HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Multiple Choice Questions

Important Questions On Print Culture and the Modern World HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
In which of the following countries was print technology first developed ?
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Germany
(d) France.
Answer:
(b) China

Important Question On Print Culture and the Modern World HBSE 10th Class Question 2.
When was hand-printing technology introduced in Japan ?
(a) 1002-1008
(b) 768-770
(c) 1008-1012
(d)1012-1014
Answer:
(b) 768-770

Print Culture and the Modern World Map Based Questions HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
Who was Marco Polo?
(a) An explorer
(b) A scientist
(c) A writer
(d) A publisher
Answer:
(a) An explorer

Important Questions Of Print Culture and the Modern World HBSE 10th Class Question 4.
The first book printed in Europe by Johann Gutenberg was
(a) Ramcharitmanas
(b) Bible
(c) Ramayan
(d) Quran.
Answer:
(b) Bible

Important Questions In Print Culture and the Modern World HBSE 10th Class Question 5.
Who wrote Ninety Five Thesis, criticising the practices and rituals of Roman Catholic Church?
(a) Erasmus
(b) Louise Sebastien
(c) James Augustus
(d) Martin Luther.
Answer:
(d) Martin Luther.

Question 6.
What were the cheap books known in England ?
(a) Chapbooks
(b) Biliotheque Bleue
(c) Handbooks
(d) Textbooks.
Answer:
(a) Chapbooks

Question 7.
What were low-priced small books in France called ?
(a) Penny chapbooks
(b) Biliotheque Bleue
(c) Alamnacs
(d) Journals.
Answer:
(b) Biliotheque Bleue

Question 8.
What was the Shilling Series ?
(a) A famous newspaper series of 1920s.
(b) A serialisation of a long story
(c) A cheap series of popular books in England
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(c) A cheap series of popular books in England

Question 9.
Who printed the first Tamil book ?
(a) The Protestant priests
(b) Ulamas
(c) The Catholic priests
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) The Catholic priests

Question 10.
Which of the following was the weekly newspaper published by Gangadhar Bhattacharya ?
(a) Bengal Samachar
(b) Bengal Gazette
(c) Bengal Kesari
(d) Bengal Weekly.
Answer:
(b) Bengal Gazette

Question 11.
Which weekly newspaper was published by Raja Rammohan Roy ?
(a) Sambad Kaumudi
(b) The Bengal Gazette
(c) The Hindu Patrika
(d) The Kesari.
Answer:
(a) Sambad Kaumudi

Question 12.
Who was Raja Ravi Verma ?
(a) A painter
(b) A novelist
(c) A writer
(d) A publisher.
Answer:
(a) A painter

Question 13.
Who was the writer of the first full-length autobiography ‘Amar Jiban’ published in Bengali language ?
(a) Kailashbashini Debi
(b) Rashsundari Debi
(c) Begum
(d) Suhashini Chaudhary.
Answer:
(b) Rashsundari Debi

Question 14.
Who was the author of ‘Gulamgiri’ ?
(a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(b) Jyotiba Phule
(c) E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
(d) Rammohan Roy.
Answer:
(b) Jyotiba Phule

Question 15.
When was the Vernacular Press Act passed ? ‘
(a) 1878
(b) 1879
(c) 1880
(d) 1881.
Answer:
(a) 1878

Fill in the blanks

1. The earliest kind of …………. technology was developed in
Answer:
printing, China.

2. The first book to be printed by Johann Gutenberg was the …………..
Answer:
Bible.

3. There were …………… or ritual calandars, along with ballads and folk-tales.
Answer:
Almanacs.

4. Lending libraries had been in existence from the …………… century onwards.
Answer:
seventeenth.

5. Manuscripts were copied on ………… leaves or on ………… paper.
Answer:
palm, hand-made.

6. In ………… the Vernacular Press Act was passed.
Answer:
1878.

7. Despite repressive measures ……………. newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of …………..
Answer:
nationalist, India.

8. Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about Punjab deportees in his ………….
Answer:
Kesari.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where did the earliest kind of print technology develop ?
Answer:
The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.

Question 2.
What is Calligraphy ?
Answer:
The art of beautiful and stylish handwriting is known as Calligraphy.

Question 3.
Who was the leading producer of printed material in China ?
Answer:
The imperial state of China.

Question 4.
For what purpose were the earliest textbooks printed in China?
Answer:
To recruit the civil servants through written examination.

