HBSE 9th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 9th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

HBSE 9th Class Social Science History Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution TextBook Questions and Answers

Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution Important Questions HBSE 9th Class Question 1.
What were the social, economic and political conditions, in Russia before 1905?
Answer:
Social Causes-Up to the end the 19th century, Russia was an autocratic country. It was ruled by an autocratic Czar. He ruled as he liked. His will was the sole source of law, of taxation and justice. He controlled the army and all the officials. Through his special position on the Holy Synod, he controlled even religious affairs. His autocratic rule was supported by the privileged nobles, who possessed land and serfs, and held all the chief offices in the Czar’s administration.

The mass of people were serfs. Serfs were, ‘slaves’. They worked on the estates of the nobles. They could be punished in any form by the nobles. They could even be sold as chattels by the nobles. Besides the serfs, there was a very small middle class in the towns. They were discontented with the backwardness-of Russia.

Economic Causes – Russia on the eve of the 1904 revolution passed through a bad period. The workers had no assurance of a job: the peasants were liberated only on papers through the Act of 1861; the prices of the essential goods were very high. The working conditions of the workers and the peasants were, miserable.

Political Conditions – Russia was in a critical condition. The country was ruled by the autocratic Czar and the cruel, bureaucracy. Russia’s defeat at the hands of Japan was a major setback. People were spied at every level. Their rights were not there; if there were any, they were associated by a range of duties.

HBSE 9th Class History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Question 2.
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe before 1917?
Answer:
Before 1917, the working population in Russia was much different from the other countries in Europe. The vast majority of Russia’s population was agriculturists. About 85% of the Russian population lived on agriculture, whereas in other European countries such as France and Germany, the proportion was between 40% and 50%. The workers in Russia were exploited by the nobles and feudal lords; in other European countries, especially in France, the peasants fought for the nobles.

Question 3.
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Answer:
The Russian Tsar rulers ruled autocratically; their reforms (especially the emancipation of the peasantry in 1861) did not work well. The bureaucracy, blessed by the Tsar, was tyrannical. The situation was grim on the’ eve of the February revolution. Earlier, during the world war which started in 1914, the Tsar fought the war without consulting either the Duma or the political leaders. ConseQuestion uently, there were heavy losses in the war. This led to the to the collapse of Tsarist autocracy.

Question 4.
Make two lists: one with. the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what the impact of each was on Soviet history.
Answer:
Main Events and Effects and the Leaders of the February Revolution

February Revolution:

26th – 50 demonstrators killed ih Znamenskaya Sq uare
27th – Troops refuse to fire on demonstrators, desertions, Prison, courts, and police . stations attacked and looted by angry crowds. Okhranka buildings set on fire. Garrison joins revolutionaries. Petrograd Soviet formed.
1st March – Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet.
‘2nd – Nicholas II abdicates. Provisional Government formed under Prime Minister Prince Lvov.

October Revolution:
10th – Bolshevik Central Committee meeting approves armed uprising.
11 th – Congress of Soviets of the Northern. The region, until 13th.
20th – First meeting of the Military Revolutionary Committee. (Revolutionary Soviet Committee) of the Petrograd Soviet
25th – October Revolution is launched as MRC directs armed workers and soldiers * to capture key buildings hi Petrograd.
Winter Palace was attacked at 9.40 pm and captured at 2 am. Kerensky flees Petro-grad. Opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

26th – Second Congress of Soviets; Men-sheviks and right SR delegates walk out in protest against the pervious days events. Decree on Peace and Decree on Land. Soviet government declared – the Council. of People’s Commissars (Bolshevik dominated with Lenin as chairman). While Kerensty and before him, Prince Lvov were the main leaders in the February Revolution; Lenin and Trotsky; were the leaders in the October revolution. The February revolution overthrew autocratic Tsarist rule in Russia and established a liberal-capitalist government. The October revolution overthrew the liberal-capitalist rule and established the first socialist state in the world.

Question 5.
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Answer:
The following were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution :

• Industries and banks, most of them, were nationalized.
• Partition of large houses according to family requirements.
• Banning of the old titles of the aristocracy.
• New uniforms were designed for the army and officials – the Soviet hat was christened.
• The Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party.
• Trade. Unions were brought under the party’s Control.
• Cheka was established to find and punish the enemies of the party.

Question 6.
Write a few lines to show what you know about:
(i) Kulaks
(ii) the Duma
(iii) women workers between 1900 and 1930 ‘
(iv) the Liberals.
Answer:
(i) Kulaks: They were well-to-do peasants.
(ii) Duma: The Russian name for the Parliament before, the revolution.
(iii) Women workers between 1900 and 1930: The women workers played a significant role in the Russian revolutions of 1905, February 1917 and October 1917. They not only took part in strikes, they even engineered strikes.
(iv) The Liberals: The liberals, mostly the capitalists, were against the Tsarist monarchy; they wanted to overthrow it, which they did in February 1917, They,, themselves, were overthrown in October 1917.

