HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Summary Of The Lesson:
During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force. Nationalism brought sweeping changes in the intellectual and political world of Europe. The final result of these changes was the emergence of nation-state in place of pan-national dynastic empires of Europe.

→ The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation:

• The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
• The French revolutionaries introduced many measures and practices that could create a sense of common identity amongst the French people.
• The main purpose of the revolutionaries was to liberate the people of Europe from despotism; in other words, to help other people of Europe to become nations.
• Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principles, in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
• The Civil Code of 1804, which was formed by Napoleon, did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
• In the mid-eighteenth century, Eastern and Central Europe were under despotic rule and autocratic monarchies, within the territories of which, lived diverse people.

HBSE 10th Class History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

→ The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class:

• Politically and socially, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in the European continent.
• This powerful aristocracy was numerically a small group. Majority of the population was made up of the peasants.
• In Central and Western parts of Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade fuelled the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes.
• In the beginning of 19th century, new social groups came into being- a working-class population, and middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
• It was among the educated, liberal- minded middle classes, that ideas of national unity gained popularity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges.

→ Liberal Nationalism:

• For the new middle class, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
• Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
• In the economic field, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of capital and goods.

→ A New Conservatism after 1815:

• After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in the year 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
• Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society like the social hierarchies, property, family, monarchy and the Church-should be preserved.
• In 1815, representatives of the European powers-Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria-who had collectively defeated Napoleon Bonaparte, met at Vienna congress to draw up a settlement for Europe.
• The representatives of Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the objective of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
• Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe HBSE 10th Class

→ The Revolutionaries:

• During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground.
• Secret societies sprang up in various European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini who became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
• Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.

→ The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling:

• Romantic poets and artists generally criticised the glorification of reason and science, and focused instead on intuition, emotions and mystical feelings.
• Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
• According to German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, the true spirit of the nation was popularised through folk poetry, folk songs and folk dances.

→ Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt:

• The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe, marked by increasing population, rising food prices, unemployment and poverty.
• In the year 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris on the roads.

→ The Revolution of the Liberals

• When revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries were taking place in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
• Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification, which was based on parliamentary principles like a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
• On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament in the Church of St. Paul.
• The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who went against the demands of workers and artisans, and consequently lost their support, and the assembly was forced to disband.
• The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial point within the liberal movement.
• Conservative forces were forced to suppress the revolution in the year 1848. German unification
• Due to the efforts of middle-class nationalists, different regions of Germany and Italy united into a nation-state.
• Otto von Bismarck took on the leadership of Prussia.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was declared German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

→ Italy Unified

• Like Germany, Italy also had a long history of political fragmentation.
• In the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states.
• During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic and constituted a secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.
• Italian unification was the result of dedicated efforts of Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II.

→ The Strange Case of Britain

• In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval, but the outcome of a long-drawn-out process.
• There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
• The English parliament, which has seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the
  end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland, that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’, meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
• In the year 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
• In this way, a new ‘British nation’ was forged through a propagation of a dominant English culture.
• Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries, personified a nation and represented a country as if it were a person.
• Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• By the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow creed with imperialist purposes and limited ends.
• The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.
• The Balkans was the region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern- day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.
• Inhabitants of this region were broadly known as Slavs.
• A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
• All through the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire strengthened itself, but, one by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
• Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster and the First World War ensued in the year 1914.

→ Important Dates And Events:

YEAR	EVENTS
1688	The English parliament seized power from the monarchy and formed a nation state.
1707	The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
1785	Birth of Jacob Grimm, the liberal leader of Germany.
1786	Birth of Wilhelm Grimm, the liberal leader of Germany.
1789	French Revolution.
1797	Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy: Napoleonic wars began.
1801	Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804	Civil Code more commonly known as the Napoleonic Code, was framed in France.
1807	Birth of famous Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
1812	The first collection of folk tales of Grimm brothers (Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm) was published.
1814-15	Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
1815	The Battle of Waterloo.
1819	Birth of Louise Otto-Peters.
1821	The beginning of struggle for independence amongst the Greeks.
1821	Death of Napolean.
1830	The July revolution of France.
1831	An armed rebellion against Russian rule took place in Poland.
1832	The Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation.
1834	A customs union or Zoilverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
1848	Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolted against economic hardships; middle classes demande constitutional  representative governments. Italians. Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demanded nation-states.
1858-70	Unification of Italy.
1861	Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy.
1866-71	Unification of Germany.
Jan 1871	The Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor in the ceremony held at Versailles.
1905	Slav nationalism gathered force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
1914	First World War began.