Question 5.
Who introduced the hand-printing technology in oapan ? (CBS! 2019
Answer:
Buddhist missionaries from China introduced the hand-printing technology in Japan around 768-770 CE.

Question 6.
Which was the oldest book to be printed in Japan ?
Answer:
Diamond Sutra.

Question 7.
Name the things that had printed pictures on them, in Japan ?
Answer:
Playing cards, textiles and paper money.

Question 8.
Who contributed to an art form called Ukiyo?
Answer:
Kitagawa Utamaro.

Question 9.
Who developed the first printing press ?
Answer:
Johann Gutenberg (Germany) developed the first printing press in 1448.

Question 10.
What was the main cause of print revolution?
Answer:
Invention of printing press.

Question 11.
Who was the writer of the Ninety Five Theses ?
Answer:
Martin Luther.

Question 12.
Who said “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one?”
Answer:
Martin Luther.

Question 13.
What is an Inquisition?
Answer:
A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics is known as an Inquisition.

Question 14.
Who was Erasmus ?
Answer:
Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer.

Question 15.
What were the names given to the books in France and England?
Answer:
France – Bilotheque Bleue England – Chap Book.

Question 16.
What is Despotism?
Answer:
A system of governance, in which absolute power is exercised by an individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks, is known as despotism.

Question 17.
“The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.” Who said these words ?
Answer:
Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a French novelist.

Question 18.
Where was Penny Magazine first published ?
Answer:
Penny Magazine was published between 1832 and 1835 in England by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

Question 19.
Which class was the Penny Magazine published for ?
Answer:
It aimed primarily at the working class.

Question 20.
Name any four languages in which Indian manuscripts were prepared before the age of print.
Answer:
(i) Sanskrit
(ii) Arabic
(iii) Persian
(iv) Bengali.

Question 21.
Who wrote Gita Govinda?
Answer:
Jayadeva.

Question 22.
When did the first printing press come to India?
Answer:
The first printing press came to Goa (India) with the Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century.

Question 23.
When and who began to edit the Bengal Gazette?
Answer:
In 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette.

Question 24.
Punjab Keshari was published by
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Question 25.
By whom and when was the first Indian Newspaper published in India?
Answer:
Gangadhar Bhattacharya published the first Indian newspaper ‘Bengal Gazette’ in 1821.

Question 26.
Give the names of two Persian newspapers published in India in the early nineteenth century.
Answer:
(i) Jan-i-Jahan Nama, (ii) Shamsul Akhbar.

Question 27.
Name the first printed edition of Tulsidas (a sixteenth century text), published in 1810.
Answer:
Ramcharitmanas.

Question 28.
Who was the author of Amar Jiban?
Answer:
Rashsundari Debi.

Question 29.
Who wrote Istri Dharm Vichar?
Answer:
Ram Chaddha.

Question 30.
Who was known as ‘Maratha Pioneer’ of low caste?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule.

Question 31.
Name the book written by Jyotiba Phule.
Answer:
Gulamgiri.

Question 32.
Why was Gulamgiri book written by Jyotiba Phule in 1871?
Answer:
In Gulamgiri, Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of the caste system in India.

Question 33.
Who is known as Periyar ?
Answer:
E.V. Ramaswami Naicker.

Question 34.
Name the paper started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak?
Answer:
Kesari.

Question 35.
What are Seditions ?
Answer:
Seditions are actions, speech or writings which are presumed as against the government.

Question 36.
Name the official language of China.
Answer:
Mandarin.

Question 37.
What is Vellum ?
Answer:
A parchment made from the skin of animals.

Short Answer Type Questions-I

Question 1.
What were the two demerits in copying manuscripts ?
Answer:
The two demerits in copying manuscripts were the following :
(i) Copying manuscripts was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.
(ii) Manuscripts were .fragile, difficult to handle and could not be carried away easily.

Question 2.
Who was Kitagawa Utamaro ? What was his contribution in printing?
Answer:
Kitagawa Utamaro was a painter, born in Edo in 1753. He was widely known for his contributions to an.art form called ukiya (pictures of the floating world), or depiction, of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones. This art influenced arfists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh.

Question 3.
Who was Marco Polo? What was his contribution in printing ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was a great Italian explorer who visited China in the thirteenth century. When he returned to Italy in 1295, he brought back the technology of woodblock printing, which he had learnt in China. ’

Question 4.
What did the earlier printed books look like ?
Answer:
(i) Printed books, at first, closely resembled the written manuscripts, in appearance and layout. The metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles.
(ii) Borders were illuminated by hand, with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
(iii) Space for decoration was left blank on the printed page.

