Class 10

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Chapter 2 Federalism Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

Multiple Choice Questions

Federalism Important Questions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Which of the following country, has a Unitary form of government?
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) Belgium
(c) India
(d) Spain.
Answer:
(a) Sri Lanka

Federalism Class 10 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 2.
Which of the following country has not adopted federalism?
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Brazil
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(b) China

Chapter 2 Federalism HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
The area over which someone has legal authority is known as
(a) Federalism
(b) Democracy
(c) Jurisdiction
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Jurisdiction

Question 4.
………….. is a coming-together federation.
(a) U.S.A.
(b) India
(c) Pakistan
(d) Sri Lanka.
Answer:
(a) U.S.A.

Question 5.
Question Which of the following country is not an example of ‘holding together1 federation? (a) U.S.A. (b) Spain (c) India (d) Belgium.
Who is more powerful in ‘Holding together federation’?
(a) State
(b) Centre
(c) Both have equal powers
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) State

Question 6.
The Constitution declared India as a ‘Union of States’ which is based on the principle of.
(a) Casteism
(b) Federalism
(c) Communism
(d) Feudalism.
Answer:
(b) Federalism

Question 7.
Which of the following is not a subject of the Union List ?
(a) Foreign Affairs
(b) Currency
(c) Banking
(d) Police.
Answer:
(b) Currency

Question 8.
Which one of the following subject is included in the State List?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Foreign affairs
(c) Banking
(d) Currency.
Answer:
(d) Currency.

Question 9.
The subjects that do not fall in any of the three lists come under
(a) Residuary list
(b) Local government
(c) Union list
(d) District Magistrate.
Answer:
(a) Residuary list

Question 10.
Which of the following subjects is included in the concurrent list?
Answer:
(a) Residuary list
(b) Local government
(c) Union list
(d) District Magistrate.
Answer:
(a) Residuary list

Question 11.
Which of the following subjects is included in the concurrent list?
(a) Foreign affairs
(b) Trade
(c) Police
(d) Education.
Answer:
(d) Education.

Question 12.
Indian Federation has :
(a) 25 States and 7 Union Territories
(b) 33 States and 5 Union Territories
(c) 27 States and 11 Union Territories
(d) 28 States and 8 Union Territories.
Answer:
(d) 28 States and 8 Union Territories.

Question 13.
Which is the most diverse country in the world according to language?
(a) U.S.A.
(b) Brazil
(c) India
(d) Australia.
Answer:
(c) India

Question 14.
How many other languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the Constitution of India besides Hindi?
(a) 20
(b) 21
(c) 18
(d) 19.
Answer:
(b) 21

Question 15.
As per language policy of Government of India, which one of the following statements is true regarding the status of Hindi language?
(a) Hindi has been accepted as the mother tongue of all the Indians
(b) Hindi is the official language
(c) Hindi is our national language
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Hindi has been accepted as the mother tongue of all the Indians

Question 16.
Indian Constitution provides tiers of government.
(a) Three
(b) Two
(c) Four
(d) Five.
Answer:
(a) Three

Question 17.
Who is the political head of Gram Panchayat ?
(a) Sarpanch
(b) Panch
(c) Mayor
(d) Chairperson.
Answer:
(a) Sarpanch

Question 18.
Which of these is not a part of three-tier system of Panchayati Raj?
(a) Municipalities
(b) Gram Panchayat
(c) Panchayat Samiti
(d) Zila Parishad.
Answer:
(a) Municipalities

Question 19.
Who is the political head of Municipal Corporation ?
(a) Chairperson
(b) District Magistrate
(c) Mayor
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Mayor

Fill in the blanks
1. …………… is a system of government.
2. The central government can pass on orders to the ………….. or the local government.
3. There are …………. kinds of routes through which federations were formed.
4. …………… includes subjects of national importance such as defence, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.
5. The …………… plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.
6. Pokharan is located in …………..
7. The creation of was the first and a major test for democratic politics …………… in our country.
8. A second test for Indian federation is the …………..
9. A major step towords decentralisation was taken in ……………
10. Elections are held regularly for local government but ………….. are not convened regularly.
Answer:
1. Federalism
2. provirbdal
3. twp-4. union list
5. judjciary
6. Rajasthan
7. linguistic states
8. language policy
9. 1992
10. Gram Sabhas

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term ‘Federalism’?
Federalism is a system of government in which powers are divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the nation.

Question 2.
What type of administrative system is adopted by Belgium?
Answer:
Belgium has adopted the federal type of government instead of the unitary government.

Question 3.
Which type of government has two or more levels?
Answer:
The federal type of government has two or more levels.

Question 4.
How many levels or tiers are there in the unitary type of government?
Answer:
There is only a one-tier system in the unitary type of government.

Question 5.
Give any two features of the Federal Government.
Answer:
(a) It has two or more levels of government.
(b) Power is shared at different levels.

Question 6.
Who resolves the controversy regarding the division of power in India?
Answer:
Judiciary has the right to resolve the controversy regarding the division of power in India.

Question 7.
Give two advantages of Federalism.
Answer:

• Security of unity and integrity of the country.
• Regard for regional diversities.

Question 8.
Name any four countries which have a federal system.
Answer:

• India
• United States of America (USA)
• Belgium
• Australia.

Question 9.
Is India a ‘coming together federation’?
No, India is not a ‘coming together federation’.

Question 10.
Write names of any two countries beside India, which are the examples of ‘holding together federations’.
Answer:
Spain and Belgium are examples of holding together federations.

Question 11.
Give some subjects of union list.
OR
Name any two subjects which are included in the union list.
Answer:

• Defence
• Foreign Affairs
• Banking
• Communication
• Currency.

Question 12.
Which subjects find place in State list?
Answer:

• Police
• Trade
• Commerce
• Agriculture
• Irrigation.

Question 13.
Which subjects belong to Concurrent list?
Answer:

• Education
• Forest
• Marriage
• Adoption
• Succession.

Question 14.
Who enjoys the power to make laws on subjects included in the concurrent list?
Answer:
Both, the Union and State Governments enjoy the power to make laws on the subjects included in the Concurrent list.

Question 15.
Who has jurisdiction over ‘residuary subjects’?
Answer:
The Centre has jurisdiction over residuary subjects.

Question 16.
Give any two examples of ‘Union Territories.
Answer:
Chandigarh and Lakshadweep.

Question 17.
Which was the first and most complicated test of our democratic politics?
Answer:
‘The reorganization of states on the basis of language was the first and most complicated test of our democratic politics.

Question 18.
Name the language which the majority of Indians speak.
Answer:
Hindi.

Question 19.
What percentage of Indians use Hindi as their mother tongue?
Answer:
Around 43.63% of Indians use Hindi as their mother tongue.

Question 20.
How many languages are there in the Indian Constitution under the ‘Scheduled Languages’?
Answer:
There are 22 languages in the Indian Constitution under the ‘Scheduled Languages’.

Question 21.
What status has been given to the Hindi language by the constitution of India?
Answer:
The Hindi language has been given the official language status by the constitution of India.

Question 22.
What is rural local self-government popularly known as?
Answer:
Rural local self-government is popularly known as Panchyati Raj.

Question 23.
Which country in the world has the greatest diversity on the basis of language?
Answer:
India has the greatest diversity on the basis of language.

Question 24.
By what name is the government at the third level known in India?
Answer:
In India, the government at the third level is known as ‘the Local Self-Government’.

Question 25.
What is ‘decentralization of powers’?
Answer:
In this, some powers are taken from the Centre and States and given to the governments at lower levels.

Question 26.
Which name is given to the head of ‘Gram Panchayat’?
Answer:
The head of Gram Panchayat is known as ‘Pradhan’ or ‘Sarpanch’.

Question 27.
What is Panchayat Samiti ?
Answer:
A group of Gram Panchayats is known as ‘Panchayat Samiti’.

Question 28.
Which body controls the working of ‘Gram Panchayats’?
Answer:
Gram Sabha controls the working of Gram Panchayats.

Question 29.
Which local body has the mayor as its head?
Answer:
The Head of a municipal corporation is a mayor.

Short Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
What constitutional change took place in Belgium in 1993 regarding the relationship between the Centre and the regions?
Answer:
In 1993, the regional governments were given constitutional powers, so that they were no longer dependent on the Central government. Thus, Belgium was converted from a unitary to a federal type of government.

Question 2.
Define Federalism. Explain the two levels of government found in Federalism.
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

The two levels of government are:

• One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.
• In other level are the governments at the provinces or states that look after the day to day administration of the state.
• Both levels enjoy their power independent of each other.

