Class 10

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

• Production of goods in large quantities after processing them from raw material to more valuable articles is known as manufacturing.
• People engaged in secondary activities convert the raw materials into finished goods.
• The economic progress of a country is measured by the development of various manufacturing industries.

→ Importance of Manufacturing

• The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development.
• Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture but also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other.
• Industrial development assists agriculturists in increasing their production.
• In the present-day world of globalisation, our manufacturing industry needs be more efficient and competitive.
• During the last two decades, the share of the manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP.
• Since 2003, industrial growth has been between 9 to 10 per cent per annum.
• The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up to increase the development of manufacturing industries.

Class 10th Manufacturing Industries Notes HBSE

→ Industrial Location

• The location of industries is influenced by availablity of raw material, labour, power, capital and market etc.
• Several industries come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres. They are known as agglomeration economies.
• The key to decide the location of industry is the minimum cost of operating it.

→ Classification of Industries

• On the basis of source of raw material used, industries are classified as agro-based and mineral-based industries.
• Based on role, industries are classified as Basic and Consumer industries.
• Basic or key industries include iron and steel industry, aluminium smelting etc.
• If investment is more than one crore on any industry it is known as a large-scale industry.
• Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies while private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
• Industries, which are jointly run by the state and individual or a group of individuals, come under joint-sector industries.

→ Agro-based Industries

• Cotton, jute, silk, woollen, textile, sugar and edible oil industries are based on agricultural raw material.
• Cotton, jute, wool and silk are the basic raw materials for the textile industry.
• In 1854, the first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai.
• Today, there are nearly 1946 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country.
• The cotton textile industry is concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
• India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world with 43.13 million spindles (2011-12), after China.
• We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn accounting for one-fourth of the total trade.
• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.
• Most of the jute industries are located in West Bengal mainly along the banks of Hugli river in a narrow belt (98 km long and 3 km. wide).
• In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare.
• India stands second as a world producer of sugar, but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari.
• The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat, alongwith Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
• Seasonal Nature of the Industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay are major problems of this Industries.

Manufacturing Industries Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ Mineral-based Industries

• The iron and steel industry is a basic industry and it is located where the raw material is available.
• India ranks third among the world crude steel producers and is the largest producer of sponge iron.
• Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel Industries.
• Bauxite is the raw material used in the aluminium smelting.
• Aluminium smelting is the second most important Metallurgical Industry in India.
• The chemical industry in India contributes approximately 3 per cent to the GDP.
• Rapid growth has been recorded in both organic and inorganic industry.
• India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
• In 1904, India’s first cement plant was established in Chennai.
• The automobile industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Indore, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

→ Information Technology and Electronics

• The important centres of electronic goods are Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai, Coimbatore and Lucknow.
• STPI (Software Technology Parks of India) has come up accoss 46 locations at different centres of India.

→ Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

• Industries are fully responsible for four types of pollution
  (i) Air
  (i) Water
  (iii) Land
  (iv) Noise.
• Waste from nuclear power plants, and nuclear and weapon production facilities, causes cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
• NTPC is a major power-providing corporation in India. It has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10th Notes HBSE

→ Important Terms

1. Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing them from raw material to more valuable articles is known as manufacturing.

2. Industry: Systematic production characterised by division of labour and extensive use of machinery is called industry.

3. Industrialisation: The process of establishing industries and employing a large number of people in the manufacture of goods mechanically in a country, is known as industrialisation.

4. Urbanisation: A general movement of people from small rural or agricultural communities or villages to large towns engaged in varied activities such as government, trade, transport and manufacturing is known as urbanisation. It also indicates the concentration of an increasing proportion of total population in towns and cities.

5. Agglomeration Economies: Several industries come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres. These are known as agglomeration economies.

6. Agro-based Industries: Those industries in which the source of raw material is derived from agriculture are called agro-based industries. Example-Cotton, Woollen, Jute, etc.

7. Mineral-based Industries: Those industries in which the source of raw material is derived from minerals are called mineral-based industries. Example-Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, etc.

8. Basic or Key Industries: Those industries which supply their products or raw material to manufacture other goods are called basic or key industries. Example-Iron and Steel Industry.

9. Consumer Industries Those industries, which produce goods for direct use by consumers are called consumer industries. Example-Sugar, Toothpaste etc.

10. Small Scale Industries: Those industries in which, investment is allowed up to one crore are called small-scale industries. Example-Radio industry, Garment industry, etc.

Geography Class 10 Chapter 6 Notes HBSE

11. Large Scale Industries: Those industries in which, investment is more than one crore are called large scale industries. Example-Iron and steel, the textile industry, etc.

12. Public Sector Industries: Those industries, which are owned and operated by government agencies, are called public sector industries. Example-BHEL, SAIL etc.

13. Private Sector Industries : Those industries, which are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals are called public sector industries. Example-Tisco, Emami Ltd. etc.

14. Joint Sector Industries : Those industries, which are jointly run by the state and an individual or a group of individuals are called joint sector industries. Example-Oil India Ltd.

15. Co-operative Sector Industries : Those industries, which are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw material, workers, or both, are called co-operative sector industries. Example-The coir industry in Kerala.

16. Heavy Industries: Those industries, which use heavy and bulky raw materials, are called heavy industries. Example-Iron and Steel industries.

17. Light Industries: Those industries, which use light raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries. Example-Electrical industries.

18. Smelting: The process of separating metals from their ore, by heating in the blast furnace.

19. Industrial Pollution: Pollution caused to air, soil, water, etc.by emission of poisonous gases, and chemicals from industries or by dumping them untreated in the open space is called industrial pollution.

20. Environment: Surroundings or the conditions under which a person or things exist and develop his/her or their character are called environment. It covers both physical and cultural elements.

21. Environmental Degradation: Loss of quality of environment due to human excesses on nature, that results in danger to the existence of flora and fauna.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

• The earth’s crust is made up of various minerals, embedded in the rocks.
• Various metals are extracted from these minerals after proper refinement.
• Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.
• In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood.

→ Meaning of Minerals

• Geologists define mineral as a hemogenous naturally-occurring substance with a definable Internal structure.
• India is endowed with a rich variety of minerals, distributed unevenly.
• Over 2000 minerals have been identified till now.
• Minerals are found in a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density.

Class 10th Chapter 5 Geography Notes HBSE

→ Types of Minerals

• Minerals are divided into three categories:
  (i) Metallic
  (ii) Non-Metallic
  (iii) Energy Minerals.
• Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond, to the softest talc.
• Minerals are usually found in “Ores”. The term ‘ore’ is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other materials.
• In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.
• In sedimentary rocks, number of minerals occur in beds or layers, like coal. Sedimentary rocks on the Western and Eastern flanks of the peninsula in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
• Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica etc. Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. For example-Gold, Silver, Tin and Platinum.
• The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, like common salt, magnesium and bromine etc.
• Mineral formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Example-Bauxite.
• The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

→ Iron ore

• Iron-ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development for any country. India is rich in good quality of iron ores like Magnetite and Hematite.
• The major iron-ore belts in India are:
  (i) Orissa-Jharkhand belt
  (ii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
  (iii) Bellary-Chitradurga- Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt
  (iv) Maharashtra-Goa belt.
• Manganese is mainly used for making steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of manganese ores in India.
• Copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
• The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh and the Singbhum (Jharkhand) and Khetri mines (Rajasthan) are the leading producer of copper.

Minerals And Energy Resources Notes HBSE 10th Class

→Bauxite

• Bauxite is the ore of aluminium.
• India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
• Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

→ Non-Metalic Minerals

• Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates called leaves.
• Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chotanagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya-
• Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer.
• In Rajasthan the major mica producing area is around Ajmer.

→ Limestone

• Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonate.
• Limestone is the basic raw material for cement industry.
• Toothpaste consists of cleaning minerals like silica, limestone, aluminium oxide and various phosphate minerals.
• Toothpastes consists of titanium oxide. It comes from rutile, ilmonite and anatase.
• Toothbrush and tubes are made up of plastics derived from petroleum.
• Fluoride, that reduces cavities, comes from a mineral- fluorite.
• 

→ Conservation of Minerals

• Minerals are extremely valuable possessions. They are finite and non-renewable. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve them.

→ Energy Resources

• Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium, and, from electricity.
• Energy is required for all activities.
• Conventional sources of energy include- firewood, cattle-dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.
• Non-conventional sources include- solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal, biogas and atomic energy.
• In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
• It provides substantial part of energy for the country.
• Coal is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years.
• The main varieties of coal include peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite.
• In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana and in tertiary deposits.
• Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
• The Gondwana coal is located in Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro.
• Tertiary coals occur in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.
• Coal is used in power generation, supplying energy to industries, satisfying domestic needs and commercial energy requirements.
• Petroleum is the second most important source of energy.
• Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
• About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India.
• Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum.
• Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.
• Electricity is generated in India, mainly in two ways—By running water and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.
• Hydro-electricity is generated from running turbines by water and thermal electricity is generated by buring coal, petroleum and natural gas.
• Uranium and thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear energy.
• India has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.

Class 10 Sst Minerals And Energy Resources Notes HBSE

→ Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

• Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
• Wind energy is absolutely pollution free, inexhaustible source of energy.
• The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu, from Nagarcoil to Madurai.
• Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
• Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, Gulf of Khambhat provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.
• Geo-thermal energy can be used to generate electricity.
• Several hundred hot streams are there in India, and they are also used to generate electricity.
• Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.

→ Important
1. Mineral : A substance which is found in the earth’s crust, and which generally has a definite chemical composition unlike most rocks, is called mineral.

2. Ore: Ore is the raw material extracted from the earth mixed with soil and other impurities.

3. Mining: An economic activity concerned with the extraction of commercially valuable minerals from the bowels of the earth.

4. Geographers: Experts who study about distribution of mineral resoruces and associated economic activities.

5. Geologists: Experts who study about rocks, their age, formation of minerals and their physical and chemical composition.

Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Notes HBSE

6. Rock: A consolidated mixture of various minerals is called rock.

7. Igneous Rocks: Rocks which were solidified from molten magma are called igneous rocks.

8. Metamorphic Rocks: Rocks which were originally igneous or sedimentary, but have changed in character and appearance are called metamorphic rocks.

9. Sedimentary Rocks: Rocks which have been deposited as beds and layers of sediments are called sedimentary rocks.

10. Veins and Lodes: in igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called the veins and larger are called the lodes.

11. PlacerDeposits: Some minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floor and at the base of hills, these are known as placer deposits.

12. Manganese Nodules: A type of sediment scattered on the ocean floor, which mainly constitutes manganese and iron, and usually contains some amounts of cobalt, nickel and copper are called manganese nodules.

13. Rat-hole Mining: Coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee (Meghalaya) is done by family members in the form of narrow tunnel. This is known as Rat-hole mining.

14. Ferrous Mineral: These are the minerals which contain iron, e.g. iron-ore, manganese- ore and nickel.

15. Non-Ferrous Minerals: Minerals devoid of iron contents are termed as non-ferrous minerals, e.g. zinc and lead.

16. Magnetite: This is the best quality of iron-ore and contains about 70% of iron. It has excellent magnetic property, especially valuable for
the electrical industry.

17. Hematite: p p the most important industrial iron-ore, in terms of the quantity used. It contains about 50% to 60% of pure iron.

