It is a bulky fabric in which short woollen fibres are arranged randomly. It does not have smooth surface.

For the production of worsted yam, the web is processed by the machines that (i) straighten the fibres (ii) make them parallel (iii) remove all the short fibres. The resultant woolen strand is then condensed by passing it through several machines, until a very thin strand of worsted roving is obtained. It is then spun to a smooth yarn.

Question 4.
What are the uses of wool? What is woolmark?
Answer:
Wool is used for making fabrics, shawls, blankets, carpets, felt (compressed wool) and upholstery. Wool felt is used to cover piano hammers. It is also used to absorb noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers.

Shoddy is made from the used wool. To make shoddy, the existing wool fabric is cut into small pieces and then carddd. The carded wool is then respun into yarn. Such a yarn is inferior to the fresh wool and is used for making cheap woollen garments and blankets.

Woolmark:
Wool is marketed worldwide by the International Wool Secretariat (IWS), which is based in Ilkley, North Yorkshise (U.K.). The “Woolmark” instituted by IWS indicates that garments bearing this sign are made from pure new wool, that has not been used previously in any process.

Fibre to Fabric Class 7  HBSE Notes

• Wool comes from sheep, goat, yak and some other animals. These wool- yielding animals bear hair (fleece) on their body.
• The hairy skin of the sheep has two types of fibres that form its fleece : (i) the coarse beard hair, and (ii) the fine soft under hair close to the skin.
• The wool which is used for knitting sweaters or for weaving shawls is the finished product of a long process.
• Sheep hair is sheared off from the body, scoured, sorted, dried, dyed, spun and woven to yield wool.
• The hairs of camel, llama and alpaca are also processed to yield wool.
• The wool may be classified as Virgin, Hogg or pulled depending upon its quality.
• In wool production, Australia and New Zealand produce two-thirds of the world’s supply.
• Woolmark is the mark of standardisation given to pure and new wool.
• Silk fibres are also animal fibres. Silkworms spin the ‘silk fibres’. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.
• The female silk moth lays eggs, from which hatch larvae which are called caterpillars or silkworms.
• During their life cycle, the worms spin cocoons of silk fibres.
• Silk fibres are made of a protein.
• Tassar silk, mooga silk, kosa silk, etc., are obtained from cocoons spun by different types of moths.
• The most common silk moth is the mulberry silk moth. The silk fibre from the cocoon of this moth is soft, lustrous and elastic and can be dyed in beautiful colours.
• Sericulture is a very old occupation in India. India produces plenty of silk on a commercial scale.
• A pile of cocoons is used for obtaining silk fibres. This process is called reeling of silk. The cocoons are kept under the sun or boiled or exposed to steam. The silk fibres separate out. The process of taking out threads from the cocoon for use as silk is called reeling the silk.