Question 3.
Give any four characteristics of ‘Federalîsm.
Answer:

• The power is divided between Centre and its constituent units.
• It has two or more levels.
• The jurisdictions of various levels are specifie4 in the Constitution.
• Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution.

Question 4.
What is the role of Judiciary in a federal set-up ?
Answer:

• The courts have the power to interpret the Constitution.
• The courts have the power to interpret the powers at different levels of government.
• The Supreme Court has the right to resolve the disputes which arise between different levels of government.

Question 5.
Why is it not easy to make changes to the power-sharing arrangements between the Centre and the State?
Answer:

• The Parliament (central legislature) alone cannot make any change.
• It has to be passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-thirds majority.
• It has to be approved by at least half of the total State legislatures.

Question 6.
What do you mean by ‘Corning together’ Federation?
Answer:

• In this, independent States come together to form a bigger unit. By pooling sovereignty and retaining identity, they can increase their security and development.
• This type of federation is seen in U.S.A., Australia and Switzerland.

Question 7.
What do you mean by ‘Holding together Federation’?
Answer:
Holding together Federation is a federation where a large country decides to divide the power between the national (Centre) government and the governments of the States, This types of Federation is seen in India, Spain and Belgium.

Question 8.
Why has India adopted Federalism? Give any two reasons.
Answer:

• India has a great diversity of languages, customs and cultures, etc. So, federation is essential to cater to the interests of these diverse groups.
• India has a huge population. therefore, the administration cannot be managed from a single centre.

Question 9.
What are the different levels of Federalism in India?
Answer:
Initially, there was only two-tier system of democracy in India. These two levels were Union Government and State Governments. But through the Constitutional amendment (1992), a third level of ‘Panchayati Rai Institutions’ was introduced.

Question 10.
Explain the threefold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments.
Answer:
Indian Constitution has divided the powers in three list:

• Union List (Union Government can make laws).
• State List (State Governments can make laws).
• Concurrent List (Both, Union, as well as State Governments can make laws).

Question 11.
What is Union List? What subjects does it contain? Why?
Answer:
The Union Government can make laws on the subjects mentioned in ‘Union List’.
These subjects are of national importance, such as Defence, Foreign Affairs, Banking and Currency, etc. We need a uniform policy on these subjects.

Question 12.
What is a Concurrent List? Which subjects are included in it?
Answer:
it includes the subjects of common interest to both, the Union Government, as well as the State Governments, such as trade unions, education, forest, marriage, succession, and adoption, etc. Both, the Union, as well as the State Governments can make laws on these subjects.

Question 13.
Make a list of Indian Union Territories.
Answer:
(1) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(2) Chand1garh
(3) Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(4) Delhi
(5) Jammu & Kashmir
(6) Ladakh
(7) Lakshadweep
(8) Puducherry.

Question 14.
Which are the common features of the Indian Federation ?
Answer:
The common features of Indian federation are –

• Division of power between Union Government and State Governments.
• Written, rigid and supreme constitution.
• An independent Judicial System.

Question 15.
Why were the boundaries of several old States of India changed in 1947?
Answer:

• In order to create new states.
• To ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.
• To recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, etc.

Question 16.
Why were the linguistic states formed in India?
Answer:
The linguistic states were formed in India to ensure that the people speaking the same language would live in the same territory. It also made administration more convenient.

Question 17.
Explain the three major provisions of the constitutional amendment of 1992 which really strengthen the third tier of democracy in India.
Answer:

• Now it is constitutionally mandated to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
• Seats are reserved in elected bodies for SC, ST and OBCs.
• At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.

Question 18.
What are the difficulties in proper functioning of local government?
Answer:
Though elections are held regularly, Gram Sabha meetings are not held regularly. Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local governments. The local governments are not provided adequate resources.

Question 19.
What do you know about ‘Zila Parishad’?
Answer:
At the district level, it is the top level of the Panchayati Raj. All the Panchayat Samitis in a district constitute Zila Parishad, whose members are elected. Local MPs and MLAs and some other district level bodies are also its members. Zila Parishad Chairperson is the political head of the Zila Parishad.

Question 20.
Describe the structure of urban local government bodies.
Answer:
At the village level, ‘Panchayats’ are formed. Similarly, ‘Municipalities’ are formed in town, and ‘Municipal Corporations’ are constituted in big cities. The political head of Municipality is ‘Municipal Chairperson’ while ‘Mayor’ is the head of Municipal Corporation.

Question 21.
What are scheduled languages?
Answer:
Languages which are listed in the list or schedule of the constitution are called scheduled languages.

Question 22.
What are nonscheduled languages?
Answer:
Apart from scheduled languages some languages which are not listed in the schedule of the constitution are called non-scheduled languages.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

Question 1.
How was Belgium converted from unitary to a federal type of government?
Answer:
Some changes were introduced to reduce the powers of the Central government and these powers were transferred to the Regional Governments. Though regional governments had their powers earlier, but these powers could be withdrawn by\ the Central Government. But, in 1993, the regional governments were given constitutional powers. Now, they were no longer dependent on the Central Government. The amendment of 1993 was an effort to provide autonomy to regional governments. Consequently now, they are no longer dependent on the Central Government. By this transfer of power, Belgium was converted from unitary to a federal type of government.

Question 2.
How is the federal government better than the unitary government? Explain with examples from Sri Lanka and Belgium.
Answer:
The Federal government is better than the unitary government, especially when people of different religions, cultures and castes reside in one and the same country For example, we have known how a unitary form of government has proved a failure in Sri Lanka, while a federal form of government has proved a great success in Belgium. This is so because all types of people have been accommodated in Belgium while majoritarianism has been an assualt upon the people, especially over the minority community in Sri
Lanka.

Question 3.
What are the differences between the Federal and the Unitary Government? Explain it.
OR .
Differentiate between unitary and Federal government. (CBSE2O15,
Answer:
Differences between the Federal and the Unitary government are as following:
(i) In a Federal government, there is one Central government and separate governments in the states, while in the Unitary government, there is only one Central overnment for the whole country.
(ii) In the Federal government, the whole country is divided into a number of political units, while in the Unitary government, the whole country is a single unit.
(iii) In the Federal government the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country, while in the Unitary government, all the powers are centred in one Central government.
(iv) In the Federal government, the focus is on national and state issues, while in Unitary government, the focus is completely on gaining power.
(v) In the Federal government, mostly the Constitution is written as well as rigid, while it is not so in case of a Unitary government.

Question 4.
Describe any three features of ‘Unitary government’.
Answer:
Following are the three features of unitary government- .
(i) In unitary system, all powers are centralised in the hands the central government and only centre is the reservoir of all state powers.
(ii) Laws of unitary system, unlike federation, are uniform because laws are made only by a single central government for the whole state.
(iii) One of the important features of this system is that it may become despotic when the rulers are not faithful as there is no check upon the exercise of these unlimited powers.

Question 5.
Give the chief features of Federalism.
Answer:
Federalism means sharing powers between Centre and its constituents units. The chief features of Federalism are as mentioned below –

• Power is shared among different levels of government.
• Each level has its own jurisdiction.
• The jurisdiction of each level is specified in Constitution to safeguard the existence and powers of each level.
• The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be changed only by one level, but by the consent of both the levels of the government.
• Courts have the powers to interpret the powers of different levels of government.
• Financial autonomy of each level is also ensured.

Question 6.
India comes under which type of federation? Why ? i CBSE 2014
Answer:
India comes under ‘a holding together’ type Federation. In this type of Federation, a large country divides its power between the constituent states and the National government. There is one government for the entire country and the others are governments at the state level. Both central and state governments enjoy their power independent of the other. The central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states. Often different constituent units of the Federation have unequal powers. For example; special powers have been granted to Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 7.
Highlight three major distinctions between the federations of ‘coming together’ type ad ‘holding together’ types.
Answer:
Folliwmg are the three major distinctions between the federations of ‘comingn together’ and ‘holding together’ types:
coming together Federation:

• in this type, independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit.
• They can increase their security by pooling sovereignty and retaining identify.
• Examples of this type are USA, Australia and Switzerland.

holding together Federation:

• In this type, a large country decides to divide power between the constituent states and the national government.
• In this, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states.
• Examples of this type are India, Belgium and Spain.

Question 8.
Explain the vertical division of power by giving examples of India.
Answer:
When power is share among governments at different levels— the union or the central government, the state government and the municipality and panchayat at the lower level, this division of power involving higher and lower levels of government is called the vertical division of power.