18. Mineral Fuel: Non-metallic minerals, such as coal and petroleum, which are used as fuel are called mineral fuel.

19. Conventional Sources of Energy: Traditional sources of energy like coal, petroleum and natural gas.

20. Fossil Fuels: These are the fuels formed by the decomposition of organisms under the earth or the sea-bed.

21. CNG: Compressed Natural Gas, used for driving vehicles.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes HBSE

22. Hydroelectricity: Electricity generated through moving turbine, by using water falling from dams etc. It is also known as hydel power.

23. Thermal Elecricity: power obtained by burning coal, petroleum and natural gas in large power plants.

24. Atomic Energy: power obtained by splitting the atom under controlled conditions. It is also known as nuclear energy.

25. Non-conventional Sources of Energy: Renewable sources of energy which are recently developed, like- solar, wind, tidal energy etc.

26. Biogas: Energy gas produced by using shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste is called Biogas.

27. Tidal Energy: Energy produced by using oceanic tides is called tidal energy.

28. Geothermal Energy: Heat and electricity produced by using heat from the interior of the Earth are called geothermal energy.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

• India is mainly an agricultural country.
• The about two-thirds population of India is engaged in agricultural activities.
• Agriculture is an important base of the Indian economy society and culture.
• Agriculture provides foodgrain to the people. It provides raw material to agro-based industries.
• Tea, coffee, spices etc. are some of the agricultural products that are exported.

→ Types of Farming

• According to the physical environment, climate and characteristics of soil, farming varies in India, from subsistence to commercial type.
• At present in different parts of India, different types of farming systems are practised, in which, primitive subsistence farming, intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming are important.

Chapter 4 Agriculture Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Primitive Subsistence Farming

• Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land by using traditional techniques.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon.
• In the ‘slash and bum’ agriculture, farmers clear a patch of land by burning vegetation and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
• When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift from there and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
• Slash and bum agriculture is known by different names in different regions such as Jhumming in the North-Eastern India, Bewar or Dahiya in Madhya Pradesh, Podu or Penda in Andhra Pradesh, Pamadabi or Roman or Bringa in Odisha, Kumari in Western Ghats, Valre in South-eastern Rajasthan Khin in Himalayan belt and Kuruwa in Jharkhand.
• Slash and bum agriculture is known as Milpa in Mexico, Conuco in Venezuela, Roca in Brazil, Ladang in Indonesia and Rey in Vietnam.

→ Intensive Subsistence Farming

• Intensive subsistence farming is a labour-intensive farming technique, which is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
• In this agriculture, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used.

→ Commercial Farming

• Scientific methods and techniques are used in commercial farming to obtain high yield.
• Plantation is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown on a large area.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Notes HBSE

→ Cropping Pattern

• In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc. are important plantation crops.
• Our country has three cropping seasons which can be named as rabi, kharif and zaid.
• Rabi crops in India are sown in winter and harvested in spring. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
• Kharif crops are grown with the arrival of the monsoon in different parts of the country and harvested in September-Oetober.
• Major Kharif crops grown in India are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, arhar, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean etc.
• In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year-Aus, Aman and Boro.
• Some of the crops produced during ‘Zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables, sugarcane and fodder crops.

→ Major Crops

• Major crops grown in India are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton, jute etc.

→ Rice

• Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of Indians.
• India is the second largest producer of rice all over in the world, after China.
• Rice is a Kharif crop which requires high temperature and high rainfall.
• Rice is grown mainly in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

→ Wheat

• After rice, wheat is the second most important food crop of India.
• There are two major wheat-growing zones in the country- the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.

→ Millets

• Jowar, bajra and ragi are the major millets grown in India. These are also known as coarse grains.
• Jowar is the third most important food crop of India with respect to area and production.
• Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are the largest producers of jowar.
• Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
• Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi, followed by Tamil Nadu.
• Major maize-producing states of India are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.

Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Notes HBSE

→ Pulses

• India is the largest producer, as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
• Major pulses-that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
• Major pulse-producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka.

→ Sugarcane

• Sugarcane is a tropical as well as a sub-tropical crop, which grows well in hot and humid climate.
• India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world, after Brazil.
• The major sugarcane-producing states of India are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

→ Oil Seeds

• Main oil seeds produced in India are groundniit, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
• Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the major oil seeds produced in the country.

→ Tea

• Tea is an important beverage crop of India. Major tea-producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
• In 2016, India was the second largest producer of tea after China.

→ Coffee

• Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality. The Arabica quality brought from Yemen is now being produced in the country.
• Major coffee-producing states of India are Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world in 2014. Rubber is an important industrial raw material. It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Geography Chapter 4 Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Fibres

• The production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.
• India is the original place of cotton. India was the second largest producer of cotton in the world in 2016.
• Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black soil of the Deccan plateau.
• Jute is known as the golden fibre. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute-producing states of India.

→ technological and institutional reforms

• Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc.
• were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
• Green Revolution was initiated in India to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
• The declining share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Production (GDP) is a matter of serious concern.
• The Government of India made concrete efforts to modernise agriculture.
• The establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development
• In the field of meterology and weather forecast, etc., were given priority for improving Indian agriculture.
• Kissan Credit Card, Personal Accident Insurance are some other schemes introduced by the government for the, benefit. of, the, farmers.
• In order to ensure the availability of food to all sections of society, our government carefully designed a national food seeds-its system.

→ Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture

• Public Distribution System (PDS) is a programme which provides foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.
• Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges.
• Genetic engineering is recognised as a powerful supplement in inventing new hybrid varieties of seeds.
• Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from food grains to high-value crops. This will increase income and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously.
• Israel, Italy and Chile produce and export high-value crops and import foodgrains for strong and successful economies.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Notes HBSE

→ Important Terms

1. Agriculture: The science and art of cultivating soil, raising crops and rearing animals.

2. Primitive Subsistence Farming: Farming on a small patches of land with the help of primitive tools such as hoe, dao and digging sticks and family or community labour.

3. Cereal: Any kind of grain used for food.

4. Shifting Agriculture: In this farming practice, a piece of land is cleared, either by burning or cutting trees and shrubs and then cultivated for a short period. This land remains under cultivation for a few years and is abandoned when it loses its fertility. It is also called ‘slash and bum’ agriculture.

5. Intensive Subsistence Farming: Increase in agricultural production by using scientific methods and better agricultural inputs.

6. Commercial Farming: Farming, in which the farmers grow the crop with the aim of selling it in the market, is called commercial farming.

8. HYV: It stands for High Yielding Variety of seeds. They are used for better or higher output of some major crops like rice and wheat.

9. Plantation Agriculture: A large-scale farming of one crop resembling factory production. It is usually characterised by large estates, huge capital investment and modem and scientific techniques of cultivation and trade.

10th Class Agriculture Notes HBSE

10. Rabi Season: A crop season that starts at the beginning of winter and continues till the beginning of summer.

11. Kharif Season: A crop season that starts with the onset of monsoon and continues till the beginning of winter.

12. Zaid Season: A short crop season of summer.

13. Green Revolution: A phenomenal and sustained increase in the production of agricultural crops.

14. Irrigation: An artificial means of watering the standing crops is called irrigation.

15. Millets: Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are called Millets.

16. Crop Rotation: Growing of different crops in succession, on the same field, from season to season to maintain soil fertility.

17. Horticulture: Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables is called horticulture.

18. Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk is known as sericulture.

19. Golden fibre: Jute is known as golden fibre.

20. White Revolution (Operation Flood): A phenomenal and sustained increase in the production of milk.

21. Bloodless Revolution: Bhoodan and Gramdan Movement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is known as the Bloodless Revolution.

Class 10th Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Notes HBSE

22. GDP: Gross Domestic Product.

23. ICAR: Indian Council of Agricultural Research

24. Food Security: A food situation that ensures the availability of adequate food to all citizens in the country.

25. PDS: Public Distribution System is a programme which provides foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.

26. FCI: Food Corporation of India.

27. Minimum Support Price (MSP): A minimum guaranteed price of a crop, fixed and announced by the government before the start of a cropping season, at which it would be ready to purchase any quantity of the crop offered to it for sale by farmers.

28. BPL: Below Poverty Line.

28. APL: Above Poverty Line.
29. Globalisation: The merger of the economy of individual countries into a global economy is known as globalisation.
30. Organic Farming: Farming is practised without factory-made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides.
31. Holdings: A parcel of land, bounded by similar parcels on all sides.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Summary Of The Lesson:
During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force. Nationalism brought sweeping changes in the intellectual and political world of Europe. The final result of these changes was the emergence of nation-state in place of pan-national dynastic empires of Europe.

→ The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation:

• The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
• The French revolutionaries introduced many measures and practices that could create a sense of common identity amongst the French people.
• The main purpose of the revolutionaries was to liberate the people of Europe from despotism; in other words, to help other people of Europe to become nations.
• Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principles, in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
• The Civil Code of 1804, which was formed by Napoleon, did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
• In the mid-eighteenth century, Eastern and Central Europe were under despotic rule and autocratic monarchies, within the territories of which, lived diverse people.

HBSE 10th Class History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

→ The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class:

• Politically and socially, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in the European continent.
• This powerful aristocracy was numerically a small group. Majority of the population was made up of the peasants.
• In Central and Western parts of Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade fuelled the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes.
• In the beginning of 19th century, new social groups came into being- a working-class population, and middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
• It was among the educated, liberal- minded middle classes, that ideas of national unity gained popularity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges.

→ Liberal Nationalism:

• For the new middle class, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
• Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
• In the economic field, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of capital and goods.

→ A New Conservatism after 1815:

• After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in the year 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
• Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society like the social hierarchies, property, family, monarchy and the Church-should be preserved.
• In 1815, representatives of the European powers-Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria-who had collectively defeated Napoleon Bonaparte, met at Vienna congress to draw up a settlement for Europe.
• The representatives of Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the objective of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
• Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe HBSE 10th Class

→ The Revolutionaries:

• During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground.
• Secret societies sprang up in various European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini who became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
• Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.

→ The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling:

• Romantic poets and artists generally criticised the glorification of reason and science, and focused instead on intuition, emotions and mystical feelings.
• Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
• According to German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, the true spirit of the nation was popularised through folk poetry, folk songs and folk dances.

→ Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt:

• The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe, marked by increasing population, rising food prices, unemployment and poverty.
• In the year 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris on the roads.

→ The Revolution of the Liberals

• When revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries were taking place in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
• Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification, which was based on parliamentary principles like a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
• On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament in the Church of St. Paul.
• The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who went against the demands of workers and artisans, and consequently lost their support, and the assembly was forced to disband.
• The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial point within the liberal movement.
• Conservative forces were forced to suppress the revolution in the year 1848. German unification
• Due to the efforts of middle-class nationalists, different regions of Germany and Italy united into a nation-state.
• Otto von Bismarck took on the leadership of Prussia.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was declared German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

→ Italy Unified

• Like Germany, Italy also had a long history of political fragmentation.
• In the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states.
• During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic and constituted a secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.
• Italian unification was the result of dedicated efforts of Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II.

→ The Strange Case of Britain

• In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval, but the outcome of a long-drawn-out process.
• There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
• The English parliament, which has seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the
  end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland, that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’, meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
• In the year 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
• In this way, a new ‘British nation’ was forged through a propagation of a dominant English culture.
• Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries, personified a nation and represented a country as if it were a person.
• Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• By the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow creed with imperialist purposes and limited ends.
• The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.
• The Balkans was the region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern- day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.
• Inhabitants of this region were broadly known as Slavs.
• A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
• All through the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire strengthened itself, but, one by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
• Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster and the First World War ensued in the year 1914.