→ Important Terms:
1. Absolutist: A form of monarchical government that is centralized, militarised, and repressive.

2. Utopian: A vision of a society that is so ideal, that it is unlikely to actually exist.

3. Plebiscite: A direct vote, by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

4. Nation: It is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice, and devotion.

5. Suffrage: The right to vote is called suffrage.

6. Zollverein: A customs union, which was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.

7. Conservatism: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.

8. Revolution: An armed or unarmed rebellion led by the common people against the government or colonial state is called Revolution.

9. Nationalism: It is a feeling of political consciousness and unity among the people of a state. It is the devotion, love, and patriotic feelings for one’s own nation.

10. Hellenism: Ancient Greek culture is called Hellenism.

11. Romanticism: An artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th century to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.

12. Liberalism: For the new middle classes of 19th century Europe, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

13. Feminism: Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic and political equality of the genders.

14. Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.

15. Ethnic: Relates to a common racial, tribal, or cultural origin or background, that a community identifies with, or claims.

16. Act of Union: A document signed by authorities in England and Scotland that formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 A.D.

17. Union Jack: The British Flag.

18. God Save Our Noble King: The British national anthem.

19. Personified Nation: Representing a country as if it were a person.

20. Allegory: When an abstract idea (for instance-greed, envy, freedom, liberty) is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and the other, symbolic.

→ Important Persons
1. Frederic Sorrieu: (A French artist): In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints, visualizing his dream of a world made up of a ‘democratic and social republic’.

2. Ernst. Renan (1823-92): (A Famous French philosopher): He published a famous essay entitled ‘Qu’est-ce qu’une nation ?‘ (‘What is a nation ?) Renan said that a nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice, and devotion.

3. Andreas Rebmann: (A German journalist): He was a member of a German Jacobin group. He designed a cover of a German almanac in 1798.

4. Karl Kaspar Fritz: (A German painter): He prepared a print, whose subject was the planting of a tree of Liberty in Zweibrucken, Germany.

5. Napoleon Bonaparte: A famous conqueror French Emperor, he introduced many administrative reforms in France. The civil code of 1804, which was formed by Napoleon, did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.

6. Friedrich List: A professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany. He wrote that the aim of the Zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation.

7. Duke Metternich: Austrian Chancellor who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815.

8. Giuseppe Mazzini: He was a famous Italian revolutionary. Inspired by patriotism, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

9. Delacroix: A French Romantic painter who prepared a painting-The massacre at Chios.

10. Johann Gottfried: A famous German Romantic philosopher. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das yolk.

11. Grimm Brothers: Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were two brothers born in the German city of Hanau. Their projects of collecting folktales and developing the German language were the wider efforts to oppose French domination and create a German national identity.

12. Carl Weicker: A famous German liberal politician who was an elected member of the Frankfurt Parliament.

13. Otto von Bismarck: The Chief Minister of Prussian state (Germany). He was the chief architect of the movement for the National Unification of Germany.

14. Victor Emmanuel II: He was the ruler king of Sardinia-Piedmont who helped all the revolutionaries whose main aim was to achieve the Unification and Independence of Italy.

15. Count Camillo de Cavour: The Prime Minister of Sardinia, State of Italy. The real credit for the Unification of Italy goes to Cavour.

16. Philip Veit: A German artist who prepared a painting of Germany in 1848.

17. Giuseppe Garibaldi: He was the most popular freedom fighter of Italy. In 1833 he joined the Young Italy movement.