Vertical division of power in India:
The constitution declares India as a Union of states. Although the word Federation’ is not used, the Indian union is based on the principles of Federation. The constitution originally provided a two-tier system of government. A third-tier of federation was added in the form of panchayats and municipalities. As in any federation, these tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction. The constitution provides for a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between them.

Question 9.
“In India, the Central government is more powerful than the State governments”. Explain.
Answer:
India has followed the Federal system, which is based on the principle of power sharing. Yet in India, the central government is more powerful than the States. It is due to the following reasons –

• In regard of Concurrent list, both (Centre and States) have the right to enact laws, but, in a case of conflict, the Central law prevails.
• During President’s rule the State administration comes under the Central Government.
• If Rajya Sabha declares by two-third majority a subject of state list to be of national importance, Centre has the right to enact law on it.
• State governments depend on Centre for financial help.

Question 10.
Discuss the controversy over Hindi and English as the official language.
Answer:
The controversy regarding Hindi and English as the official language started, when a clause was added to the Constitution, that the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965. Many non-Hindi speakers objected to it. In Tamil Nadu, a movement was started, which demanded that English should be continued as the official language. Gradually, this movement took a violent turn. The Central Government agreed to continue English along with Hindi as the official language. Although, many critics objected to the decision, but. in fact, the decision taken by the Central Government helped the country avoid a civil war.

Question 11.
Throw light on the Centre-State relations in India.
Answer:
Federalism depends on a healthy relationship between Centre and the States. The real working of constitutional arrangements for sharing power depend on how theruling party follows these arrangements. For a long time, the same party ruled at the Centre and in most of the States. During this time, the States ‘put no demand of autonomy.

On the contrary, when the ruling party at the State level is different, the Central power tries to undermine the powers of the States. Many times earlier, the provisions of the constitution were misused to dismiss the State governments. As a result, the demand of state autonomy was raised at many places and Centre-State relations became strained.

Question 12.
What is meant by ‘Decentralisation of Powers’? Analyse the advantages of decentralization.
Answer:
Decentralization:
When some powers are taken from Central and State governments and given to local governments, it is called the Decentralisation of Powers.

Advantages of Decentralisation:

• Sharing of power between the Centre, States and local government reduces conflict.
• People have better knowledge of their own problems and so can solve them better at the local level.
• They know better where to spend money and how to manage things efficiently.
• Large number of problems and issues can be settled at the local level. This reduces unnecessary burden on the central and state governments.

Question 13.
Describe any three steps taken by the Indian government towards decentralisation of power in 1992.
OR
What steps were taken in 1992 in the area of decentralisation in India.
Answer:
Following steps were taken in 1992 in the area of decentralisation in India.

• Holding of elections in local government bodies was made mandatory.
• Responsibility of conducting the election in local bodies like panchayats and municipal corporation was given to state Election Commission.
• State governments were required to share some power and revenue with the local governments. These step taken by way of consitutional amendements helped to strengthen the position of local governments.

Question 14.
What is a Panchayati Raj? Explain its importance.
Answer:
Panchayati Raj is a decentralised form of governance, in which each village is responsible for its own affairs and in which, Gram Panchayats are the basic units of administration.

Importance of Panchayati Raj:

• It helps the people to participate directly in decision-making process.
• It helps in the decentralisation of power.
• It reduces the responsibility of the Central government as well as State governments.

Question 15.
Which features of Panchayati Rai do you like the most and why ? ¿(‘8SF 201.1
Answer:
Solving the local problem effectively and participation of people in decision making are the important features of Panchayati Raj system which I like most. This can be explained in the following ways.

(i) Panchayati Raj is a system of governance in which Gram Panchayats are the basic unit of administration. Gram Panchayat is a council consisting of several ward member women as Panchs and Sarpanch. They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village. So, this feature of Gram Panchayat is very significant.

(ii) People in a particular village elect their own representatives who are very much acquainted or familiar with the local issues. Thus, they can best resolve these, so I like this feature of Panchayati Raj in our country.

Question 16.
What is Gram Sabha? Describe any four functions of a Gram Sabha.
Answer:
Gram Sabha includes all the adult citizen voters of the village. It is empowered to support the Gram Panchayat body.

The functions of Gram Sabha are:

• It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat.
• it supervises the work of the Gram Panchayat.
• it approves the annual budget of the Gram Panchayat.
• it reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.

Question 17.
“Evalute the strengths and limitations of local self-government in a democracy. Local government have made a significant impact an Indian democracy. At the same time there are many difficulties.” Explain.
Answer:
Local self-government have made a significant impact on Indian democracy by its achievements, which are –
(i) The constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen democracy in our country.
(ii) Local government has increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy. At the same time, the local self-government are facing many difficulties.

These are-
‘While elections are held regularly, Gram Sabhas are not held regularly to review the performance of the Gram Panchayat.
(11) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers and adequate resources to the local governments.

Question 18.
In the Panchayati Raj system, one-third of the seats have been reserved for women. Do you feel that the same should be done for state legislature and the Parliament? Support your answer with arguments.
Answer:
In the Panchayati Raj system, one-third of the seats are reserved for women. This reservation should also be done for state legislature and parliament. But, the women reservation bill is a pending bill in India that proposes to amend the constitution of India to reserve 33% of all seats in the Lok Sabha and in all state Legislative Assembly for women. This bill should be passed for the following reasons –

• To increase women’s participation in politics and society.
• To increase opportunity and respect in all for women.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term Federalism. Give its chief features.
Answer:
Federalism:
A Federal type of government is one that works mainly on the principle of power-sharing. It has a group of states which is controlled by a Central Government. This system provides equal representation to constituent units. Chief Features of Federalism:

Some of the chief features of Federalism are mentioned below:

• Federalism means power sharing at various levels.
• There can be two or more levels (tiers) of power sharing.
• Each level or tier has its own jurisdiction in the fields of legislation, executive and judiciary.
• The jurisdiction or powers of each level are safeguarded by constitutional provisions.
• The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be changed only by one level. If any change is necessary, the consent of both the levels is essential.
• The judiciary has the right to interpret the powers of different levels of governments.
• Sources of income are also specified to ensure financial autonomy.
• The main aim of federalism is to safeguard the unity of the country. It also accomodates the regional diversity. India has also followed the Federal system of governance.

Question 2.
What are the power-sharing arrangements in our country?
OR
Describe the division of powers between state and central government in India.
OR
How are the legislative powers distributed between the union government and the state government by the constitution? Explain with an example.
Answer:
The constitution declared India as a union of states based on the principles of federalism. The constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the union or the central government representing union of India and the state governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and municipalities. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoyed separate juridisction. The constitution provided a three fold distribution of legislative powers.

(i) Union List: Includes subjects of national importance, i.e. defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking communitions and currency.

(ii) Concurrent List: Contains subjects of common interest to both the union government as well as the state governments, i.e. education, forests, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession. In case of dispute, law made by the union government shall prevail.

(iii) State List: Contains subjects of state and local importance, i.e. police, trade, agriculture, etc.

(iv) Residuary List: Subjects which do not fall in any of the three lists, i.e. computer software etc. Union government has the power to legislate on such subjects.

As India is an example of ‘holding together’ federation, all states in the Indian union do not have idential powers. Some states enjoy special status such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. There are some states too small to become independent like the UTs of Chandigarh and Lakshadweep.

This sharing of powers between the union government and state governments is básic to the structure of the constitution. Any change to it, has to be passed by both the houses of the Parliament with at least 2/3rd majorities. The judiciary plays an important role in the implementation of constitutional procedures. In case of any dispute about division of powers, the Supreme Court makes a decision.

Question 3.
Mention any five main features which make India a Federal country.
Answer:
Following are the five main features which make India a federal country:

• Administration of subjects which are of national importance and require uniformity in administration are given in the hands of the central government, while subjects of local importance or day to day administration are given to the states.
• Both centre and state governments enjoy their power independent of each other. Such a system exists in India, USA, etc.
• The federal system has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country, and to accommodate regional diversity.
• The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
• Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

Question 4.
Why has federalism succeeded in India ? Which policies adopted by India has ensured this success ?
Answer:
Reason for success of federalism in India are:
(i) Clearly laid out constitutional provisions providing a three-fold distribution of powers in the three lists-Union list, state list and concurrent list between the union government and state governments.
(ii) The nature of democratic politics in our country which ensures that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together become a shared ideal.
(iii) The creation of linguistic states. Boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spole tne same lauguage lived in the same state. Later some other states were created on cultural and ethnic basis, for example : Nagaland, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Telengana, etc.