→ Important Dates And Events:

→ Important Terms:
1. Absolutist: A form of monarchical government that is centralized, militarised, and repressive.

2. Utopian: A vision of a society that is so ideal, that it is unlikely to actually exist.

3. Plebiscite: A direct vote, by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

4. Nation: It is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice, and devotion.

5. Suffrage: The right to vote is called suffrage.

6. Zollverein: A customs union, which was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.

7. Conservatism: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.

8. Revolution: An armed or unarmed rebellion led by the common people against the government or colonial state is called Revolution.

9. Nationalism: It is a feeling of political consciousness and unity among the people of a state. It is the devotion, love, and patriotic feelings for one’s own nation.

10. Hellenism: Ancient Greek culture is called Hellenism.

11. Romanticism: An artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th century to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.

12. Liberalism: For the new middle classes of 19th century Europe, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

13. Feminism: Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic and political equality of the genders.

14. Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.

15. Ethnic: Relates to a common racial, tribal, or cultural origin or background, that a community identifies with, or claims.

16. Act of Union: A document signed by authorities in England and Scotland that formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 A.D.

17. Union Jack: The British Flag.

18. God Save Our Noble King: The British national anthem.

19. Personified Nation: Representing a country as if it were a person.

20. Allegory: When an abstract idea (for instance-greed, envy, freedom, liberty) is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and the other, symbolic.

→ Important Persons
1. Frederic Sorrieu: (A French artist): In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints, visualizing his dream of a world made up of a ‘democratic and social republic’.

2. Ernst. Renan (1823-92): (A Famous French philosopher): He published a famous essay entitled ‘Qu’est-ce qu’une nation ?‘ (‘What is a nation ?) Renan said that a nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice, and devotion.

3. Andreas Rebmann: (A German journalist): He was a member of a German Jacobin group. He designed a cover of a German almanac in 1798.

4. Karl Kaspar Fritz: (A German painter): He prepared a print, whose subject was the planting of a tree of Liberty in Zweibrucken, Germany.

5. Napoleon Bonaparte: A famous conqueror French Emperor, he introduced many administrative reforms in France. The civil code of 1804, which was formed by Napoleon, did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.

6. Friedrich List: A professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany. He wrote that the aim of the Zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation.

7. Duke Metternich: Austrian Chancellor who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815.

8. Giuseppe Mazzini: He was a famous Italian revolutionary. Inspired by patriotism, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

9. Delacroix: A French Romantic painter who prepared a painting-The massacre at Chios.

10. Johann Gottfried: A famous German Romantic philosopher. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das yolk.

11. Grimm Brothers: Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were two brothers born in the German city of Hanau. Their projects of collecting folktales and developing the German language were the wider efforts to oppose French domination and create a German national identity.

12. Carl Weicker: A famous German liberal politician who was an elected member of the Frankfurt Parliament.

13. Otto von Bismarck: The Chief Minister of Prussian state (Germany). He was the chief architect of the movement for the National Unification of Germany.

14. Victor Emmanuel II: He was the ruler king of Sardinia-Piedmont who helped all the revolutionaries whose main aim was to achieve the Unification and Independence of Italy.

15. Count Camillo de Cavour: The Prime Minister of Sardinia, State of Italy. The real credit for the Unification of Italy goes to Cavour.

16. Philip Veit: A German artist who prepared a painting of Germany in 1848.

17. Giuseppe Garibaldi: He was the most popular freedom fighter of Italy. In 1833 he joined the Young Italy movement.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

• It is very difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter.
• The art of writing and illustrating by hand was the most important in the age before print.
• The earliest kind of technology was a system of hand-printing, it was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
• In China, since 594 CE, wood blocks were used for hand-printing.
• The imperial state in China was for a very long time the major producer of hand printed material.
• Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture.
• From hand printing, there was now a gradual shift to mechanical printing in China.

Print Culture And The Modern World Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Print in Japan

• Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology in Japan around 768-770 CE.
• The oldest Japanese book printed in 868 CE, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra. Kitagawa Utamaro, bom in Edo (Tokyo) in 1753, was widely known for his contribution to an art form called ukiyo (‘Pictures of the floating world’).

→ Print Comes to Europe

• In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
• Macro Polo a great explorer returned to Italy in 1295, after many years of exploration in China.
• As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
• Johann Gutenberg invented the Olive printing press, which provided the model for the printing press.

→ Gutenberg and the Printing Press

• The first book printed by Johann, was the Bible. Metal types were invented by him, and the machine came to be known as the moveable type printing machine.
• In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
• The invention of the printing press proved a great miracle in spreading knowledge.

→ A New Reading Public

• With the advent of printing press, a new reading public emerged in the world. Access to books developed a new culture of reading.
• Printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures. The line, that separated the oral and reading cultures, became blurred.

→ Religious Debates and the Fear of Print

• Print developed the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
• There were many people who welcomed these printed books, because they felt that books would enlighten them, educate them, enhance their knowledge and even help them in ending despotism.
• In 1517, the religious reformer of Germany, Martin Luther, wrote ‘Ninety Five Theses’, criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

Print Culture And The Modern World Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ Print and Dissent

• Print and popular religious literature stimulated various distinctive individual interpretations of faith, even among little-educated working people.
• Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, literacy rates went up in various parts of Europe.
• As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania.
• People wanted to read books, and printers produced books in ever-increasing numbers.
• New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences. There were almanacs, or ritual calendars along with ballads and folktales.
• In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold for a penny.
• In France, the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ were low-priced books, printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers.
• Churches of different sub-groups set-up schools in villages, spreading literacy among peasants and artisans.
• The periodical press developed from the early eighteenth century, combining information about current affairs with entertainment.
• The discoveries of Isaac Newton, and the writings of thinkers like Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau, were widely printed and read.

→ Tremble, Therefore Tyrants of the World

• By the mid-eighteenth century, there was a common conviction that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment.
• Many believed, that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism and tyranny.

→ Print Culture and the French Revolution

• Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred.
• Print popularised the ideas of the enlightened thinkers.
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
• By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty, and criticised their morality.

Class 10 History Chapter Print Culture And Modern World Notes HBSE

→ Children, Women and Workers

• The nineteenth century saw vast leaps in mass literacy in Europe, bringing in large numbers of new readers, including children, women and workers.
• As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers.
• In the year 1857, a children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France.
• Lending libraries had been in existence from the seventeenth century onwards.
• In the nineteenth century, libraries in England became instruments for educating white collar workers, artisans and lower middle-class people.

→ Further Innovations

• Through the nineteenth century, there were a series of further innovations in printing technology.
• By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power- driven cylindrical press.
• Nineteenth-century periodicals serialised important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels.

→ Manuscripts Before the Age of Print

• India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.
• Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.

→ Print Comes to India

• The printing press, first came to Goa (India) with Portuguese missionaries in the mid¬sixteenth century.
• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in the year 1579 at Cochin.
• The British East India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth century.
• From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine.
• In the nineteenth century, the print media greatly helped the reformers to reform the Indian society and religion.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad-Kaumudi and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his views.
• The Deoband Seminary published thousands of fatwas, telling muslim readers, how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.

Class 10 Sst Print Culture And Modern World Notes HBSE

→ New Forms of Publication

The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a sixteenth-century text, came out from Calcutta in 1810.

→ Women and Print

• By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape. Painters like Raja Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation.
• By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.
• Lives and feelings of women began to be written in particularly vivid and intense ways.
• After the mid-nineteenth century, schools were set-up in the cities and towns.
• In East Bengal, Rashsundari Debi and Kailashbashini Debi, and in Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the experiences of women in the nineteenth century.
• In the early twentieth century, journals written for and sometimes edited by women, became extremely popular.
• → Print and the Poor People
  Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth-century, allowing poor people to buy them.
• Public libraries were set-up from the early twentieth century, expanding the access to books.
• The social reformer, Jyotiba Phule, wrote about the injustices of caste system, in his book Gulamgiri.
• By the decade of 1820, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom and the company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate British rule.
• After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clampdown on the ‘native’ press.
• In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. Vernacular press act provided the government with extensive right to censor reports and editorials.
• Despite repressive measures, many nationalist newspapers grew in all parts of India. They reported colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.

→ Important Dates and Events

→ Important Persons

1. Kitagawa Utamaro: He was born in Edo (Tokyo, Japan). He was widely known for his contributions to an art form called Ukiyo (pictures of
the floating world).

2. Marco Polo: A great Italian explorer, in 1295, he returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. He brought the knowledge of woodblock printing to Europe.

3. Johann Gutenberg: German national, inventor of first printing press. The first printing press was set-up in Germany by Johann Gutenberg in 1448. He developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of English alphabet and devised a way of moving them around, so as to compose different words of the text. His novel press came to be known as the moveable type printing machine.

4. Martin Luther: A great reformer of Germany. The credit for starting reformation in Germany goes to Martin Luther. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses, criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

5. Menocchio: A miller of Italy. He began to read books. He re-interpreted the message of the Bible, and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.

6. Erasmus: A great social reformer of Holland. He criticised the excesses of Catholicism. He expressed deep anxiety about printing.

7. Louise Sebastien Mercier: A French novelist, he declared that the printing press is the most powerful engine of progress, and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.

8. James Augustus Hickey: Famous writer. From 1780, he began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine. He published a lot of gossips about the British East India Company’s senior officials in India.

9. Raja Rammohan Roy: A great Indian reformer, He published the Sambad Kaumudi in the year 1821.

10. Raja Ravi Verma: A famous Indian painter. He produced innumerable mythological paintings that were printed at the Ravi Verma press. His famous printing is Raja Ritudhwaj, rescuing princess Madalsa from the captivity of demons.

11. Rashsundari Debi: She was a young married girl from a very orthodox household. She learnt to read secretly in her kitchen. She wrote her autobiography ‘Amar Jiban’ which was published in the year 1876. It was the first full length autobiography, published in the Bengali language.

12. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hussein: A famous educationist and literary figure, in 1926. She strongly condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion.

13. Jyotiba Phule: The Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements. He’wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his book Gulamgiri, which was published in the year 1871.

14. Kashibaba: He was a mill worker of Kanpur. He wrote and published ‘Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal’ in 1938, to show the links between caste and class exploitation.

15. Bal Gangadhar Tilak : A great Indian freedom fighter, he published Kesari Newspaper. When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, he wrote with great sympathy about them in his newspaper. This led to his imprisonment in the year 1908.

→ Important Terms

1. Calligraphy: The art of beautiful and stylish writing, is called Calligraphy.

2. Vellum: A parchment made from the skin of animals.

3. Manuscript: Book or document written by hand. It is the author’s original copy – hand written or typed, not printed.

4. Platen: In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type. At one time, it used to be a wooden board, later it was made of steel.

5. Compositor: The person who composes the text for printing.

6. Galley: Metal frame, in which types are laid and the text composed.

7. Revolution: Cause to change fundamentally.

8. Ballad: A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.

9. Taverns: Places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to eat food and to meet friends and to exchange news.

10. Protestant Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church led by Martin Luther in Rome.

11. Inquisition: A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics.

12. Heretical: Beliefs, which do not follow the accepted teachings of the Church. In medieval times, this was seen as a threat to the right of
the Church to decide on what should be believed and what should not. Heretical beliefs were severely punished.