Question 5.
How did printing bring the people close to one another ?
Answer:
Publishers began to print popular ballads and folktales, with beautiful illustrations and pictures.

These could be sung and recited at gatherings in villages, and in taverns in towns.

Oral cultures, thus, entered the printed material, orally transmitted. In this way, printing brought common people close to one another.

Question 6.
How did the print relate scientists and philosophers to the common people ?
Answer:

Due to print, the ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people.

Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed.

When scientists, like Issac Newton, began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.

Question 7.
What do you understand by the Shilling Series ?
Answer:
Nineteenth-century periodicals serialised important novels which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels. In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series.

Question 8.
Who invented the power driven cylindrical press ? What were its advantages?
Answer:
Richard M. Hoe of New York invented the power-driven cylindrical press.
Advantages:

• The press was capable of printing about 8,000 sheets per hour.
• The press was useful for printing newspapers.

Question 9.
Who were Ulama? Why were they deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties ?
Answer:
Legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia were called Ulama. They feared that British colonial rulers would encourage conversion and change the Muslim personal laws. To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, which published Urdu and Persian translations of holy scriptures and printed religious newspapers and tracts.

Question 10.
What do you know about Rashsundari Debi ?
Answer:
Rashsundari Debi lived in East Bengal. In the early 19th century, she was a young married girl in a very orthodox household. She learned to read secretly in her kitchen. She wrote her autobiography ‘Amar Jiban’, which was published in the year 1876. This was the first full-length autobiography published in the Bengali language.

Question 11.
How did Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein react against withholding women from education in the name of religion?
Answer:
Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein was a famous educationist and literary figure. In 1926, she strongly condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion, as she addressed the Bengal Women’s Education Conference: “The opponents of female education call themselves Muslims and yet go against the basic tenet of Islam which gives women an equal right to education. If men are not led astray once educated, why should women ?” In this way, she reacted against them.

Short Type Questions – II

Question 1.
Trace the development of print in Japan. ( HSI: 2019
Answer:

Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan in around 768-770 CE.
The oldest Japanese book, printed in 868 CE, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
Playing cards, paper money and textile products were used for printing pictures on them.
In medieval Japan, the works of poets and prose writers were regularly published and books were cheap and abundant.
In the late 18th century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings depicting an elegant urban culture were popular among the artists, courtesans and teahouse gatherings.

Question 2.
What is a manuscript? Why were they not used widely ?
OR
Why was reading of manuscript not easy in India ? > u- F nc h n,<ard 2020
Answer:
Manuscript: Book or document written by hand is called manuscript. It is an author’s original copy, handwritten or typed, but not printed.
They were not used widely because :

• These were fragile, difficult to handle and could not be carried away easily.
• Highly expensive.
• Could not be read easily, as the script was written in different styles.
• They were limited in numbers.
• Style of writing of every individual manuscript differs.

Question 3.
Who was Gutenberg ? How did he get the idea of a printing press ?
Answer:

• Johann Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor related with the invention of the movable type printing in Europe.
• He had seen wine and olive presses since his childhood because his father had a large agricultural estate.
• It is said that the olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting
• the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
• The first book printed by him was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed in three years.

Question 4.
Describe some of the new printed books which were sold by the peddlers in villages in the eighteenth century.
Answer:

• They were almanacs (ritual calendars), alongwith ballads and folktales. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers, known as chapmen, and sold for a penny.
• ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ were low-priced small books that were sold in France. These could be bought even by the poor.
• Then, there were the romances, printed on four to six pages and the more substantial ‘histories’, which were
• stories about the past. Books were of various sizes and served different purposes and interests.

Question 5.
“With the inducement of the printing press, a new reading public emerged”. Explain the statement.
OR
How did the invention of the printing press influence the reading culture ?
Answer:
The invention of the printing press had the following influences on the reading culture :

• Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.
• Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership.
• Access to books created a new culture of reading. If earlier, there was the public to listen, now, a reading public came into being.
• Printers began publishing popular ballads and folktales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures, for those, who did not read.