(iv) Restructur centre-state relations. The constitutional arrangements for sharing power work depending on how the ruling parties and leaders follow these arrangements. For a long time, the same party ruled both at the centre and in most of states. Post- 1990 saw the rise of regional parties. Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the national parties had to enter into alliances which led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for autonomy of state governments.

Question 5.
How have the centre-state relations been restructured to strengthen federalism?
Answer:
Restructuring the centre-state relation is a way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. The way by which constitutional arrangements share power and work in reality depends to a large extent on how the ruling parties and their leaders follow this arrangement. For a long time, in India, the same party ruled both at the centre and in most of the states. Here states did not exercise their autonomous power. When the ruling party at the centre and the states were different, the centre tried to dominate the state. After 1990, the era of coalition government began in India. This resulted in a new culture of power sharing between the states and the centre.

The Supreme Court authorised the autonomy of the state governments and made it difficult for the central government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, federal power sharing become more effective than it was before.

Question 6.
“The creation of a linguistic state was the first and major test for democratic politics in our country” Justify the statement.
Answer:
The creation of a linguistic state was the first and major test for democratic politics in our country.

This can be justified in the following ways:
(i) In 1947, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. It was done according to the lauguage that people speak. But many national leaders feared that the formation of states according to language would lead to the disintegration of the country.
(ii) In our country, some states were created not on the basis of language but on the basis of culture, ethnicity and geography. These include Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.
(iii) Linguistic states have made the country more united. It has helped to maintain our federal structure.
(iv) Linguistic states made administration easier for the local people. People feel comfortable to work in their mother tongue. It fulfils their expectations from democracy.

Question 7.
What are the basic ideas behind Decentralization of power? Explain the composition of rural local government in India?
Answer:
The basic ideas behind Decentralization are as follows:
(i) It helps in promoting direct participation of people in governance.
(ii) Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level, because people have better knowledge of their local problems.
Composition of Rural Local Government . The rural local government in India is popularly known as Panchayati Raj. It consists of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad.

Brief description of these three bodies is given below:

1. Gram Panchayat:

• There is a Panchayat in each village or group of villages.
• It is a council which has several ward members (Panch) and a President (Sarpanch).
• They are directly elected by all the voters living in that ward or village.
• It works under the overall supervision of Gram Sabha.
• Gram Sabha consists of all the voters.
• Gram Sabha meets twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the Gram Panchayat and to review its performance.
• Gram Panchayat is the decision-making body for the entire village.

2. Panchayat Samiti:

• It is a block-level local self-government body.
• A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form a Panchayat Samiti.
• The members of this body are elected by all the voters of the Panchayats in that area.
• Block Pramukh is the political head of the Panchayat Samiti.

3. Zila Parishad:

•  At the district level, it is the top level of the Panchayati Raj.
• The Block Pramukhs of all the Panchayat Samitis in a district constitute the Zila Parishad, whose members are elected.
• Local MPs and MLAs and some other district level bodies are also its members.
• The Chairperson of Zila Parishad is the political head of the Zila Parishad.

Map Work

Question
In the outline political map of India show the states and their capitals.
Answer:

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

Multiple Choice Questions

Challenges to Democracy Important Questions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
How much part of the globe is still not under democratic government?
(a) About one-fourth
(b) About one-sixth
(c) About one-fifth
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) About one-fourth

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 2.
Which of the following does not cause any broad challenge to democracy?
(a) Strengthening of democracy
(b) Giving equal treatment to all the citizens
(c) Challenge of expansion
(d) Foundational challenge.
Answer:
(b) Giving equal treatment to all the citizens

Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
The foundational challenge of democracy includes:
(a) Keeping the military away from controlling government
(b) Bringing down the non-democratic regime
(c) Establishing a sovereign and functional state
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
The Challenge of expansion in a democracy includes :
(a) Application of basic principles of democratic governance across all the regions
(b) Including women and minorities in the decision-making process
(c) Ensuring greater power and resources to local government
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 5.
The strengthening of democracy involves:
(a) Strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy
(b) Ensuring greater power to local government
(c) Empowering women
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy

Question 6.
Which of the following challenges is faced by each democracy in one form or another?
(a) Challenge of foundation
(b) Challenge of expansion
(c) Challenge of strengthening of democracy
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Challenge of strengthening of democracy

Question 7.
How can democratic reforms be carried out?
(a) By political activities
(b) By political parties and movements
(c) By politically conscious citizens
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 8.
Which of the following statements does not reflect the right impact of ‘The Right to Information Act’?
(a) It acts as a watchdog of democracy
(b) It supplements the existing laws that banned corruption
(c) It enables the people to become law-abiding good citizens
(d) It empowers the people to find out what is happening in the government.
Answer:
(c) It enables the people to become law-abiding good citizens

Question 9.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of democracy?
(a) The executive is not answerable to the legislature.
(b) This is the rule of the law.
(c) It is a rule of the people.
(d) Every citizen takes part in the decision-making process, directly or indirectly.
Answer:
(a) The executive is not answerable to the legislature.

Fill in the blanks

1. ……………. is the dominant form of government in the contemporary world.
2. A …………. is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.
3. ………….. is a very good example of foundational challenge to democracy where monarchy was replaced by democratic system.
4. Law has an important role to play in …………..
5. ……………. is the third challenge of democracy.
6. Democracy eliminates ………….. based on caste, religion and gender.
Answer:
1. Democracy
2. challenge
3. Nepal
4. political reform
5. Deepening of democracy
6. discrimination.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the most common form of democracy in today’s world?
Answer:
Indirect or representative democracy.

Question 2.
Define the term challenge’.
OR
Explain the meaning of ‘challenge’.
Answer:
Challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we over-come a challenge, we go up to a higher level than before.

Question 3.
What types of challenges are being faced by democracy?
Answer:

• Foundational challenge
• Challenge of expansion
• Challenge of strengthening of democracy.

Question 4.
What is the challenge of expansion?
Answer:
The challenge of expansion, which is present in an established democracy, means applying the principle of democracy across all the regions, different social groups and institutions in the country.

Question 5.
Give examples of challenges of expansion to democracy.
Answer:
To give more powers to local governments and expansion of federal principles to all the units of the federation.

Question 6.
How can the institutions, that help people’s participation and control, be strengthened?
Answer:
The institutions can be strengthened by bringing down the control and influence of rich and powerful people in government decision-making.

Question 7.
Name any two challenges to the working of democracy in India.
Answer:
(i) Social and Economic Inequality
(ii) Casteism.

Question 8.
Give one example to show that political reforms can be counter-productive.
Answer:
Sometimes, political reforms can be counter-productive. For example many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting Panchayat elections.

Question 9.
What does the challenge of deepening of democracy involve?
Answer:
The challenge of deepening of democracy involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy.

Question 10.
What are political reforms?
OR
What do you mean by democratic reforms?
Answer:
All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called political reforms or democratic reforms.

Question 11.
What is the better way to carry out political reforms in a democratic country?
Answer:
Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.

Question 12.
One round of constitutional change had taken place in Belgium, but the Dutch speakers were not satisfied, and they wanted more autonomy. What type of challenges did Belgium face in such condition?
Answer:
Belgium faced the challenge of expansion.

Question 13.
Which kind of 1 aws are considered as the best for democratic reforms?
Answer:
Laws that empower people to carry out democratic reforms are considered as the best for democratic reforms.

Question 14.
Name the law that empowers the people to find out the government’s functioning and acts as the watchdog of democracy.
Answer:
The Right to Information Act

Question 15.
What is a good democracy?
Answer:
A good democracy is what we think it is and what we wish to make it.

Question 16.
Explain the meaning of ‘democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. They take all the major decisions.

Short Answer Type Questions-I

Question 1.
Give the meaning of the challenge of expansion in democracy.
Answer:
The Challenge of expansion involves applying the basic principles of democratic governance across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions ensuring greater power to local governments and extension of the federal principle to all the units of the federation.

Question 2.
Mention the foundational challenge that democracies are facing today.
Answer:
There are many countries which are facing foundational challenge, i.e. they have non- democratic regime.

The foundational challenge involves:

• Bringing down the existing non-democratic regimes.
• Keeping military away from controlling government.
• Establishing a sovereign and functional state.

Question 3.
Discuss the challenges of expansion faced by democracies all over the world.
Answer:
Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion, which involves the following :

• Applying basic principles of democracy across all regions, different social groups, and various institutions.
• Providing more power to state and local governments.
• Inclusion of women and minority groups in the process of decision-making.
• Minimising decisions, which should remain outside the sphere of democratic control.