13. Satiety: The state of being fulfilled, much beyond the point of satisfaction.

14. Seditious: Action, speech or writing that is seen as opposing the Government.

15. Denominations: Sub-groups within a religion are called Denominations.

16. Almanac: An annual publication, giving astronomical data, information about the movements of the sun and moon, timing of full tides and eclipses, and much else, that was of importance in the everyday life of people.

17. Chapbook: A term used to describe pocket-size books that were sold by travelling peddlers called chapmen. These became popular from the time of the sixteenth-century print revolution.

18. Biliotheque Bleue: Low-priced small books, printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers, were called Biliotheque Bleue.

19. Despotism: A system of governance in which absolute power is exercised by an individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks.

20. Ulama: Legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia (A body of Islamic law) are called Ulama.

21. Fatwa: A legal pronouncement on Islamic law, usually given by a Mufti (Legal scholar), to clarify issues, on which the law is uncertain, is called Fatwa.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

• In 1900, a famous music publisher E. T. Pauli produced a music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century.
• Another picture which appeared on the pages of a trade magazine shows two magicians Aladdin representing the East and the past, and the mechanic stands for the West and modernity.
• These various international images offer us a triumphant account of the modem world. With in this account, the modem world is associated with rapid technological changes and innovations, railways and steamships, machines and factories.
• Industrialisation is considered to be the backbone of the economic development. Before the Industrial Revolution
• Even before factories began to appear in England and Europe, there was a large-scale industrial production for the international market.
• Many historians refer to this phase as proto-industrialisation.
• In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the villages, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
• In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants.

Age Of Industrialisation Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ The Pace of Industrial Change

• Within this system, a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside.
• The industrial revolution took place in Europe in the eighteenth century.

→The Coming Up of the Factory

• The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s.
• Cotton was the first symbol of the new era. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century, in England.
• Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.
• The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton and metals.
• Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation, up to the 1840s. After that, the iron and steel industry led the way.
• With the expansion of railways, Britain was exporting iron and steel of double the value of its cotton exports.
• In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour.
• In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power, so that the need for human labour could be minimised.
• The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand in Victorian Britain.

The Age Of Industrialisation Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ Life of the Workers

• The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. ‘
• The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.
• After the decade of 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.
• James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 A.D., which speeded up the spinning work.

→The Age of Indian Textiles

• Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
• Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of export trade.
• As Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe, the East Indian company was keen on expanding textile exports from India.
• Once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade.
• a The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers.
• The East India Company appointed a paid servant called the ‘gomastha’, to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

→ Manchester Comes to India

• Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
• Cotton weavers in India faced various problems after the coming of Manchester goods to India.
• The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later.
• The first jute mill was set up in 1855, in Bengal.
• By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began its production.

→ The Early Enterpreneurs

• Most of the industries were set up by Indian enterpreneurs.
• Some famous Industrialists of nineteenth century were Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata and Seth Hukumchand, etc.
• As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could function, became increasingly limited.
• Factories needed workers. In most industrial regions, workers came from the nearby districts.
• European Managing Agencies established tea and coffee plantations in India, by acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
• They also invested in mining, indigo and jute.
• By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation.
• Till the First world War, industrial growth was slow.

Class 10 Age Of Industrialisation Notes HBSE

→ Small-Scale Industries Predominate

• Large-scale Industries were mostly located in Bengal and Bombay.
• After the war, small-scale industries predominated in India.
• In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily.
• By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calenders to popularise their products.
• Advertisement, labelling and calenders were used to popularise products by both, British and Indian manufactures.
• Advertisements played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture and became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

→ Important Dates and Events

→ Important

1. Orient: The countries to the East of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia. 3She term arises out of a western viewpoint that sees this region as pre-modem, traditional and mysterious.

2. Industrial Revolution: The term Industrial Revolution stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionized the technique and organisation of production in the later half of the eighteenth century.

3. Proto: Indicating the first or early form of something.

The Age Of Industrialisation Summary HBSE 10th Class

4. Proto Industrialisation: It means the existence of industries before the factory system.

5. Stapler: A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fibre.

6. Carding: The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

7. Fuller: A person who ‘fulls’-that is, gathers cloth by pleating.

8. Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, to speed up the spinning process and reduce labour demand.

9. Gomastha: An Indian word, meaning an agent or a middleman between the merchant and weavers.

10. Jobber: A person employed by the industrialist to get new recruits was called Jobber.

11. Fly Shuttle: It is a mechanical device used for weaving, which is moved by means of ropes and pullies. It places the horizontal threads (called the weft) into the vertical threads (called the warp). The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.

→ Important Persons

1. E.T. Pauli: A popular music publisher of England. In 1900, his music company published a music book, that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Country’.

James Watt: Inventor of the steam engine (England, 1769).

James Hargreaves: Inventor of Spinning Jenny. He invented this spinning machine in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demands. Henry Patullo: An English East India Company officer, he said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce because no other nation could produce goods of the same quality.

Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy: He was the son of a Parsi weaver. He was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large fleet of ships.

Dwarkanath Tagore: Famous Bengali industrialist. He believed that India would develop through westernisation and industrialisation. He invested in mining, banking, insurance, plantations, shipping and shipbuilding, etc. He traded with China.

J.N. Tata: His full name was Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata. In 1912, he set up the first iron and steel works at Jamshedpur in India.

Seth Hukumchand: Famous Marwari businessman. The first Indian jute mill was set up in Calcutta, in the year 1917 by him. He also traded with China.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

The Making Of The Global World Notes HBSE 10th Class

Summary Of The Lesson

→ The Pre-Modem World

• Since ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
• Globalisation is an economic system, that has emerged in the last fifty years or so. But, the making of the global world has a long history.
• As early as 3000 BCE, an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisation with present-day West Asia.
• Seashells (used as a form of currency), from the Maldives, found their way to China and East Africa, and the long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced as far back as the seventh century.

The Making Of A Global World Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ Silk Routes Link the World

• The silk routes are a good example of vibrant, pre-modem trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.
• Historians have identified many silk routes, over land and by sea, linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
• These routes existed even before the Christian Era and flourished till the fifteenth century.
• Chinese silk and pottery, Indian spices and textiles were carried by these routes.
• The Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries, and later on, thr Muslim preachers travelled on these routes.

→ Food Travels

• Usually, travellers and traders introduced new crops to the lands which they visited.
• It is a common belief that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.
• Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes etc. were introduced in Asia and Europe after Christopher Columbus discovered America. These foods came from America’s original inhabitants—the American Indians.
• The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of Americas was decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth century.

→ Conquest, Disease and Trade

• The disease of smallpox that came from Europe, spread deep into the American continent.
• Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Therefore, thousands of people fled Europe for America.
• Till the eighteenth century, China and India were the world’s richest countries. After that, America gradually became important and with this, the European continent emerged as the vast centre of world trade.
• The economists identify three types of ‘flows’ within international economic exchanges i.e., the flow of trade, the flow of capital and the flow of labour.

Making Of Global World Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ A World Economy Takes Shape

• Industrialisation and population growth had increased the demand for foodgrains in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
• To satisfy the food requirement, the food products were imported into Britain from different parts of the world.
• Nearly fifty million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the nineteenth century.
• By the end of the nineteenth century, a global agricultural economy had developed, along with the changes in pattern of labour migrations, capital flows and technology.

→ Role of Technology

• The railways, steamships, the telegraph etc. were important inventions, without which we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth century world.
• A new technology of refrigeration was established in the ships, which enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances.

→ Late Nineteenth Century Colonialism

• Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth century.
• Britain and France, alongwith Germany and Belgium, made vast additions to their overseas territories in the late nineteenth century.
• The United States of America (US) also became a colonial power in the late 1890s, by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain.

→ Rinderpest or the Cattle Plague

• A fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy.
• Rinderpest disease arrived in Africa in the late 1880s.
• In the late nineteenth century, Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its various resources of land and minerals.
• Indentured labour means a bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home. Indentured Labour Migration from India.
• In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work in mines, on plantations, and in road and railways construction projects around the world.
• Most Indian indentured labourers came from the present day regions of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Centred India and Tamil Nadu.
• The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji.
• The system of indentured labour was abolished in the year 1921, when Indian nationalists opposed the system.
• Indian traders and moneylenders also followed European colonisers into Africa for developing their business abroad.
• From the early nineteenth century, British manufacturers began to come to the Indian market. Foodgrain and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased.
• The First World War (1914-18) was mainly fought in Europe, but its impact was felt all over the world.

The Making Of Global World Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ Wartime Transformations

• The First World War was fought between the leading industrial nations of the world. The First World War was the first modem industrial war.
• For the first time, modem weapons like machine gems, tanks, aircrafts, chemical weapons etc. were used on .a massive scale.
• The deaths and injuries in the war reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe. Industries were restructured to produce war-related goods.
• Britain faced a prolonged economic crisis after the First World War. It became very difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market.
• After a short period of economic trouble in the years after the war, the US economy resumed its strong growth in the early 1920s.

→  Rise of Mass Production and Consumption

• In the 1920s, the mass production became an important feature of industrial production in the United States of America (USA).
• A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer Henry Ford.
• Henry Ford adapted the assembly line to his new car plant in Detroit, when he realised that this method would allow a faster and much cheaper way of producing vehicles.
• Henry Ford’s industrial practices soon spread in the United States of America (USA) and Europe in the 1920s.
• The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US. The Great Depression
• The worldwide economic depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1980s. During this period, most of the countries of the world
• experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade.

→ India and the Great Depression

• The great depression immediately affected the Indian trade. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
• As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Peasants and farmers suffered more, than urban dwellers.
• Reconstruction in the post-war era had been done under the supervision of the United States of America (US) and the Soviet Union.
• The governments had to step in to minimise fluctuations of price, output and employment. Post War Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions
• The Bretton Woods agreement was signed between the world powers in July 1944, as a result of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, U.S.A.
• The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

History The Making Of Global World Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ The Early Post-War Years

The Bretton Woods system ushered an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan.

→ Decolonisation and Independence

• When the Second World War ended, large parts of the world were still under the European colonial rule.
• Even after many years of decolonisation, the former colonial powers still controlled vital resources such as minerals and land in many of their former colonies.
• G-77 was a group of developing countries in the late 20th century, established to demand a new international economic order.
• From the 1960s, the rising costs of its overseas involvements weakened the United States of America’s finances and competitive strength.

→ Important Dates and Events:

→ Important Terms:

1. Globalisation: It is the process of integration or interconnection between countries. In other words, the movement of people, goods and services across the nations has been termed as globalisation.

2. Cowries: The Hindu Cowdi, used as a form of currency in ancient times.

3. Silk Routes: These routes knitted together vast regions of Asia, and linked Asia with Europe and Northern Africa. These routes are known to have existed since before the Christian Era. These routes were used for silk trading.

4. Dissenter: One who rejects established beliefs and practices is called a dissenter.

5. Com Laws: Under pressure from landed groups, the British government restricted the import of corn. This law was popularly known as the Com Law.

Making Of Global World Notes HBSE 10th Class

6. Primary Products: These are agricultural products such as wheat, rice and minerals such as coal, petroleum, zinc, gold etc.

7. Canal Colonies: The areas irrigated by new canals, where peasants from different parts of Punjab settled, were called Canal colonies.

8. Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific period is known as indentured labour.

9. Hosay: Annual ‘muharram’ riotous carnival in Trinidad where labourers of all races and religions join together to celebrate.