Question 6.
The shift from hand-printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution. Explain.
Answer:

• In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, the printing presses were set up in most of the countries of Europe.
• Printers from Germany travelled to other countries, seeking work -and helping to start new presses. As the number of printing presses grew, books’ production boomed.
• The second half of the fifteenth century, saw around 20 million copies of printed books, flooding the markets in Europe. The number went up in the sixteenth century to about 200 million copies.
• It influenced popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things.

Question 7.
“Print popularised the ideas of the enlightened thinkers”. Explain.
Answer:

• Collectively, the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.
• They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order, based on tradition.
• They argued for the rule of reason, rather than custom, and demanded that everything should be judged through the application of reason and rationality.
• The writings of Voltaire, Rousseau were read widely and those, who read these books, saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.

Question 8.
What innovations happened after the seventeenth century, which improved the printing technology ?
Answer:

• In the late eighteenth century, the press came to be made out of metal.
• Richard M. Hoe, an American inventor, designed an improved printing press which was known as the rotatory printing press. This new press could print about 8,000 sheets per hour.
• In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed, which could print up to six colours at a time.
  From the beginning of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
• A series of many other developments followed. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were introduced.

Question 9.
Explain the main features of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in India.
Answer:

• India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.
• Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Papers were sometimes beautifully illustrated.
• They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.
• They were highly expensive and fragile.
• They had to be handled carefully and could not be read easily, as the script was written in different styles.

Question 10.
Trace the development of print in India.
Answer:

• The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century,
• Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and Kanara languages.
• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713, the first Malayalam book was printed by them.
• The English East India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth century.
• From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine.
• By the close of the eighteenth century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print.

Question 11.
What do you know about visual culture and its role in printing in India?
Answer:
By the end of 19th century, a new visual culture started taking shape. An increasing number of printing presses helped in the production of visual images and reproduced them in multiple copies. Famous Indian painters, like Raja Ravi Verma, produced images for mass circulation. Cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the markets and could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their workplaces and homes. These prints and calendars helped in developing popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion, society, culture and politics.

Question 12.
Explain the impact of print culture on Indian women. <Raj. Board 2015′
Answer:
The impact of print culture on Indian women was following :

• Writers started writing about the lives and feelings of women, and this increased the number of women readers enormously in middle-class homes.
• Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home and sent them to schools when women’s schools were set-up after the mid-nineteenth century.
• Many journals, carrying writings by women and explaining why women should be educated, were published.
• Many women writers, like Rashsundari Debi, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein, Kailashbashini Debi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote books, highlighting the experiences of women.
• In the early twentieth century, journals written for and sometimes edited by women, discussed issues, like women’s education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement.

Question 13.
What was the role of nationalist newspapers in spreading national feelings among the Indian people in the early 20th century ?
Answer:
The role of nationalist newspapers in spreading national feelings among the people in the early 20th century was the following :

• Nationalist newspaper grew in numbers in all parts of India.
• They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
• The newspaper attempted to throttle nationalist criticism and provoked militant protest.
• When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in the year 1907, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with
• great sympathy about them in his ‘Kesari’ newspaper. This led to his imprisonment in the year 1908.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in detail the earliest developments in printing technology.
Answer:
The earliest developments in printing technology can be explained through the following points :«
(i) The earliest kind of print technology developed in China, Japan and Korea. In China, since 594 CE, woodblocks were used for hand-printing. As both sides of the thin and porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate it with remarkable accuracy, and the beauty of calligraphy. After the seventeenth century, the merchants, along with the reading public began to use print in their everyday life, whereas print was the preserve of scholar-officials, earlier.

(ii) Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around 768-770 CE. The oldest Japanese book, printed in 868 AD, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. ^

(iii) Paper reached Europe from China through the silk route in the eleventh century. With this, the production of manuscripts written by scribes became a regular feature. Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after several years of exploration in China. In the year 1295, he brought back with him the technology of woodblock printing. Thus, woodblock printing came to Europe around the year 1295.

(iv) The invention of the printing press proved a great miracle in spreading knowledge. The first printing press was developed by Johann Gutenberg in Germany in the year 1448, which greatly facilitated the printing of books in large numbers. He developed metal types and developed a way of moving them around, so as to compose different words of the text. The first book printed by Gutenberg was the Bible, of which about 180 copies were printed in the three years. His novel printing machine dominated the printing world for the next 300 years.

(v) Between the year 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set-up in most of the European countries. Printers from Germany travelled to other countries, seeking work and thus helping to start new presses. As the number of printing presses grew, book production also vastly increased. This shift from hand-printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution.