Question 4.
Explain the challenges of strengthening democracy.
Answer:
This challenge is faced by every democracy in one or the other form. This includes:

• Strengthening political parties and other institutions that promote democracy.
• To bring down the control and influence of the rich and powerful in the government.
• To provide more power to local governments.

Short Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
What are the different challenges faced by the Indian democracy? Explain any
Answer:
Different kinds of challenges faced by the Indian democracy are as tinder:

1. Poverty
2. Illiteracy
3. Regionalism
4. Unemployment
5. Conimunalism,
6. Linguism
7. Political Violence and Insurgency
8. Casteism
9. Gender
10. Discrimination.

Poverty:
Poverty in India is a great challenge? to the successful working of democracy. A poor person can neither 1w a good citizen, flor can he actively participate in political activities. People who are poor do not feel interested in the political process of the country. A poor man can never dream of contesting an election. Inspite of the best efforts made by the government, about. 38% nf the people are still living below the line. Thus, poverty ¡s vitiating and polluting the electoral and democratic process in the country.

Question 2.
“Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people”. What. will you want to add in this definition?
Answer:
According to the definition we shall want to add the following qualifications :

• The rulers elected by the citizens of a country must take all the major decisions.
• Elections must, offer a choice and fair opportunity to the citizens of the country to change the present. rulers.
• This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis.
• The exercise of this choice must lead to the formation of a government, limited by basic rules of the Constitution and citizen’s rights.

Question 3.
Legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy.” Explain.
Answer:
Legal constitutional changes by themselves can not over come challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements

(i) Any legal change must carefully look at its result. Laws that seek a ban Ofl sonwthing are rather counter-productive.

(ii) The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. For example; the right to information Act 2005, which acts as a watchdog of democracy by controlling corruption.

(iii) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Therefore, the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of people’s participation.

(iv) Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution, but also about who will implement it and how. Measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens organisations and the media are more likely to succeed.

Question 4.
Explain with examples why some laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics.
Answer:
Law has an important role to play in political reform. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes, the result may be counter productive. For example; many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting Panchayat elections.

• This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor and women.
• Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working. The best laws are those, which empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
• The right to information Act is a good example of law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government.
• Such a law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.

Question 5.
How are some countries in the world facing the foundational challenge of democracy? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The foundational challenge relates to making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.

•  It involves establishing a sovereign and functional state.
• It involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, and keeping military away from controlling the government.
• Establishing civilian control on all government institutions by holding proper elections.
• It involves the recognition of people’s choices and the opportunity to change rulers, recognise people’s will.

Question 6.
“A challenge is an opportunity for progress”. Support the statement with your arguments.
Answer:
Different countries face different kinds of challenges all over the world.

• A challenge is not just any problem. We generally, call only those difficulties a challenge, which are significant and which can be overcome.
• A challenge is difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.
• Once we overcome a challenge, we go up to higher level than before. Each challenge is linked to the possibility of reforms.
• Legal-constitutional changes by themselves, cannot overcome challenges to democracy like economic inequality, unemployment, illiteracy, caste, gender discriminations.
• Democratic reforms can be carried out by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens in order to realise the opportunity in a challenge in order to overcome it and go up to a higher level.

Question 7.
Explain the role of citizens in a democracy.
Answer:
Citizen’s rights are not limited to right to vote, stand in elections and form political organisation.

• They have some social and economic rights also that a democracy should offer for its citizens.
• They have taken up power sharing as the spirit of democracy and discussed how power sharing between governments and social groups is necessary in a democracy.
• Democracy cannot be the brute rule of majority and a respect for minority voice is necessary for democracy.
• Elimination of discrimination based on caste, religion and gender is important in a democracy.
• In doing so, we have not gone against the democratic principles.

Question 8.
Analyze three major challenges before the countries which do not have democratic forms government.
Answer:
Some countries in the world are trying to become a democratic country. These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then, instituting democratic government.

•  This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime.
• It is also necessary to keep military away from controlling government.
• Such countries have to make great efforts to establish a sovereign and functional state.

Question 9.
Explain ‘the challenge of expansion of democracy’ by stating three points.
Answer:
Mo8t of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion.

• Challenge of expansion involves applying the basic principles of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions.
• Ensuring greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all the units of the federation.
• This means, less and less decisions should remain outside the arena of democratic control.
• Most countries including India and USA face this challenge.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the major challenges to democracy in India?
OR
Discuss three major challenges before Indian democracy.
Answer:
The major challenges to democracy in India are as given ahead:
(i) Casteism: Casteism is one of the major problems of Indian democracy. At the time of elections, almost all political parties take into consideration, the caste of the candidate and the voters residing in that constituency. The voters also take into consideration the caste of the candidate.

(ii) Social and Economic Inequalities: There are big social and economic inequalities among the people in India. There is discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion and sex, etc.

(iii) Poverty: Poverty is one of the major problems of Indian democracy. Poor people do not people cannot contest an election. They arc even compelled to sell their votes to dishonest candidates.

(iv) Communalism: Communalism is another serious problem of Indian democracy. The political leaders keep on fuelling the fire of communalism for their political gains.

(v) Political Defection: Political defection is a very serious probLem of Indian deniocracy. Legislators defect from one party to any other party,just for their personal gains.

Question 2.
Suggest guidelines along which political reforms can be initiated in India.
Or
Explain some broad guidelines to be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India.
Answer:
Democracy has established strong roots in India over the last few decades. The situation calls for some systematic political reforms. Before an agenda for political reforms is set, the following guidelines may be laid down:
(i) Law is to be on the side of democracy. But, no law can be all-pervading Law can only help the politicaL activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens to bring about and implement the necessary reforms. .

(ii) We should not adopt a negative approach while formulating reforms, i.e. our emphasis should not be on telling the citizens not to do a few things or preventing them from certain activities, etc. rather, we should adopt a positive attitude. We should create a system of incentives and rewards for the citizens to perform certain actions and desist from others.

(iii) In any scheme of political reforms, the most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

(iv) In anticipation of democratic movements, citizens’ organisations and the media would go a long way in implementing only such reform programmes, that may be formulated.

(v) As legal constitutional changes, by themselves, cannot overcome challenges to democracy, brought out mainly by political activities, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.

(vi) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it wiLl have on politics. Sometimes, the result may he counter-productive. For instance, many states have debarred people who have more than two children from contesting Panchayat elections. This has resulted in the denial of democratic opportunity to many of the poor and women, which was not intended. The best laws are those, which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. For example, the Right to Information Act. It acts as a watchdog of democracy by
controlling corruption.

(vii) Any proposal for political reforms should consider not only what is a good solution but also who will implement it and how. Measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens’ organizations and the media are more likely to succeed.

Question 3.
Mention the three ways through which democracy can be improved in practical form.
Answer:
Following are the ways through which democracy can be improved in practical form
(i) B Legal, Constitutional changes: This change mostly brings about positive changes but sometimes, their result may be counter-productive. So, extra care should be taken while implementing these changes. The best laws are those which empower people to out democratic reforms. The laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working. The Right to Information Act is a good example that brought political reform.

(ii) Through decentralization of power: Democratic set-up is successful when even the people at the lowest starta have a role in the system.

(iii) Through political parties: Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political parties. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary men.

(iv) The Panchayati Rai has strengthened our democracy a lot. When people play an active role in their self-administration, their faith in democracy increases.

Question 4.
Describe any five efforts made to reform political parties in India.
Answer:
Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help ta discourage wrong political practices and encourage goods ones. The constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties.

(i) Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties. movements and politically conscious citizens.

(ii) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. For example; many states have binned people who have more than two children from contesting Panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor and women.

(iii) Democratic reforms are to be brought by political practices. It would increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

(iv) It is mandatory for every candidate who contests election to file an affidavit giving details of his/her property and criminal cases pending against them.

(v) The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income tax returns.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

Multiple Choice Questions

Outcomes Of Democracy Important Questions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Rule of the people is known as:
(a) Democracy
(b) Dictatorship
(c) Monarchy
(d) Government.
Answer:
(a) Democracy

Outcomes Of Democracy Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 2.
Which of the following is the best form of government?
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Democracy
(c) Autocracy
(d) Monarchy.
Answer:
(b) Democracy

Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
Which type of government exists in the world?
(a) Democracy
(b) Monarchy
(c) Dictatorship
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
If a government provides its citizens the right and means to examine the process of decision-making, it is:
(a) A stable government
(b) A responsible government
(c) An accountable government
(d) A transparent government.
Answer:
(d) A transparent government.