10. Trade Surplus: It is a situation under which the value of exports is more than imports.

11. Allies: A power block formed by alliance of Britain, Russia and France during the days of the First World War.

12. Central Powers: War alliance among Germany, Hungary, Austria and Ottoman Turkey empire in the First World War.

13. Assembly Line Production: It is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in sequential manner to create a finished product.

14. Tariff: Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport.

15. Exchange Rates: They link national currencies for purposes of international trade. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates : fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.

16. Fixed Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent movements in them.

17. Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are determined by demand and supply forces of the open market, without any interference of the governments.

18. MNCs: Multinational Corporation or Company.

→ Important Persons:

1. Christopher Columbus: He discovered America in 1492.

2. John Winthorp: He was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony in New England. He wrote that small pox signalled God’s blessing for the colonists.

3. Sir Henry Morton Stanley: He was a journalist of New York Herald. He was sent by the New York Herald to find Livingston, a missionary and explorer who had been in Africa for several years.

4. V.S. Naipaul The Nobel Prize-winning writer, whose forefathers migrated as indentured labourers.

5. Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramnaresh Sarwan: West Indies cricketers. They have descended from Indentured labour migrants from India.

6. Henry Ford: He was a famous car manufacturer of the United States of America.
He adapted the assembly line of a Chicago slaughterhouse to his new car plant in Detroit. –

7. Rastafarianism: Rastafarianism is said to reflect the social and cultural link of Indian migrants with the Caribbean.

8. John Maynard Keynes: Famous economist, he thought that Indian gold exports promoted global economic recovery.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Summary Of The Lesson

• Modem nationalism in Europe was associated with the formation of nation-states. New symbols, icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities.
• In India, the growth of modern nationalism is closely linked with anti-colonial movement.

→ The First World War

• The First World War (1914-18) was a great event in world history.
• The First World War created many problems for the Indians, especially in the economic field.
• The First World War led to a huge increase in the defence expenditure and therefore, the British Government increased the taxes, customs duties and introduced income tax.
• The forced recruitment in rural areas created an upheaval in the Indian society, resulting in widespread anger among the people.

HBSE 10th Class History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

→ Satyagraha

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) returned to India in January 1915.
• He believed that the dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.’
• After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements in Champaran (Bihar), Kheda (Gujarat) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat).
• Satyagraha was a noble method of truth and non-violence which Mahatma Gandhi adopted in his struggle.

→ The Rowlatt Act

• In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha movement against the proposed Rowlatt Act.
• Jallianwalla Bagh masscare took place on 13th April 1919 in Amritsar.
• The Khilafat movement was started by the famous Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in 1919, to protest against the injustice done to Turkey after the First World War.

→ Non-Cooperation Movements

• Mahatma Gandhi, in his famous book Hind Swaraj, declared that if Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year and Swaraj will come.
• The Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement.
• British institutions, schools, colleges, foreign goods and clothes were boycotted.
• The movement drew into its fold, the struggles of peasants and tribals which were developing in different parts of India, in the years after the war.

→ Swaraj in the Plantations

• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers in Assam were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
• When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations, and headed home.
• The plantation workers interpreted the term swaraj in their own way. They imagined it to be a time, when all their troubles and sufferings would end.
• In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement due to the outbreak of violence in Chauri-Chaura.
• The British government appointed the Simon Commission to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and to suggest changes.
• Simon Commission arrived India in 1928. It had seven members. It did not have any Indian membership, so it was boycotted by the Indians, with the slogan ‘Go back Simon.’ In December 1929, under the presidency of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.

Nationalism in India HBSE 10th Class

→ The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

• Mahatma Gandhi found in salt, a powerful symbol, that could unite a nation.
• On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi, a village near the sea coast in Gujarat and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
• In order to crush the Civil Disobedience Movement, the colonial government once again followed the policy of repression and arrested many leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi and Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
• In the countryside, rich peasants communities, like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh, were active in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The industrial working class did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region.
• A large number of women also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

→ The Limits of Civil Disobedience

• Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come in India for hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the untouchables-Haryan or the Children of God.
• Mahatma Gandhi organised satyagraha to secure entry of the Harijans in temples, access to public wells, roads and schools.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. The Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Poona in September 1932. This Pact gave the depressed classes, reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative Councils.

→ The Sense of Collective Belonging

• Nationalism spread rapidly when people began to believe that they all were part of the same nation.
• History and fiction, songs and folklore, prints and symbols, all played a great part in developing the spirit of nationalism in India.
• Inspired by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.
• As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying citizens, and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.

→  Important Dates and Events:

→  Important Persons:

1. Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhiji was a famous Indian freedom fighter who is known as Father of Nation. His contribution for independence of India is unforgettable. He believed that dharma of Non-violence could unite all Indians. He successfully organised Satyagraha movement in various places in India. He launched Non-cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.

2. Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali: The Khilafat Movement was started by the famous Ali brothers- Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in 1919.

3. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru: Famous freedom fighter and Congress leader. In December, 1929, under the presidency of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the Demand of Purna Swaraj. He wrote a famous book ‘The Discovery of India’.

4. Baba Ram Chandra: Leader of Awadh Peasants, in 1918-19, he led a Peasant Movement during the Non-cooperation Movement

5. Alluri Sitarama Raju: A tribal leader, who led a movement of tribal peasants in Andhra Pradesh and was arrested at the end of two years’ armed tribal struggle. He claimed, he had special powers. He was inspired by the Non-cooperation Movement and he persuaded people to give up drinking.

6. Sir j0hn Simon: Chairman of Simon Commission in 1927 A.D. The British Government appointed the seven man commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928.

7. Lord Irwin: He was a viceroy in British rule in India. He announced a dominion status for India. He signed Gandhi-Irwin Pact with Mahatma Gandhi.

8. Subhash Chandra Bose: He was a great patriot of India. He founded Indian National Army. His purpose was to overthrow the British rule in India. He raised the slogan ‘Jai Hind’.

9. Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Great freedom fighter. He was arrested in Civil Disobedience Movement by the British Government. He launched Civil Disobedience Movement in Peshawar.

10. Purshottamdas Thakurdas: Famous industrialist. He attacked colonial control over the Indian Economy.

11. G.D. Birla: Famous industrialist. He attacked colonial control over the Indian economy • and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.

12. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had signed the Minority Pact with the British Government in India. In September 1932, he signed Poona Pact with Mahatma Gandhi.

13. Sir Mohammad Iqbal: He was the president of the Muslim League. In 1930, he supported separate electorates for the Muslims.

14. Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Muslim League leader. He represented the Muslim Social Group of Indians.

15. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: He wrote the famous song ’Vande Mataram’ in the 1870s. Later, it was included in his novel Anandamath1. It was widely sung during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.

16. Abanindranath Tagore: A famous Indian Painter. He painted his famous image of Bharat Mata in 1905. In this painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

→  Important Terms:

1. Forced Recruitment: A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army.

2. Satyagraha: A non-violent method used by Gandhiji against the oppressor was called Satyagraha.

3. Rowlatt Act law or tool of repression passed by the British Government on 18th March 1919.

4. Boycott: The refusal to deal and associate with people or participate in activities or buy and use things; usually a form of protest.

5. Picket: A form of demonstration or protest, by which, people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office.

6. Khadi: The spun handloom material is known as khadi.

7. Begar: Labour, that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.

8. Non-cooperation Movement: This movement was launched by Gandhiji in 1920. Its aims were to redress the wrong done to Punjab and
Turkey and the attainment of Swaraj.

9. Inland Emigration Act: It was an act through which plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

10. Dandi March: Gandhiji, along with 78 of his followers, started from his Ashram at Sabarmati to Dandi on the sea coast of Gujarat, on foot, and broke the salt law by making salt.

11. Gandhi-Irwin Pact: It was an agreement signed in March 1931, under which, the Civil Disobedience Movement was called off.

12. Poona Pact: It was a pact which was signed between Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The pact gave the depressed classes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 उपन्यास, समाज और इतिहास Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 उपन्यास, समाज और इतिहास

उपन्यास, समाज और इतिहास Notes HBSE 10th Class

1. उपन्यास का उदय
→ उपन्यास का आगमन छापेखाने के मशीनी आविष्कार से हुआ। अगर में उपन्यास पढ़ना है तो इसका किताब के रूप में छापकर हमारे सामने आना जरूरी है। किताब के रूप में उपन्यास को अधिक रूप से लोकप्रियता मिली तथा पढ़ने वालों के वर्ग में वृद्धि हुई।

→ अब छोटे शहरों में भी उपन्यास का आगमन हो गया था। उपन्यास में कुछ ऐसे प्रसंगों का ध्यान रखा गया जो साधारण रूप से पाठक वर्ग मे एक आम रुचियों का रूप ले। सबसे पहले उपन्यास इंग्लैंड तथा फ्रांस में आया।

→ विकास के रूप में उपन्यास 18वीं सदी में पनपा। इसके पाठक हर वर्ग के लोग थे। लेखकों की आय में वृद्धि भी हुई। अलग-अलग शैलियों का प्रयोग होने लगा। हेनरी फील्डिग, वॅल्टर स्कॉट जैसे अनेक लेखक सामने आये।

→ शुरू-शुरू में गरीब वंग उपन्यास को खरीद नहीं पा रहे थे। 1740 में चलने वाले पुस्ताकालयों को स्थापित किया गया जिससे लोग किराये पर उपन्यास लेने लगे। उपन्यास मनोरंजन का एक नया साधन था। लोगों में इसकी लोकप्रियता बढ़ती जा रही थी।

→ उपन्यास की घटनाओं को लोग असल जिंदगी की घटनाओं से लड़ने लगे। 1836 में चार्ल्स डिन्स का एक उपन्यास धारावाहिक रूप से एक पत्रिका में छपा। पत्रिकाएं सस्ती हुआ करती थीं और यह अपना अलग महत्त्व रखती थीं। लोग उपन्यासों को आपस में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण चर्चा का रूप देने लगे।

→ चार्ल्स डिकेन्स में अपने उपन्यासों में औद्योगीकरण के दुष्प्रभावों को बड़ी सुंदरता के साथ दिखाया है उन्होंने अपने उपन्यास ‘हार्ड आइम्स’ में ऐसा ही वर्णन किया है।

→ उन्होंने अपने अलग-अलग उपन्यासों में अलग-अलग विषयों को चुना। किसी में शहरी जीवन की दुर्दशा का वर्णन है तो कहीं पर किसी गरीब का अमीर होना इत्यादि। परंतु इन उपन्यासों को पढ़कर केवल खुश रहा था, यह सही नहीं था।

→ अधिकांश पाठक वर्ग शहरों के थे। 19वीं सदी के मशहूर उपन्यासकार टॉमस हार्डी ने देहाती समुदाय के बारे में लिखा जो खत्म हो रहा था। मशीनों का बाजार में आना इसका अनुभव हमें हार्डी के उपन्यास ‘मयेर ऑफ कैस्टब्रिज’ को पढ़कर होता है।

→ उपन्यास में साधारण भाषा जो जनता की भाषा होती थी, उसका प्रयोग होता था और आज भी यही होता है। उपन्यास को मिश्रित भाषा का प्रयोग कर लोगों के सामने पेश कर सकते हैं। उपन्यास का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण पहलू महिलाएँ थीं।

→ महिलाओं को भी अवकाश मिलने पर उपन्यास पढ़ने का समय प्राप्त हुआ। वह उपन्यास लिखने व पढ़ने लगी थीं। जेन ऑस्टिन जैसी लेखिकाएँ उभरकर सामने आई।