HBSE 9th Class Socia Science History Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Important Questions and Answers 

Question 1.
Who was Derozio?
Answer:
Derozio (1809-1831) was a great advocate of rationalist. He too was impressed by the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity of the French revolution.

Question 2.
Mention the two main objectives of the liberals of the 19th century.
Answer:
1. They wanted changes in the old order.
2. They advocated the ideas of religious tolerance.

Question 3.
What did the radicals want?
Answer:
The radicals of the 18th-19th centuries Europe were opposed to the system of privileges and had wanted a government of the common man.

Question 4.
Why were the conserve lives against the liberals and the radicals?
Answer:
The conservatives were against the liberals and the radicals because, unlike them, they were opposed to changes in the system.

Question 5.
Who was Guiseppe Mazzini ?
Answer:
Guiseppe Mazzini was a great nationalist of early 19th century Italy.

Question 6.
What is the main thrust of socialism?
Answer:
Property to be collective and its benefits be shared by all equitably.

Question 7.
Who was Louis Blanc?
Answer:
Louis Blanc (1813-1882), a French who wanted that the government encouraged cooperatives. The cooperatives were to be associations of people which produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by them.

Question 8.
When was the Second International formed? ‘
Answer:
In 1889, the socialists formed an international socialist body, called the Second International.

Question 9.
When was the socialist revolution launched in Russia?
Answer:
In October, 1917; according to the Russian calender, in November 1917.

Question 10.
Who was the emperor in Russia on the eve of Revolution?
Answer:
Nicholas Ii, also known as Czar.

Question 11.
What was the type of economy in Russia until 1917?
Answer:
Largely, the agricultural economy, with a low level of industrialization.

Question 12.
When was the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party founded?
Answer:
The part}’ was founded in 1898.

Question 13.
When was the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRP) in Russia formed?
Answer:
The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed in 1900.

Question 14.
What incident is called Bloody Sunday?
Answer:
The incident in which about 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded by an attack on the striking workers, on a day which was Sunday, is called Bloody Sunday.

Question 15.
What is a Russian steam roller?
Answer:
The imperial Russian army, the largest ai med force in the world, was known as the Russian steam roller.

Question 16.
What were Lenin’s ‘April theses’ ?
Answer:
A group of demands such as

• war to be brought close
• land be given to the peasants
• banks be nationalized.

Question 17.
Which type of calendar the Russian follow and what, did it mean?
Answer:
The Russian followed the Julian calendar which was 13 days ahead of the Gregorian calendar. So the February revolution took place on March 12 and the October revolution on 7th November according to the \ Julian calendar. Until February, the Russians ‘ followed the Julian calendar.

Question 18.
What type of state was Russia after the October revolution?
Answer:
Russia (changed to the Union of’ Soviet Socialist Republic USSR in December (1922) was a one-party state after the October revolution.

Question 19.
Describe briefly the demands of the liberals of the 18th-19th centuries Europe.
Answer:
The liberals of the 18th-19th centuries Europe opposed –

• the uncontrolled power and absolutism of dynastic rulers
• they wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against the government
• they argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials,
• they felt men of property mainly should have the vote. They did not want the vote for women.

Question 20.
Who were the radicals and what did they want?
Answer:
The radicals were those who wanted fundamental changes in the social and political systems of 18th-19th centuries Europe. In contrast, the radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population. Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners. They, were not against the existence of private property but disliked the concentration of property in the hands of a few.

Question 21.
Describe the major adverse effects of industrialization.
Answer:
Industrialization brought men, women and children to factories; Work . hours were often long and wages were poor, Unemployment was common, particularly during times of low demand for industrial goods.

Question 22.
Sum up the contribution of Marx and Engels.
Answer:
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friederich Engels (.1820-1895) were great socialists. They had argued that industrial society was capitalist. Capitalists owned the capital invested in factories and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers. The conditions of workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private capitalists. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society.

Question 23.
What was Lenin’s perception of the Russian peasants?
Answer:
Lenin felt that the peasants werenot one united group. Some were poor and others rich, some worked as labourers while others were capitalists who employed workers. Given this ‘differentiation’ within them) they could not all be part of a socialist movement. So he wanted to have the peasants in the second line of defence, workers being the first line.

Question 24.
What was the impact of World War I on the Russian economy?
Answer:
The war also had a severe impact on
industry. Russia’s own industries were few in number and the country was cut off from other supplies of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. By 1916, railway lines began to break down. Able-bodied men were called up to “the war. As a result, there were labour shortages and small workshops producing essentials were shut down. Large supplies of grain, were sent to feed the army. For the people in the cities, bread and flour became scarce. By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common.

Question 25.
Give a brief account of the socialist society as was being envisaged in Russia after tire October 1.917 revolution:
Answer:
During the civil war, the Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalized. They permitted peasants to cultivate the land that had been socialized, the Bolsheviks used confiscated land to demonstrate what collective works could be, A process of centralized planning was introduced. Officials assessed how the economy could work and set targets for a five-year period. On this basis, they made the Five Year PlAnswer: The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two ‘Plans’.