Question 5.
What is meant by transparency?
(a) Decisions taken through the correct procedure
(b) Decisions taken by one party
(c) Decisions taken by the king
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Decisions taken through the correct procedure

Question 6.
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of dictatorship?
(a) It ensures equality and justice to all.
(b) it ensures stability.
(c) It ensures quick and decisive action.
(d) it ensures efficiency.
Answer:
(a) It ensures equality and justice to all.

Question 7.
Democracies are based on:
(a) Regional equality
(b) Political equality
(c) Economic equality
(d) Social equality.
Answer:
(b) Political equality

Question 8.
Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is a plus point of:
(a) Dictatorial regimes
(b) Democratic regimes
(e) Monarchical regimes
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Democratic regimes

Question 9.
It stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual:
(a) Democracy
(b) Dictatorship
(c) Autocracy
(d) Monarchy.
Answer:
(a) Democracy

Fill in the blanks

1. The most basic outcome of democracy is to provide political and ………….. equality to the citizens.
2. The political outcomes of democracy are to produce ………….. responsive and legitimate government.
3. …………… is considered missing in non-democratic government.
4. ………….. is based on political equality and all individuals have equal right
5. Democracy cannot give guarantee for …………. development.
6. The passion for respect and …………. are the basis of democracy.
7. Nannu’s example shows the importance of the …………..
8. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and …………….
9. Democratic government is …………… government.
10. ……………. in democracy is based on norms and procedures.
Answer:
1. social
2. accountable
3. Transparency
4. Democracy
5. economic
6. freedom
7. Right to Infomatioh Act
8. negotation
9. legitimate
10. Decision making.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is democracy ?
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government, in which power of governance dwells in the hands of the people.

Question 2.
Which form of government stands much superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual ?
Answer:
Democratic government.

Question 3.
What do you mean by outcomes of democracy?
Answer:
Outcomes of democracy means results of the working of democracy-its successes or failures.

Question 4.
How can a government function to represent the general view?
Answer:
A government functions to represent the general view by considering majority opinions.

Question 5.
What type of government is attentive to the needs and expectations of the people ?
Answer:
A responsive government is attentive to the needs and expectations of the people.

Question 6.
In which neighbouring country of India is democracy not preferred over dictatorship?
Answer:
In Pakistan, democracy is not preferred over dictatorship.

Question 7.
Which system can reduce the possibility of tension and conflict among different groups of society?
Answer:
Democratic system can do so because it can easily resolve social differences, diversions and conflicts as it has evolved the mechanism to
negotiate differences.

Question 8.
Give any two characteristics of democracy.
Answer:
(i) Elected representatives
(ii) Rule of law.

Question 9.
Why are decisions delayed in democracy?
Answer:
Decisions are delayed in democracy because they are taken after much debate and deliberation.

Question 10.
Which form of government is prevalent in Pakistan and Bangladesh at present?
Answer:
Democracy.

Question 11.
Mention any two issues on which democracy has failed.
Answer:
(i) Corruption
(ii) Equal distribution of income.

Question 12.
What is the basis of democracy?
Answer:
(i) Dignity of citizens
(ii) Freedom.

Question 13.
Which ruling system is based on political equality?
Answer:
Democracy.

Question 14.
Name any one country which is suffering from great economic inequality.
Answer:
Bangladesh.

Question 15.
What are the necessary ingredients of a democratic society?
Answer:
Respect and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

Question 16.
The idea of deliberation and negotiation in a democracy leads to what?
Answer:
The idea of deliberation and negotation in a democracy leads to some delay in decisionmaking.

Question 17.
In which form of government is ‘dignity of individual best protected?
Answer:
In democracy.

Short Answer Type Questions-I

Question 1.
Define Democracy.
Answer:
Former president of USA, Abraham Lincoln, defined democracy as- “Government of the people, by the people and for the people.”

Question 2.
Give any four characteristics of democracy.
Answer:
The four characteristics of democracy are as follows :

• In a democracy, laws and policies are framed by the representatives elected by the people.
• In a democracy, elections are held to elect the representatives.
• In a democratic nation, citizens enjoy freedom of speech, expression and information.
• Independence of judiciary is an essential characteristic of democracy.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Dictatorship? Give some examples of dictatorship.
Answer:
Dictatorship is a form of government, in which an individual acquires power and rules the country according to his will. No opposition to him is allowed. Everyone has to obey his commands.
Examples – Hitler in Germany, Mao-Tse-Tung in China, Mussolini in Italy, General Parvez Musharraf in Pakistan, etc.

Question 4.
Mention any one outcome of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy ensures regular, free and fair elections. A democratic setup is more successful in setting up regular and free elections and in setting up conditions for open public debates.

Question 5.
Define transparency.
Answer:
Under democracy, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures, he/she can find this out. He/She has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

Question 1.
Why is democracy better than other forms of government?
Answer:
Democracy is better than other forms of government due to the following reasons:

• It promotes equality among citizens.
• It enhances the dignity of the individual.
• It provides methods to resolve conflicts among citizens.
• It improves the quality of decision-making process.
• It allows sufficient possibilities to correct mistakes.

Question 2.
Explain, which one is better Democracy or Dictatorship?
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government, in which, the administration is run by the elected representatives of the citizens of the country. The word Democracy’ has been derived from two Greek words – ‘demos and ‘kralia’ means ‘the people’ and ‘power. As per former President of USA Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is government of the people, by the people and for the people”. Every citizen is equal in front of the law and has equal rights and freedom in the country.

Dictatorship is a form of government, in which an individual acquires power and rules the country according to his will. No opposition to him is allowed. Everyone has to obey his commands. Thus, we can say that the democracy is better than dictatorship because it involves every citizen in the decision-making process. Every citizen has the right to vote and choose his representative in the government.

Question 3.
‘There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world”. Support the statement.
Answer: There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy alL over the world because

• Democracy can address all socio-economic and political problems.
• In democracy, there are regular and free election and there is always a scope for open public debate.
• Democracy is a people’s own government where rulers are elected by the people. People wish to be ruled by the representatives elected by them.
• Democracy is a legitimate government.

Question 4.
“Democracies have had greater success in setting regular free and fair elections.”Analyse the statement.
Answer:
This statement can be explained in the following ways

• Every democracy holds elections arid it has different political parties and guarantees the voting right of its citizens.
• Every citizen in a democracy has the right to elect his leader and has control over the rulers.
• In a democracy, whenever possible and necessary, citizens participate in decision-making that affects them.
• Democracy should ensure regular, free and fair elections. This differentiates democraCY from another form of government.

Question 5.
‘Democratic government is a legitimate government.’ Explain.
Answer:
Yes of course, a democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, and not always very responsive or clean. But, it is people’s own government. That is why there is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People all over the world wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They believe that democracy is suitable for their country.

Question 6.
‘Decision-making in a democratic government is slow’. Comment.
Answer:
In a dictatorship, decision-making can be arbitrary. One person possesses all decision-making power. He can take instant decisions and implement them. His personal choices and whims influence the decisions. But in a democracy, cision. making follows certain norms and procedures. Different individuals and groups are assigned different tasks. They analyse the different rights and wrongs of a decision. All this consumes time, i.e. decisions cannot be instant. But the decisions will be more effective and acceptable to the people.

Question 7.
‘In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. Explain by giving examples.
Answer:
In most of democracies, a small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportioflatM share of wealth and income. The share of the rich class is increasing whereas those who are at the bottom of the society have very little to subsist on. Even in India, the poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party will like to lose their votes. Yet, democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the question of poverty as you would expect them to. The situation is much worse in some other countries. In Bangladesh, more than half of its population live in poverty. People in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries, even for their food supplies.

Question 8.
What are the different aspects of democracy ?
Answer:
(i) Social Aspect:
Social aspect of democracy means the removal of all the inequalities and no discrimination Ofl the basis of caste, religion, sex, language
or region, etc.

(ii) Economic Aspect: Economic aspect of democracy implies the removal of the wide gap between the rich and the poor and stopping the exploitation of the poor and working class by the rich. It means that national wealth should notbe concentrated in the hands of a few people while others have to go without the basic necessities of life like, food, clothing and shelter.

