HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

• In 1900, a famous music publisher E. T. Pauli produced a music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century.
• Another picture which appeared on the pages of a trade magazine shows two magicians Aladdin representing the East and the past, and the mechanic stands for the West and modernity.
• These various international images offer us a triumphant account of the modem world. With in this account, the modem world is associated with rapid technological changes and innovations, railways and steamships, machines and factories.
• Industrialisation is considered to be the backbone of the economic development. Before the Industrial Revolution
• Even before factories began to appear in England and Europe, there was a large-scale industrial production for the international market.
• Many historians refer to this phase as proto-industrialisation.
• In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the villages, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
• In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants.

Age Of Industrialisation Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ The Pace of Industrial Change

• Within this system, a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside.
• The industrial revolution took place in Europe in the eighteenth century.

→The Coming Up of the Factory

• The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s.
• Cotton was the first symbol of the new era. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century, in England.
• Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.
• The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton and metals.
• Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation, up to the 1840s. After that, the iron and steel industry led the way.
• With the expansion of railways, Britain was exporting iron and steel of double the value of its cotton exports.
• In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour.
• In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power, so that the need for human labour could be minimised.
• The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand in Victorian Britain.

The Age Of Industrialisation Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ Life of the Workers

• The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. ‘
• The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.
• After the decade of 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.
• James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 A.D., which speeded up the spinning work.

→The Age of Indian Textiles

• Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
• Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of export trade.
• As Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe, the East Indian company was keen on expanding textile exports from India.
• Once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade.
• a The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers.
• The East India Company appointed a paid servant called the ‘gomastha’, to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

→ Manchester Comes to India

• Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
• Cotton weavers in India faced various problems after the coming of Manchester goods to India.
• The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later.
• The first jute mill was set up in 1855, in Bengal.
• By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began its production.

→ The Early Enterpreneurs

• Most of the industries were set up by Indian enterpreneurs.
• Some famous Industrialists of nineteenth century were Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata and Seth Hukumchand, etc.
• As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could function, became increasingly limited.
• Factories needed workers. In most industrial regions, workers came from the nearby districts.
• European Managing Agencies established tea and coffee plantations in India, by acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
• They also invested in mining, indigo and jute.
• By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation.
• Till the First world War, industrial growth was slow.

Class 10 Age Of Industrialisation Notes HBSE

→ Small-Scale Industries Predominate

• Large-scale Industries were mostly located in Bengal and Bombay.
• After the war, small-scale industries predominated in India.
• In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily.
• By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calenders to popularise their products.
• Advertisement, labelling and calenders were used to popularise products by both, British and Indian manufactures.
• Advertisements played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture and became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

→ Important Dates and Events

→ Important

1. Orient: The countries to the East of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia. 3She term arises out of a western viewpoint that sees this region as pre-modem, traditional and mysterious.

2. Industrial Revolution: The term Industrial Revolution stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionized the technique and organisation of production in the later half of the eighteenth century.

3. Proto: Indicating the first or early form of something.

The Age Of Industrialisation Summary HBSE 10th Class

4. Proto Industrialisation: It means the existence of industries before the factory system.

5. Stapler: A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fibre.

6. Carding: The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

7. Fuller: A person who ‘fulls’-that is, gathers cloth by pleating.

8. Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, to speed up the spinning process and reduce labour demand.

9. Gomastha: An Indian word, meaning an agent or a middleman between the merchant and weavers.

10. Jobber: A person employed by the industrialist to get new recruits was called Jobber.

11. Fly Shuttle: It is a mechanical device used for weaving, which is moved by means of ropes and pullies. It places the horizontal threads (called the weft) into the vertical threads (called the warp). The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.

→ Important Persons

1. E.T. Pauli: A popular music publisher of England. In 1900, his music company published a music book, that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Country’.

James Watt: Inventor of the steam engine (England, 1769).

James Hargreaves: Inventor of Spinning Jenny. He invented this spinning machine in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demands. Henry Patullo: An English East India Company officer, he said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce because no other nation could produce goods of the same quality.

Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy: He was the son of a Parsi weaver. He was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large fleet of ships.

Dwarkanath Tagore: Famous Bengali industrialist. He believed that India would develop through westernisation and industrialisation. He invested in mining, banking, insurance, plantations, shipping and shipbuilding, etc. He traded with China.

J.N. Tata: His full name was Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata. In 1912, he set up the first iron and steel works at Jamshedpur in India.

Seth Hukumchand: Famous Marwari businessman. The first Indian jute mill was set up in Calcutta, in the year 1917 by him. He also traded with China.