Question 26.
What were the economic, social and political- causes of the October, 1917 Revolution in Russia.
Answer:
Politically, the people of Russia resented the autocracy of Czar Nicholas II. The losses that the Russian suffered during World War I further weakened Russia’s view of Nicholas. Socially, Czarist Russia stood well behind the rest of Europe in its industry and farming, resulting in few opportunities for fair advancement on the part of peasants and industrial workers. Economically, widespread inflation in Russia contributed to the revolution.

I. Economic couses:
1. Russia’s outdated economy and the Tsar’s failure to modernise it constituted one great cause of the Russian Revolution. Its agricultural, economy still resembled that of medieval Europe, with peasants bound to an inefficiently-managed village commune, and using outdated farming methods.

2. Factory workers also suffered due to Russia’s young industry that sought to catch up with the rest of Europe. They had to endure terrible working conditions, including twelve to fourteen-hour days and low wages.

3. Peasant’s conditions constituted another cause. They led a miserable life with no infrastructure supporting them.
By 1917, famine threatened many of the larger cities, and Nicholas’s failure to solve his country’s economic suffering and communism’s promise to do just that comprised the core of the Revolution.

II. Social Causes
1. The social causes of the Russian Revolution mainly came from centuries of oppression towards the lower classes by the Czarist relgime and Nicholas’s failures in World War I- While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to tire state, and demanded the land they Worked.

2. The rapid industrialization of Russia also resulted in urban overcrowding and poor conditions for urban industrial workers. There was also no running water, and piles of human manure were a threat to the health of the workers.

3. The World War I then only added to the chads. Conscription swept up the unwillingness in all parts of Russia. The vast demand for factory production of war supplies and workers caused many more labor riots and stikes.

III. Political Causes:
1. Politically, most areas of Russian society had reason to be dissatisfied with the existing autocratic system. They had no representation in government, and the Tsar remained out of touch with the people’s problems.

2. Dissatisfaction with Russian autocracy culminated in the Bloody Sunday massacre, in which the Russian workers saw their pleas for justice rejected as protesters were shot by the Tsar’s troops. The response to the massacre crippled the nation with strikes, and Nicholas released his October Manifesto, promising a democratic parliament (the State Duma), to appease the people.

Question 27.
Give an account of the global influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR.
Answer:
Existing socialist parties in Europe did not wholly approve of the way the Bolsheviks took power-and kept it. However, the possibility of a workers state fired peoples imagination across the world. In many countries, communist parties were formed- like the Communist Party of Great Britain. The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment. Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) and the Bolshevik-founded Comintern (an international union of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties).

By the 1950s it was acknowledged within the country that the style of government in the USSR was hot in keeping with the ideals of the Russian Revolution. A backward country had become a great power. Its industries and agriculture had developed and the poor were being fed. But it had denied essential freedoms to its citizens and carried out its developmental projects through repressive policies. By the end of the twentieth century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined though it was recognized that socialist ideals still, enjoyed respect among its people.

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Select the correct word given in the bracket and fill in the blanks:
(i) ……………. opposed the uncontrolled powers of the dynastic rulers. (Liberals, Conservatives)
(ii) ……………. was English manufacture who believed in a cooperative community called New Harmony. (Robert Owen, Charles Fourier)
(iii) Louis Blanc was ……………. socialist. (Russian, French)
(iv) ……………. ruled Russia in 1914. (Nicholas I, Nicholas II)
(v) ……………. was leader of the Bolshevik Party. (Lenin, Plekhnov)
Answer:
(t) Liberals,
(it) Robert Owen,
(iii) French,
(iv) Nicholas II,
(u) Lenin.

Question 2.
Choose true (✓) and false (✗) from the following:
(i) During World War I, Great Britain, France, Turkey formed one alliance.
(ii) Russia withdrew from World War I in 1915.
(iii) Duma in Russian is a word that means parliament.
(iv) Lenin had his demands in his May theses.
(v) Lenin succeeded after Stalin’s death.
Answer:
(i) (✗)
(ii) (✗)
(iii) (✓)
(iv) (✗)
(v) (✗) .

Question 3.
Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Second International was convened in:
(a) 1864
(b) 1889
(c) 1914
(d) 1921
Answer:
(b) 1889

(ii) Who led the government in Russia after the October 1917 Revolution?
(a) Stalin
(b) Kerensky
(c) Marx
(d) Lenin
Answer:
(d) Lenin

(iii) One the following is correct:
(a) The peasants were a satisfied lot in Febuary, 1916
(b) They were a contended lot in February, 1917
(c) They had no complaint against the government in September 1917
(d) They wanted the land that they tilled.
Answer:
(d) They wanted the land that they tilled.

(iv) The February revolution in Russia is called:
(a) Nationalist revolution
(b) Capitalist revolution
(c) Socialist revolution
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Capitalist revolution

(v) The following followed the collectivization programme in 1929 in Russia:
(a) Lenin
(b) Kerensky
(c) Stalin
(d) Engels
Answer:
(c) Stalin