(iii) Political Aspect: Democracy means that all the citizens should enjoy equal political rights. Every citizen should have the right to vote, to fight elections, to hold public office, etc. Mass Media like, radio and television are free from government control so that people can express their views.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
‘Democratic system is better than any other form of government. Support the statement with examples.
OR
Why do we feel that democracy is a better form of government than any other form? Explain
Answer:
Democracy is a better form of government when compared with any other form of government because of the following reasons:

• Democracy promotes equality among citizens. Every citizen of the country has equal rights before the law. All individuals have equal rights in electing their representatives.
• Democracy believes in the concept of equality, but it is against the law of nature as individual talents, intelligence and wisdom differ.
• Democracy improves the quality of decision-making. As there is open debate on major issues in democracy thus, quality of decisions is improved.
• Democracy provides a method to resolve conflicts. Democracy reduces the possibility of social tension which leads to peaceful social life. It allows room to correct mistakes.
• Democracy is a legitimate government. Democracy gets the popular support of the people by regular, free and fair elections.

Question 2.
Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. Explain.
Answer:
(i) Dignity and Freedom to Women: Most societies across the world were historically male-dominated societies, so it was not possible for democracy to change that structure. But democracies have provided opportunities to women to get equal treatment. Most of the democracie.s of the world treat women as equals and provide all the rights to women. These rights have a legal sanctin. So, it becomes easier for women to raise their voice against the male-dominated society.

(ii) Caste-based inequalities : Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and the discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. There are still instances of caste-based inequalities, but these lack moral and legal foundations. Perhaps, it is this recognition that makes ordinary citizens value their democratic rights. People believe that their votes make a difference to the way the government is run and to their self-respect.

Question 3.
How are complaints treated as testimony to the success of democracy ? Explain.
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government in which power of governance dwells in the hands of the people. Democracy is better than other forms of government. Democracy is seen to be good in principle. The following points show how complaints are treated as testimony to success of democracy:
(i) What is most distinctive about democracy is that it is examined and evaluated continually.
(ii) As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. The most positive feature of democracy is that people want to make democracy better at every stage. When people get some benefits of democracy they ask for more. That is why, when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they will always come up with more expectations and many complaints. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy.
(iii) Democracy has provided the people a chance to look critically at the power holders and the high and the mighty. A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project. It transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.
(iv) Mostly, people today believe that their individual vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest. Thus we can say, complaints are treated as a testimony to the success of democracy.

Question 4.
Why is democracy not considered simply a rule of majority?
Answer:
Due to the following reasons, democracy is not considered simply a rule of majority:

• In democratic set-up, the majority always needs to work with the minority, so that governments represent the general view.
• Majority and minority opinions are not permanent in democracy.
• The rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in ternis of religion, race, linguistic groups, etc.
• Democracy remains democracy only when every citizen of a country has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.
• If someone is barred from being in majority on basis of birth, i.e. on the basis of caste and religion, then democratic rules are not applicable for that person or group.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties

Multiple Choice Questions

Political Parties Class 10 Important Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
Which one of the following is the most visible institution in a democracy?
(a) Political Party
(b) Pressure Group
(c) Public Interest Group
(d) Sectional Interest Group.
Answer:
(a) Political Party

HBSE 10th Class Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties Question 2.
A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction is known as:
(a) Partisan
(b) Separatist
(c) Leader
(d) Politician.
Answer:
(a) Partisan

Chapter 6 Political Parties HBSE 10th Class Civics Question 3.
A political party has three components, which of the following is not a component of a political party:
(a) The leader
(b) The active members
(c) The supporters
(d) Election symbol.
Answer:
(d) Election symbol.

Question 4.
Which one of the following is not a characteristic feature of a political party?
(a) It has a unity of purpose.
(b) It adheres to constitutional means:
(c) It does not fulfil its policies when voted to power.
(d) It has a certain organization.
Answer:
(c) It does not fulfil its policies when voted to power.

Question 5.
Which one of the following is not a function of political parties?
(a) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
(b) Parties entertain people.
(c) Parties contest elections.
(d) Parties put forward different policies and programmes.
Answer:
(d) Parties put forward different policies and programmes.

Question 6.
The Political Party that runs the government is :
(a) Ruling party
(b) Factional group
(c) Opposition party
(d) Interest group.
Answer:
(a) Ruling party

Question 7.
How many parties are registered with the Election Commission of India?
(a) more than 750
(b) less than 750
(c) 500
(d) 1110.
Answer:
(a) more than 750

Question 8.
A multi-party system implies:
(a) The political parties which govern the country.
(b) The government is formed by various parties coming together.
(c) This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
Answer:
(d) Both (b) and (c).

Question 9.
Which of the following countries has adopted a multi-party system?
(a) China
(b) the United States
(c) the United Kingdom
(d) India.
Answer:
(d) India.

Question 10.
Every party in India has to register itself with :
(a) The Parliament
(b) The President
(c) The Police
(d) The Election Commission.
Answer:
(d) The Election Commission.

Question 11.
Indian National Congress was founded in the year :
(a) 1880
(b) 1885
(c) 1940
(d) 1980.
Answer:
(b) 1885

Question 12.
The political party which beliefs in Marxism-Leninism is :
(a) Nationalist Congress Party
(b) Communist Party of India
(c) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(d) Bahujan Samaj Party.
Answer:
(b) Communist Party of India

Question 13.
Which one of the following is not a national party?
(a) Trinamool Congress
(b) The Asom Gana Parishad
(c) The Indian National Congress
(d) The Bharatiya Janata Party.
Answer:
(b) The Asom Gana Parishad

Question 14.
Which one of the following is not a regional party?
(a) Communist Party of India
(b) The Akali Dal
(c) The Telugu Desam Party
(d) The Shiv Sena.
Answer:
(a) Communist Party of India

Fill In the blanks

1. ……………. are one of the most visible institutions in a democracy.
2. In India, the government is formed by various parties coming together in a …………..
3. Bhartiya Janata Party was formed in …………..
4. Elephant is the election symbol of ……………
5. Bhartiya Jana Sangh is the mother party of …………….
6. …………… is a tendency to take a side and an inability to take a balanced view on an issue.
7. …………… influences the whole country.
8. India is a vast and ………… country.
9. …………… in democracy is a political phenomenon.
10. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) was formed in …………..
Answer:
1. Political parties
2. coalition
3.1980
4. Bahujan Samaj Party
5. Bhartiya Jaftta Party
6. Partisanship
7. National Party
8. divers
9. Defection
10.1964.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the most visible institution in a democracy?
Answer:
Political parties.

Question 2.
What is a political party?
Answer:
A political party is an organised group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

Question 3.
Who is a Partisan?
Answer:
A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction is called a partisan.

Question 4.
Give an example of a one-party system.
Answer:
China.

Question 5.
What is partisanship?
Answer:
Partisanship is marked by u tendency to take a side and the inability to take a balanced view on an issue.

Question 6.
Name three components of a political party.
Answer:
A political party lias three components:

• The leaders
• the active members
• The followers.

Question 7.
Write any two functions of political parties.
Answer:
(i) Contesting elections
(ii)‘ Forming and running the government.

Question 8.
Who plays u decisive role ¡n making laws for a country?
Answer:
Political Parties play a decisive role in making laws Ir a country.

Question 9.
Which party PlaYs the role of the opposition?
Answer:
The party that loses the election plays the role of opposition.

Question 10.
What is a ruling party?
Answer:
A political party that runs the government is called a ruling party.

Question 11.
Who provides people access to government mechinery and welfare schemes implemented by the government?
Answer:
Political parties.

Question 12.
Explain one-party system, With exa in pies.
Answer:
A system in which only a single party is allowed to work, control and run the government, is called a one-party system. For exa in pie-China.

Question 13.
Name any two countries which have adopted a two-party system.
Answer:
(i) United States of America (USA)
(ii) United Kingdom (UK).

Question 14.
What is a recognised political party?
Answer:
Parties which are recognised by the Election Commission are called recognised political parties.

Question 15.
Name any two recognise(1 national parties of India.
Answer:

• Bharatiya Junata Party (BJP)
• Indian National Congress (INC).

Question 16.
Which is time current ruling party ut the Centre?
Answer:
Bharntiya .1 anta Party.

Question 17.
When was lšharatiya Janata Party (BJP) founded?
Answer:
Bharatiya Janata Party was ftunded in 1980.

Question 18.
Write the full form of NDA?
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance.

Question 19.
When was the Bahujan Samaj Party founded?
Answer:
Bahujan Samaj Party was founded in 1984.

Question 20.
Who was the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party?
Answer:
Kanshi Ram was the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party.

Question 21.
What is the main ideology of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)?
Answer:
The main ideology of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is to secure the rights and welfare of the dalits, adiiasis, OBCs and religious minorities.