→ महिला उपन्यासकारों ने केवल गृहस्थिन चरित्रों को ही नहीं दर्शाया बल्कि समाज में अन्याय के खिलाफ लड़ती महिलाओं को भी उपन्यासों में दिखाया है। (जैन आयर एक ऐसा ही उपन्यास है, युवाओं के लिए) एक सभ्य, आदर्श, मेहनत करने वाले युवा पुरुष, साहसी आदमी के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया गया।

→ पुरुष, प्रधान उपन्यासों में साहस भरे कारनामे साधारण पुरुष जो समय के साथ बदल रहा है। इत्यादि दर्शाया जा रहा था। जी. ए. हेटी के ऐतिहासिक साहसिक उपन्यास बहुत लोकप्रिय हुए प्रेम कहानियों के उपन्यास भी लिखे गये। यूरोप में उपन्यास का आगमन औपनिवेशिकवाद से हुआ था।

Chapter 7 उपन्यास, समाज और इतिहास HBSE 10th Class

2. उपन्यास भारत आया
→ भारत में गद्य कथाओं का चलन शुरू से चला आ रहा है। भारत के आरंभिक उपन्यास बंगाली व मराठी में लिखे गये थे। शुरू में उपन्यासों को अंग्रेजी उपन्यासों के हिंदी अनुवादों में प्रस्तुत किया गया।

→ हिंदी भाषा में उपन्यास को दिल्ली के श्रीनिवास दास लिखा था। परंतु हिंदी उपन्यास का पाठक वर्ग देवकी नंदन खत्री के साथ उत्पन्न हुआ। उनके द्वारा लिखित ‘चद्रकान्ता-संतति’ बहुत लोकप्रिय हुई। प्रेमचंद ने अनेक लोकप्रिय उपन्यास लिखे थे।

→ उन्होंने दहेज, बाल विवाह इत्यादि जैसे प्रसंगों को लिखा था। 19वीं सदी में उपन्यास दो प्रकार से सामने आया-प्रथम रूप से भूतकाल व दूसरा घरेलू परिस्थितियां पर आधारित। बंगाल में अकेले उपन्यास को पढ़ने का चलन हुआ।

→ कभी-कभी समूह में उपन्यास पढ़े जाते थे। बंकिम चद्रं चट्टोपाध्याय बंगाल के मशहूर उपन्यासकार थे। उन्होंने उस गद्य-शैली को अपनाया जो कि आम बोलचाल की भाषा के रूप में प्रयोग होती थी।

3. औपनिवेशिक जमाने में उपन्यास
→ नये उपन्यासों का आगमन हुआ था जो कि गृहस्थी से संबधित थी। इन उपन्यासों में साधारण लोगों से जुड़ी बातें हुआ करती थीं, जैसे-उनकी वेषभूषा, पूजा, संस्कृति आदि। इनमें से कुछ उपन्यासों के अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद भी हुए थे।

→ हिंदुस्तानियों ने उपन्यासों में सामजिक बुराइयों को वर्णित किया और साथ ही उनके समाधान भी खोजने की कोशिश की। समाज का हर व्यक्ति उपन्यास पढ़ सकता था, लेकिन उसे उपन्यास की भाषा जरूर आती हो।

→ औपनिवेशिक काल में कई प्रकार के उपन्यासों ने जगह बनाई। उपन्यास काल्पनिक होते हुए भी असल जिंदगी को पेश करते थे। चंदू मेनन इस प्रकार के ही उपन्यासकार थे।

→ अधिकतर उपन्यासों के नायक व नायिकाएँ आधुनिक दुनिया के ही पात्र हुआ करते थे। ये पुराने समय के पात्रों से बिल्कुल अलग हुआ करते थे। पूरी दुनिया के समान भारत के मध्यवर्ग में भी उपन्यास एक मनोरंजन का साधन बन गया था।

→ उपन्यास पढ़ते समय लोग मौन रहना सीख गये थे। 19वीं सदी के अंत तक लिखित वर्णन को बोलकर पढ़ा जाता था, परंतु अधिकांश रूप से लोग चुप रहकर ही उपन्यास पढ़ते थे।

HBSE 10th Class Chapter 7 उपन्यास, समाज और इतिहास

4. महिलाएँ और उपन्यास
→ जनता पर उपन्यासों का गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा रहा था। वे कल्पना को असल जिंदगी से जोड़ते थे। उपन्यासों में तो तत्व हुआ करते थे जिसका असर महिलाओं और बच्चों पर सीधा पड़ता था।

→ उपन्यास हर उम्र के व्यक्ति में प्रचलित हो रहा था, परंतु महिलाएँ केवल पाठिका के रूप में नहीं रह गयी थी। अब उन्होंने उपन्यासों को लिखना शरू कर दिया था।

→ उन्होंने प्रेम-विवाह और स्वतंत्र नारी जैसे विषयों को अपने उपन्यास का भाग बनाया, परंतु महिला उपन्यासकारों को समाज सही नजर से नहीं देखता था।

→ जाति प्रथा से संबंधित एक उपन्यास सामने आया था और वह था-इंदुलेखा। 1892 में पोथेरी कुंजाम्बु ने एक उपन्यास लिखा जिसका नाम था-सरस्वती विजयम। यह उपन्यास भी अछूतों पर था।

→ 1920 में बंगाल में नये प्रकार का उपन्यास आया जिसमें किसान वर्ग और निम्न जाति से जुड़े लोगों की समस्याओं को दिखाया गया था।

5. राष्ट्र और उसका इतिहास
→ औपनिवेशिक इतिहासकारों ने भारतीयों को अत्यन्त कमजोर बताया। उनका विश्वास मुख्यतः इस बात में था कि भारत देश ब्रिटिश राज्य से आजादी चाहता है।

→ बंगाल में अनेक उपन्यास राजपूतों और मराठों पर लिखे गये। इनमें साहस, वीरता व त्याग जैसे आदर्श दिखाई देते थे। ये उपन्यास भारतीयता का अनुभव कराते थे।

→ अंगुरिया बिनिमॉय भूदेव मुखोपाध्याय का सबसे पहला ऐतिहासिक उपन्यास था। इन उपन्यासों में राष्ट्र भावना को इस प्रकार से दर्शाया गया था कि असल जीवन में भी लोगों ने आंदोलन शुरू कर दिये थे।

→ समाज में विभिन्न सतरों के लोगों को उपन्यासों में दिखाया गया। शक्तिशाली वर्ग से लेकर कमजोर वर्ग तक समाज के हर पहलू को उपन्याकार लिखा करते थे।

→ उपन्यास पश्चिम और भारत के भागों का अहम हिस्सा बन गया। इन उपन्यासों ने उन तथ्यों को सामने रखा जिस मध्यवर्गीय लोग अनजान थे। लोगों के समूहों को उपन्यास के द्वारा पहचान मिली।

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 भारत में राष्ट्रवाद Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 भारत में राष्ट्रवाद

भारत में राष्ट्रवाद Class 10th Notes HBSE

1. पहला विश्वयुद्ध, ख़िलाफ़त और असहयोग
→ 1919 से बाद के सालों में हम देखते हैं कि राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन नए इलाकों तक फैल गया था, उसमें नए सामाजिक समूह शामिल हो गए थे और संघर्ष की नयी पद्धतियाँ सामने आ रही थीं। इन बदलावों को हम कैसे समझेंगे? उनके क्या परिणाम हुए?

→ सबसे पहली बात यह है कि विश्वयुद्ध ने एक नयी आर्थिक और राजनीतिक स्थिति पैदा कर दी थी। इसके कारण रक्षा व्यय में भारी इजाफा हुआ। इस खर्चे की भरपाई करने के लिए युद्ध के नाम पर कर्जे लिए गए और करों में वृद्धि की गई।

→ सीमा शुल्क बढ़ा दिया गया और आयकर शुरू किया गया। युद्ध के दौरान क़ीमतें तेजी से बढ़ रही थीं। 1913 से 1918 के बीच कीमतें दोगुना हो चुकी थीं जिसके कारण आम लोगों की मुश्किलें बढ़ गई थीं। गाँवों में सिपाहियों को जबरन भर्ती किया गया जिसके कारण ग्रामीण इलाकों में व्यापक गुस्सा था।

→ 1918-19 और 1920-21 में देश के बहुत सारे हिस्सों में फसल खराब हो गई जिसके कारण खाद्य पदार्थों का भारी अभाव पैदा हो गया।उसी समय फ्लू की महामारी फैल गई। 1921 की जनगणना के मुताबिक दुर्भिक्ष और महामारी के कारण 120-130 लाख लोग मारे गए।

→ लोगों को उम्मीद थी कि युद्ध खत्म होने के बाद उनकी मुसीबतें कम हो जाएँगी। लेकिन ऐसा नहीं हुआ।

→ महात्मा गांधी जनवरी 1915 में भारत लौटे। इससे पहले वे दक्षिण अफ्रीका में थे। उन्होंने एक नए तरह के जनांदोलन के रास्ते पर चलते हुए वहाँ की नस्लभेदी सरकार से सफलतापूर्वक लोहा लिया था। इस पद्धति को वे सत्याग्रह कहते थे।

→ सत्याग्रह के विचार में सत्य की शक्ति पर आग्रह और सत्य की खोज पर जोर दिया जाता था। इसका अर्थ यह था कि अगर आपका उद्देश्य सच्चा है, यदि आपका संघर्ष अन्याय के खिलाफ है तो उत्पीड़क से मुकाबला करने के लिए आपको किसी शारीरिक बल की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

→ प्रतिशोध की भावना या आक्रामकता का सहारा लिए बिना सत्याग्रही केवल अहिंसा के सहारे भी अपने संघर्ष में सफल हो सकता है।

→ इस कामयाबी से उत्साहित गांधीजी ने 1919 में प्रस्तावित रॉलट एक्ट (1919) के ख़िलाफ़ एक राष्ट्रव्यापी सत्याग्रह आंदोलन चलाने का फैसला लिया। भारतीय सदस्यों के भारी विरोध के बावजूद इस कानून को इम्पीरियल लेजिस्लेटिव काउंसिल ने बहुत जल्दबाजी में पारित कर दिया था।

→ इस कानून के ज़रिए सरकार को राजनीतिक गतिविधियों को कुचलने और राजनीतिक कैदियों को दो साल तक बिना मुकदमा चलाए जेल में बंद रखने का अधिकार मिल गया था।

→ महात्मा गांधी ऐसे अन्यायपूर्ण कानूनों के ख़िलाफ़ अहिंसक ढंग से नागरिक अवज्ञा चाहते थे। इसे 6 अप्रैल को एक हड़ताल से शुरू होना था।

→ असहयोग का विचार आंदोलन कैसे बन सकता था? गांधीजी का सुझाव था कि यह आंदोलन चरणबद्ध तरीके से आगे बढ़ना चाहिए। सबसे पहले लोगों को सरकार द्वारा दी गई पदवियाँ लौटा देनी चाहिए और सरकारी नौकरियों, सेना, पुलिस, अदालतों, विधायी परिषदों, स्कूलों और विदेशी वस्तुओं का बहिष्कार करना चाहिए।

→ अगर सरकार दमन का रास्ता अपनाती है तो व्यापक सविनय अवज्ञा अभियान भी शुरू किया जाए। 1920 की गर्मियों में गांधीजी और शौकत अली आंदोलन के लिए समर्थन जुटाते हुए देश भर में यात्राएँ करते रहे।