Question 2.
Trace the history of print in China.
Answer:
The history of print in China can be depicted as follows:

• The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China. This was a system of hand-printing.
• From 594 CE onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of wood blocks.
• As both sides of the thin and porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side.
• Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate it with remarkable accuracy, and the beauty of calligraphy.
• The imperial state in China was, for a long time, a major producer of printed material. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system, which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Print Revolution? Explain its impacts.
Answer:
Print Revolution: With the invention of printing press, the printing of books started at a large scale. Printing reduced the cast. The time and labour, required to produce each book, came down. Books flooded the market and reached out to an evergrowing
readership.

Impacts of Print Revolution: The impact of Print Revolution can be explained through the following points

(i) Emergence of new reading public:
Access to books created a new culture of reading. Earlier, common people lived in a world of oral culture. Knowledge was transferred orally. Now, the books could be made easily available to the wider sections of people. Earlier, there was public only to listen, now, a reading public came into being.

(ii) Wide Circulation of Ideas:
With the invention of printing press, circulation of ideas of people and discussion on various subjects started taking place. Now, people could debate and discuss different topics. Even those, who dis-agreed with established authorities, could now print and circulate their ideas. Through a printed message, they could persuade people to think in different ways. Religious reformer Martin Luther praised the print revolution and said, “printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one”. According to many historions, printing created a new intellectual atmosphere and helped to spread new ideas that led to the Reformation.

(iii) Introduction with the different Explanations of Religion:
Print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive interpretations of faith, even among little educated working people. Many people started to reinterpret the message of the Bible and form new ideas about God and His creation.

Question 5.
“After print revolution, as literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
The above-mentioned statement can be explained as given below:

(i) The extension of schools and literacy:
During the seventeenth and by the end of the eighteenth century, in many countries of the European continent, the literacy rate increased by sixty to seventy percent. Churches of different denominations opened schools in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artis: As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania. There was a great demand of books, and the publishers began to print books in large numbers.

(ii) Printing of various types of literature:
New forms of literature appeared in print, targeting new readers in Europe. Booksellers employed peddlers, who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale. There were almanacs (ritual calendars), alongwith ballads and folktales.

(iii) Printing of Entertainment-based Literature:
Targeting the interest of hew readers, the printing of entertainment-based literature also started in Europe. Such books were very cheap and could be read even by the poor. In those books, Penny Chapbooks of England and Biliotheque Bleue of France, etc. were prominent.

(iv) Printing of Romantic as well as Historical books:
Apart from the amusement- based books, books on romances were also printed on four to six pages by European publishers. There were some substantial books written on ‘histories’, which were stories about the past.

(v) Printing of Journals:
In the beginning of eighteenth century, the publication of journals started in Europe.

(vi) Printing of books related to science and philosophy:
The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more popular among the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed. The writings of scientists and thinkers like, Issac Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau, were widely printed and read.

Question 6.
Many historians argued that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred. Cm we make such a connection?
Answer:
Many historians argued, that the print culture created the conditions which were responsible for the French Revolution. The following reasons can be presented to support this view:

(i) Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightened thinkers:
Due to print culture, the ideas of the Enlightened thinkers were popularized. They criticised traditions, superstitions and despotism through their writings. They agreed for the rule of reason, rather than custom, and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. Consequently, many thinkers began to attack the sacred authority of the Church and despotic power of the state.

(ii) Print created a new culture of debate and dialogue:
All existing ideas and beliefs began to be questioned by the public. Such things created the ground for social revolution.

(iii) Publication of Literature that mocked the royalty:
By the decade of 1780, there was an outpouring of literature, that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order. This process led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the rulers.

Question 7.
How was the print culture used to spread the religious texts by various communities? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Print culture was used to spread the religious texts by various communities as following:

Print and the Muslims:
In north India, the Ulamas (the religious heads of Muslims) were deeply worried about the collapse of the Muslim dynasties. To counter their fear they used cheap lithographic presses which published Persian and Urdu translations of the holy scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary, which was founded in the year 1867, published many fatwas, making muslim readers aware of the code of conduct to be followed in their everyday lives and explained the meanings of Islamic doctrines.

Print and the Hindus:
Among Hindus, too, print culture encouraged the readings of religious texts especially in the vernacular languages. The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, came out from Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1810. From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published many religious texts and books, reaching a very wide circle of people, encouraging debates and controversies within and among different religions.