Bharat Mein Rashtravad Class 10th Notes HBSE

2. आंदोलन के भीतर अलग-अलग धाराएँ
→ असहयोग-ख़िलाफत आंदोलन जनवरी 1921 में शुरू हुआ। इस आंदोलन में विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों ने हिस्सा लिया लेकिन हरेक की अपनी-अपनी आकांक्षाएँ थीं। सभी ने स्वराज के आह्वान को स्वीकार तो किया लेकिन उनके लिए उसके अर्थ अलग-अलग थे।

शहरों में आंदोलन

• आंदोलन की शुरुआत शहरी मध्यवर्ग की हिस्सेदारी के साथ हुई। हज़ारों विद्यार्थियों ने स्कूल-कॉलेज छोड़ दिए।
• हेडमास्टरों और शिक्षकों ने इस्तीफे सौंप दिए। वकीलों ने मुकदमे लड़ना बंद कर दिया।
• मद्रास के अलावा ज़्यादातर प्रांतों में परिषद् चुनावों का बहिष्कार किया गया।
• मद्रास में गैर-ब्राह्मणों द्वारा बनाई गई जस्टिस पार्टी का मानना था कि काउंसिल में प्रवेश के ज़रिए उन्हें वे अधिकार मिल सकते हैं जो सामान्य रूप से केवल ब्राह्मणों को मिल पाते हैं इसलिए इस पार्टी ने चुनावों का बहिष्कार नहीं किया।
• आर्थिक मोर्चे पर असहयोग का असर और भी ज्यादा नाटकीय रहा। विदेशी सामानों का बहिष्कार किया गया, शराब की दुकानों की पिकेटिंग की गई, और विदेशी कपड़ों की होली जलाई जाने लगी।
• 1921 से 1922 के बीच विदेशी कपड़ों का आयात आधा रह गया था। उसकी कीमत 102 करोड़ से घटकर 57 करोड़ रह गई। बहुत सारे स्थानों पर व्यापारियों ने विदेशी चीजों का व्यापार करने या विदेशी व्यापार में पैसा लगाने से इनकार कर दिया।

ग्रामीण इलाकों में विद्रोह

• शहरों से बढ़कर असहयोग आंदोलन देहात में भी फैल गया था। युद्ध के बाद देश के विभिन्न भागों में चले किसानों व आदिवासियों के संघर्ष भी इस आंदोलन में समा गए।
• अवध में सन्यासी बाबा रामचंद्र किसानों का नेतृत्व कर रहे थे। बाबा रामचंद्र इससे पहले फिजी में गिरमिटिया मज़दूर के तौर पर काम कर चुके थे।
• उनका आंदोलन तालुकदारों और ज़मींदारों के खिलाफ़ था जो किसानों से भारी-भरकम लगान और तरह-तरह के कर वसूल कर रहे थे। किसानों को बेगार करनी पड़ती थी।
• बहुत सारे स्थानों पर ज़मींदारों को नाई-धोबी की सुविधाओं से भी वंचित करने के लिए पंचायतों ने नाई-धोबी बंद का फैसला लिया।
• जून 1920 में जवाहर लाल नेहरू ने अवध के गाँवों का दौरा किया, गाँववालों से बातचीत की और उनकी व्यथा समझने का प्रयास किया।
• अक्तूबर तक जवाहर लाल नेहरू, बाबा रामचंद्र तथा कुछ अन्य लोगों के नेतृत्व में अवध किसान सभा का गठन कर लिया गया।
• महीने भर में इस परे इलाके के गाँवों में संगठन की 300 से ज्यादा शाखाएँ बन चुकी थीं।
• अगले साल जब असहयोग आंदोलन शुरू हुआ तो कांग्रेस ने अवध के किसान संघर्ष को इस आंदोलन में शामिल करने का प्रयास किया लेकिन किसानों के आंदोलन में ऐसे स्वरूप विकसित हो चुके थे जिनसे कांग्रेस का नेतृत्व खुश नहीं था।

बागानों में स्वराज

• महात्मा गांधी के विचारों और स्वराज की अवधारणा के बारे में मजदूरों की अपनी समझ थी।
• असम के बागानी मज़दूरों के लिए आजादी का मतलब यह था कि वे उन चारदीवारियों से जब चाहे आ-जा सकते हैं जिनमें उनको बंद करके रखा गया था।
• उनके लिए आज़ादी का मतलब था कि वे अपने गाँवों से संपर्क रख पाएंगे।
• 1859 के इनलैंड इमिग्रेशन एक्ट के तहत बागानों में काम करने वाले मजदूरों को बिना इजाज़त बागान से बाहर जाने की छूट नहीं होती थी और यह इजाज़त उन्हें विरले ही कभी मिलती थी।
• जब उन्होंने असहयोग आंदोलन के बारे में सुना तो हज़ारों मज़दूर अपने अधिकारियों की अवहेलना करने लगे।

भारत में राष्ट्रवाद Notes HBSE 10th Class

3. सविनय अवज्ञा की ओर
→ फ़रवरी 1922 में महात्मा गांधी ने असहयोग आंदोलन वापस लेने का फैसला कर लिया। उनको लगता था कि आंदोलन हिंसक होता जा रहा है और सत्याग्रहियों को व्यापक प्रशिक्षण की ज़रूरत है।

→ कांग्रेस के कुछ नेता इस तरह के जनसंघर्षों से थक चुके थे। वे 1919 के गवर्नमेंट ऑफ़ इंडिया एक्ट के तहत गठित की गई प्रांतीय परिषदों के चुनाव में हिस्सा लेना चाहते थे।

→ उनको लगता था कि परिषदों में रहते हुए ब्रिटिश नीतियों का विरोध करना, सुधारों की वकालत करना और यह दिखाना भी महत्त्वपूर्ण है कि ये परिषदें लोकतांत्रिक संस्था नहीं हैं।

→ सी.आर. दास और मोतीलाल नेहरू ने परिषद् राजनीति में वापस लौटने के लिए कांग्रेस के भीतर ही स्वराज पार्टी का गठन कर डाला। जवाहरलाल नेहरू और सुभाषचंद्र बोस जैसे युवा नेता ज्यादा उग्र जनांदोलन और पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता के लिए दबाव बनाए हुए थे।

→ आंतरिक बहस व असहमति के इस माहौल में दो ऐसे तत्व थे जिन्होंने बीस के दशक के आखिरी सालों में भारतीय राजनीति की रूपरेखा एक बार फिर बदल दी। पहला कारक था विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक मंदी का असर।

→ 1926 से कृषि उत्पादों की कीमतें गिरने लगी थीं और 1930 के बाद तो पूरी तरह धराशायी हो गई। कृषि उत्पादों की माँग गिरी और निर्यात कम होने लगा तो किसानों को अपनी उपज बेचना और लगान चुकाना भी भारी पड़ने लगा। 1930 तक ग्रामीण इलाके भारी उथल-पुथल से गुजरने लगे थे।

→ 1928 में जब साइमन कमीशन भारत पहुँचा तो उसका स्वागत ‘साइमन कमीशन वापस जाओ’ (साइमन कमीशन गो बैक) के नारों से किया गया। कांग्रेस और मुस्लिम लीग, सभी पार्टियों ने प्रदर्शनों में हिस्सा लिया।

→ इस विरोध को शांत करने के लिए वायसराय लॉर्ड इरविन ने अक्तूबर 1929 में भारत के लिए ‘डोमीनियन स्टेटस’ का गोलमोल सा ऐलान कर दिया।

→ देश को एकजुट करने के लिए महात्मा गांधी को नमक एक शक्तिशाली प्रतीक दिखाई दिया। 31 जनवरी 1930 को उन्होंने वायसराय इरविन को एक खत लिखा। इस खत में उन्होंने 11 माँगों का उल्लेख किया था।

→ इनमें से कुछ सामान्य माँगें थीं जबकि कुछ माँगें उद्योगपतियों से लेकर किसानों तक विभिन्न तबकों से जुड़ी थीं। गांधीजी इन माँगों के ज़रिए समाज के सभी वर्गों को अपने साथ जोड़ना चाहते थे ताकि सभी उनके अभियान में शामिल हो सकें।

→ इनमें सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण माँग नमक कर को खत्म करने के बारे में थी। नमक का अमीर-गरीब, सभी इस्तेमाल करते थे। यह भोजन का एक अभिन्न हिस्सा था।

→ इसीलिए नमक पर कर और उसके उत्पादन पर सरकारी इज़ारेदारी को महात्मा गांधी ने ब्रिटिश शासन का सबसे दमनकारी पहलू बताया था।

→ गाँवों में संपन्न किसान समुदाय-जैसे गुजरात के पटीदार और उत्तर प्रदेश के जाट-आंदोलन में सक्रिय थे। व्यावसायिक फसलों की खेती करने के कारण व्यापार में मंदी और गिरती कीमतों से वे बहुत परेशान थे। जब उनकी नकद आय खत्म होने लगी तो उनके लिए सरकारी लगान चुकाना नामुमकिन हो गया।

→ सरकार लगान कम करने को तैयार नहीं थी। चारों तरफ़ असंतोष था। संपन्न किसानों ने सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन का बढ़-चढ़ कर समर्थन किया। उन्होंने अपने समुदायों को एकजुट किया और कई बार अनिच्छुक सदस्यों को बहिष्कार के लिए मजबूर किया।

→ उनके लिए स्वराज की लड़ाई भारी लगान के खिलाफ लड़ाई थी। लेकिन जब 1931 में लगानों के घटे बिना आंदोलन वापस ले लिया गया तो उन्हें बड़ी निराशा हुई। फलस्वरूप, जब 1932 में आंदोलन दुबारा शुरू हुआ तो उनमें से बहुतों ने उसमें हिस्सा लेने से इनकार कर दिया।

→ सभी सामाजिक समूह स्वराज की अमूर्त अवधारणा से प्रभावित नहीं थे। ऐसा ही एक समूह राष्ट्र के ‘अछूतों’ का था। वे 1930 के बाद खुद को दलित या उत्पीड़ित कहने लगे थे।

→ कांग्रेस ने लंबे समय तक दलितों पर ध्यान नहीं दिया क्योंकि कांग्रेस रूढ़िवादी सवर्ण हिंदू सनातनपंथियों से डरी हुई थी। लेकिन महात्मा गांधी ने ऐलान किया कि अस्पृश्यता (छुआछूत) को खत्म किए बिना सौ साल तक भी स्वराज की स्थापना नहीं की जा सकती।

भारत में राष्ट्रवाद Class 10 Notes HBSE

4. सामूहिक अपनेपन का भाव
→ राष्ट्रवाद की भावना तब पनपती है जब लोग ये महसूस करने लगते हैं कि वे एक ही राष्ट्र के अंग हैं जब वे एक-दूसरे को एकता के सूत्र में बाँधने वाली कोई साझा बात ढूँढ लेते हैं।

→ लेकिन राष्ट्र लोगों के मस्तिष्क में एक यथार्थ का रूप कैसे रोता है? विभिन्न समुदायों, क्षेत्रों या भाषाओं से संबद्ध अलग-अलग समूहों ने सामूहिक अपनेपन का भाव कैसे विकसित किया?

→ सामूहिक अपनेपन की यह भावना आंशिक रूप से संयुक्त संघर्षों के चलते पैदा हुई थी। इनके अलावा बहुत सारी सांस्कृतिक प्रक्रियाएँ भी थीं जिनके ज़रिए राष्ट्रवाद लोगों की कल्पना और दिलोदिमाग पर छा गया था।

→ इतिहास व साहित्य, लोक कथाएँ व गीत, चित्र व प्रतीक, सभी ने राष्ट्रवाद को साकार करने में अपना योगदान दिया था।

→ जैसा कि आप जानते है, राष्ट्र की पहचान सबसे ज्यादा किसी तसवीर में अंकित की जाती है (देखें अध्याय 1)। इससे लोगों को एक ऐसी छवि गढ़ने में मदद मिलती है जिसके ज़रिए लोग राष्ट्र को पहचान सकते हैं।

→ बीसवीं सदी में राष्ट्रवाद के विकास के साथ भारत की पहचान भी भारत माता की छवि का रूप लेने लगी। यह तसवीर पहली बार बंकिमचन्द्र – चट्टोपाध्याय ने बनाई थी। 1870 के दशक में उन्होंने मातृभूमि की स्तुति के रूप में ‘वन्दे मातरम्’ गीत लिखा था।

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 संसाधन एवं विकास Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 संसाधन एवं विकास

संसाधन एवं विकास Notes HBSE 10th Class Geography

→ किसी भी देश या समाज की अर्थव्यवस्था की धूरी वहां के संसाधन होते हैं। संसाधनों के अभाव में किसी भी देश का आत्मनिर्भर हो पाना अत्यंत दुष्कर है।

→ मनुष्य न आज जो इतनी उन्नति की है वह निस्संदेह पर्यावरण के साथ अंतः क्रिया का ही परिणाम है। मानव निर्मित संसाधन यद्यपि मनुष्य की प्रगति के सूचक हैं तथापि इनकी आधारशिला प्राकृतिक संसाधन ही है।

→ दूसरी ओर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग और विकास दोनों ही मनुष्य पर निर्भर हैं। वस्तुतः आज मनुष्य ने अपनी बुद्धि अपने विवेक के बल पर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों को अपने स्वप्न के अनुरूप ढालकर ही आज उन्नति का यह शिखर खड़ा किया है।

→ संसाधन कई प्रकार के होते हैं। कुछ संसाधन ऐसे होते हैं जो समय के साथ-साथ स्वयं ही बन जाते हैं। इनके भंडार का यदि समुचित योजना के साथ प्रयोग किया जाय तो समाप्त होने का भय नहीं रहता।

→ दूसरी ओर अनेक संसाधन ऐसे हैं जो एक निश्चित मात्रा में ही उपलब्ध हैं और जिनका भंडार एक न एक दिन समाप्त हो ही जाएगा। ऐसे संसाधनों के प्रयोग में और भी अधिक सावधानी बरतने की आवश्कता है।

संसाधन एवं विकास Class 10 Notes HBSE Geography

→ वस्तुतः मनुष्य का दायित्व है कि वह संसाधनों का विकास करे। संसाधन विकास का तात्पर्य संसाधनों के उपयोग के साथ ही उनका संरक्षण और पुन: उपयोग करने से है।

→ हमारी प्रत्येक पीढ़ी का यह दायित्व बनता है कि आगे वाली पीढ़ी तक संसाधनों को यथेष्ट मात्रा में सौंप सके। साथ ही वर्तमान समय की आवश्यकता ओं की अधिकाधिक पूर्ति कर सके। इन उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति मात्र तभी संभव है जब हम संसाधनों का उचित नियोजन करें।

→ संसाधन नियोजन तीन स्तरों पर संपन्न होता है-

• संसाधन अन्वेषण
• संसाधन सर्वेक्षण
• क्रियान्वयन।

→ प्रकृति प्रदत्त संसाधनों में से सर्वाधिक प्रमुख संसाधनों में से एक है भमि। भूमि हमारा निवासस्थल है, भूमि से ही हम अन्न ग्रहण करते हैं। भूमि से हमें अमूल्य खनिज मिलते हैं।

→ हमारा नितांत कर्त्तव्य है कि हम भूमि संसाधन का संरक्षण करें। परंतु आज हमारी लापरवाही से, अत्यधिक खनिज उत्खनन से, और कारखानों से उत्पन्न पर्यावरण प्रदुषण से भूमि का बहुत-सा भाग क्षरित हो चुका है।

→ वनों की अंधाधुंध कटाई जहाँ पर्यावरण को हानि पहुँचा रही है वहीं खनिज संपदा व संसाधनों में भी गिरावट का कारण बन रही है।

→ हमें इनमें से प्रत्येक तथ्य पर बल देते हुए ध्यान देकर अपने अमूल्य ससाधनों का संरक्षण और विकास करना चाहिए। साथ ही अपनी अर्थव्यवस्था को सुदृढ़ करना चाहिए।

→ भूमि के संरक्षण हेतु हमें वनों का संरक्षण करना चाहिए। पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों में कृषि के लिए सीढ़ीदार खेत बनाकर मृदा अपरदन को रोका जा सकता है।

→ वृक्षारोपण से ढ़ालों पर मिट्टी के कटाव को रोका जा सकता है। औद्योगिक अपशिष्टों का उचित प्रकार से अपसारित कर लेने पर भूक्षरण कम किया जा सकता है।

संसाधन और विकास Notes HBSE 10th Class Geography

भौगोलिक शब्दावली

→ परती भूमि- यह वह भूमि है जिस पर दो-तीन वर्षों में एक बार खेती हो पाती है।

→ शुद्ध बोया गया क्षेत्र-वह कृषि भूमि है जिस पर वर्ष में एक ही बार फसल उगाई जाय।

→ मृदा अपरदन-प्राकृतिक कारणों से मिट्टी का एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर हटना!

→ अवनालिका अपरदन-सबसे विचित्र प्रकार का मृदा अपरदन।

→ संसाधन नियोजन-संसाधनों का उचित व उपयुक्त प्रयोग।

→ संसाधन संरक्षण-मनुष्य द्वारा संसाधनों का प्रबंधन।

→ व्यक्तिगत संसाधन-वे संसाधन जो निजी व्यक्तियों के स्वामित्व में होते हैं। व्यक्तिगत संसाधन कहलाते हैं।

→ सामुदायिक स्वामित्व वाले संसाधन-ऐसे संसाधन समुदाय के सभी सदस्यों को उपलब्ध होते हैं।

→ संभावी संसाधन-वे संसाधन हैं जो किसी प्रदेश में विद्यमान होते हैं परंतु इनका उपयोग नहीं किया गया है।

→ विकसित संसाधन-वे संसाधन जिनका सर्वेक्षण किया जा चुका है और उनके उपयोग की गुणवत्ता और मात्रा निर्धारित की जा चुकी है, विकसित संसाधन कहलाते हैं।

→ भंडार-पर्यावरण में उपलब्ध वे पदार्थ जो मानव की हर आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति कर सकते हैं परंतु उपयुक्त प्रौद्योगिकी के अभाव में उसकी पहुँच से परे हैं, भंडार में शामिल हैं।

→ संचित कोष-यह संसाधन भंडार का ही हिस्सा है, जिन्हें उपलब्ध तकनीकी ज्ञाने की सहायता से प्रयोग में लाया जा सकता है, परंतु इनका उपयोग अभी आरंभ नहीं हुआ है। इनका उपयोग भविष्य में आवश्यकता पूर्ति हेतु किया जा सकता है।

→ सतत् पोषणी विकास-सतत् पोषणीय आर्थिक विकास से अर्थ यह है कि विकास की प्रक्रिया भविष्य की पीढ़ियों की आवश्यकता की अवलेहलना न करे।

→ संसाधन-हमारे पर्यावरण में उपलब्ध ऐसी प्रत्येक वस्तु जो हमारी आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने में प्रयुक्त की जा सकती है और जिसको बनाने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकी उपलब्ध है, जो आर्थिक रूप से सम्भाव्य और सांस्कृतिक रूप से मान्य है, एक संसाधन न है।

→ जैव संसाधन-वे संसाधन जिनकी प्राप्ति जीवमण्डल से होती है और उनमें जीवन व्याप्त है जैव संसाधन कहलाते हैं।

→ अजैव संसाधन-वे सारे संसाधन जो निर्जीव वस्तुओं से निर्मित हैं, अजैव संसाधन कहलाते हैं।

संसाधन एवं विकास HBSE 10th Class Geography

→ नवीकरण योग्य संसाधन-वे संसाधन जिन्हें भौतिक, रासायनिक या यांत्रिक प्रक्रियाओं द्वारा नवीकृत या पुन: उत्पन्न किया जा सकता है, उन्हें नवीकरण योग्य अथवा पुनः पूर्ति योग्य संसाधन कहा जाता है।

→ अनवीकरण योग्य संसाधन-वे संसाधन जिनके बनने में लाखों वर्ष लग जाते हैं अनवीकरणीय संसाधन कहलाते हैं। ये दो प्रकार के होते हैं-

• पुनः चक्रीय
• अचक्रीय।

→ उत्खात भूमि ( ठंक संदक)-ऐसी भूमि जो जोतने योग्य नहीं रहती उसे उत्खात भूमि कहते हैं।

→ चादर अपरदन ममज मतवेपवद) – जब जल विस्तृत क्षेत्र को ढके हुए ढाल के साथ नीचे की ओर बहता है। तब उस क्षेत्र की ऊपरी मिट्टी घुलकर जल के साथ बह जाती है। इसे चादर अपरदन कहते हैं।

→ पट्टी कृषि (जतपच तिउपदह)-बड़े खेतों को पट्टियों में बांटा जाता है। फसलों के बीच में घास की पट्टीयों उगाई जाती हैं। ये पवनों द्वारा जनित हैं।

कुछ तथ्य, कुछ सत्य

→ मानव निर्मित संसाधन : इंजीनियरिंग, प्रौद्योगिकी, मशीनें, भवन, स्मारक, चित्रकला, संगीत, प्रथा, परंपरा।

→ नवीनीकरण संसाधन : जल, सौर, ऊर्जा, वन, मृदा, पवन, ऊर्जा, ज्वारीय ऊर्जा

→ अनवीनीकरण संसाधन : खनिज पदार्थ, प्राकृतिक गैस

→ मृदा अपरदन : प्राकृतिक कारकों द्वारा मिट्टी का एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर हटना।

→ देश में कृषि योग्य बंजर भूमि का भाग : 4.41% (2002-03)

→ शुद्ध बोया गया क्षेत्र (2002-03) : 43.41%

→ अवनालिका अपरदन से प्रभावित भूमि : 40 लाख हैक्टेयर।

→ परती भूमि का प्रतिशत : 8%

→ कुल क्षेत्रफल पर बागों का प्रतिशत :1%

→ जल अपदित क्षेत्र : 56%

→ वन क्षेत्र : 22.57%

→ भारत का कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र : 32.8 लाख वर्ग किमी.

→ भू-उपयोग आंकड़े : 93%

→ राष्ट्रीय वन नीति द्वारा निर्धारित वन क्षेत्र : 33%

→ कृषि योग्य बंजर भूमि : 4.41%

→ वर्तमान परती : 7.03%

→ जल अपरदित क्षेत्र : 56%

→ वनों द्वारा निम्नीकृत क्षेत्र : 28%

→ लवणीय व क्षारीय क्षेत्र : 6%

→ वायु अपरदित क्षेत्र : 10%

→ मैदानी क्षेत्र : 43%

→ पर्वतीय क्षेत्र : 30%

→ पठार : 27%

→ वर्तमान परती (2002-03) : 7.03%