Question 22.
When was the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPL-M) founded?
Answer:
It was founded in 1964.

Question 23.
Which Parties believe in Marxism-Leninism?
Answer:
Communist Party of India (CPI) and Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)

Question 24.
When was the Communist Party of India (CÍL) founded?
Answer:
The Communist Party of India was founded in 1925.

Question 25.
Which party was formed in 1999, following a split in the Congress Party?
Answer:
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).

Question 26.
Name any four state parties.
Answer:

• Samajwadi Party
• Rashtriya Janata Dal
• Mizo National Front.
• Samata Party.

Question 27.
What is defection?
Answer:
Changing party allegiance, from the party under which n person got elected (to a legislative body) lo n different party.

Question 28.
Who are MLA and MP?
Answer:
A member of the 11egislative Assembly is called an MLA while a member of Parliament is called an MP.

Question 29.
What is an affidavit?
Answer:
An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer wherein a person makes a sworn statement regarding his/her personal information.

Question 30.
Mention any one step taken by the Supreme Court of India in order to reduce the influence of money and criminals in politics.
Answer:
Now, it is compulsory for every candidate who contests elections, to file an affidavit giving details of his/her property and criminal cases pending against him/her

Short Answer Type Questions-I

Question 1.
What. role does an opposit ion party play in a democracy?
Answer:
The opposition party plays an important role in a democracy. A good and strong opposition keeps a check on the ruling party. This ensures that the ruling party does not misuse its power. It criticises the government for its failures or wrong policies. These parties also mobilise opposition to the government.

Question 2.
What is a two-party system? Give two examples.
Answer:
A system in which usually two main parties contest the elections to come to power is called two-party system. For example –
(i) United States of America (USA)
(ii) United Kingdom (UK).

Question 3.
Explain the multi-party system with an example.
Answer:
A system in which several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power, is called a multi-party system. For

Question 4.
State any two disadvantages of the single-party system.
Answer:
(i) The single-party system is not a democratic system. There must be at least two parties to compete in elections and provide a check to the ruling party.
(ii) In this system, the electoral system does not permit free competition for power, thus this system is quite similar to a dictatorship.

Question 5.
State any one advantage and one disadvantage of multi-party system.
Answer:
Advantage-This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
The disadvantage-The multi-party system often appears very messy and leads to political instability.

Question 6.
Why do we have a multi-party system in India ?
Answer:
India has developed a multi-party system because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily represented by two or even three parties. Therefore, we have a multi-party system in our country.

Question 7.
What do you understand by an alliance or a front? Give examples.
Answer:
When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front. Examples-The National Democratic Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the Left Front.

Question 8.
What is a national party?
Answer:
A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party. Example— Bharatiya Janata Party.

Question 9.
Name any 6 national parties.
Answer:

• The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
• The Indian National Congress (INC)
• All India Trinamool Congress
• Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
• Communist Party of India (CPI)
• Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).

Question 10.
Mention the source of inspiration for : (i) BJP, (ii) Congress, (iii) BSP.
Answer:

•  BJP: Indias ancient culture and values.
• Congress: This centrist party supports secularism.
•  BSP: It draws its inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj,

Mahatma Phule, Perlyar Ramaswami Naicker and B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 11.
Describe the circumstances in which the recognition of a national party can be withdrawn.
Answer:
The Election Commission can withdraw the recognition of a party as a national party in either of the following circumstances:
(i) The party ceases to fulfil the eligibility conditions.
(ii) The party does not follow the model code of conduct.

Question 12.
What is a state Party?
Answer:
A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats, is recognised as a state party.
Example-Samajwadi Party.

Question 13.
Distinguish between direct and indirect ways of influencing politics.
Answer:
(i) Direct ways of influencing politics consist of the formation of political parties. These political parties seek the acquisition of power.
(ii) Indirect ways of influencing politics involve working through pressure groups and movements.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

Question 1.
‘Political parties involve Partisanship’. Explain
Answer:
By Partisanship, we mean a tendency to support a pre-determined view about an issue. It implies therefore a failure and an inability to take a balanced view. Each political party represents only a part of the society. It is known by (i) which ideals it stands for (ii) which policies it supports, and (iii) whose interests it upholds. No political party can be expected to rise above the interests of the political division it stands for. In this way, political parties involve partisanship.

Question 2.
‘Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Explain the statement.
Answer:
(i) Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a political party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.

(ii) The party in power supports a bill, whereas the opposition party tries to find the negative points. So, the common people can know about the positive and negative points of the bill. We can say that political parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

Question 3.
How do political parties help in the formation of public opinion? Explain.
Answer:

• They raise and highlight public issues through mass media.
• Many of the pressure groups are extensions of political parties among different sections of society.
• Parties sometimes also launch movements for the solution of problems faced by the people. Often, opinions in the society cryst-alize on the lines parties take.

Question 4.
How do the political parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes ?
Answer:
Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen, it is easier to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why, they feel close to parties, even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise, people can reject those parties in the next elections.

Question 5.
Why do we need to have political parties in our country ?
Answer:
We need to have political parties in our country because of the following reasons:
(i) It is very difficult to imagine a representative democracy without political parties because without parties, every candidate is independent. So, no one will be able to make any promise to the people about any major policy changes and new policies.
(ii) The rise of political parties is linked to the emergence of representative democracies. Large-scale societies need a representative democracy.
(iii) As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government. This function is fulfilled by the political parties.

Question 6.
Discuss the various ways of classifying the political system and the political parties.
Answer:
There are many ways of classifying the political parties and the political system.

These are as follows:

• On the basis of the number of parties in a country, the party system can be classified as-one-party system, two-party system and multi-party system.
• On the basis of the area of influence, the parties can be classified as- national party, state party or regional party.
• On the basis of ideology, the political parties can be classified as- leftist party, rightist party or centrist party. .

Question 7.
Discuss the classification of party systems on the basis of the number of parties in the political system.
Answer:
On the basis of the number of parties, party system is classified into three kinds:
(i) One-party system or single-party system: In this system, only one political party is allowed to function and rule in the country. All political activities arc confined to this one party. There is no power sharing and no political competition. Example- China. Only the Communist Party of China is permitted to function and rule there.

(ii) Two-party system: ¡n this system, there are two major parties. There can be smaller parties also, but they have little or fo influence in the political sphere. The views of the two parties get clearly polarised, there is no conflict or clash. Example-Republican Party and Democratic Party in the USA.

(iii) Multi-party system : In this system, a large number of political darties are formed and permitted to function. However, out of this large number only a handful of parties emerge as winners. This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. Example-In India, more than 750 political parties are registered with the Election Commiss ion of India.

Question 8.
Explain merits and demerits of multi-party system.
Answer:
(i) Multi-party system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
(ii) In this system, people have an opportunity to make a choice between several candidates.

Demerits of the multi-party system are:
(i) This system often appears very messy.
(ii) This system sometimes leads to political instability.

Question 9.
Briefly discuss the level of participation in activities of political parties.
Answer:
Political parties are one of the least trusted institutions all over the world. At present, the level of public participation in the activities of political parties is fairly high. The proportion of those who say that they are members of some political parties is higher in India than in many advanced countries such as Japan, Spain, Canada and South Korea. Over the last three decades, the proportion of those who report being members of political parties in India has gone up steadily.

Question 10.
flow is the criteria of the National Political Party and State Party decided by the Ejection Commission of India?
Answer:
Each party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. The Election Commission has laid down the detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party. A party that secures atleast six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sahha is recognised as a national party. When a party secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats, it is recognised as a state party.

Question 11.
Distinguish between a national party and a state (regional) party.
Answer:
NtionaI Party:

• A party, that secures at least 6% of the total votes in Lok Sabha ejections or Assembly elections in four states, and wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
• These parties exist, operate and function throughout India.
• These parties raise national issues.
• For example-The Indian National Congress, the Bharatiya Janata Party, etc.

State (Regional) Parts:

• A party, that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State, and wins at least two seats is recognised as a state party (regional party).
• These parties exist, operate and function at regional level.
• These parties raise regional issues.
• For example-the Shiromani Akali Dal, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, etc.

Question 12.
What is meant by defection’ in democracy? Explain.
Answer:
Defection in democracy is a political phenomenon. It means moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit. It happens when a legislator, after having been elected from a particular party leaves it and joins another party. Now the law states that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose seat in the legislature. The new law has brought the percentage of defection down and has made
dissent is even more difficult.

Question 13.
Describe any three broad guidelines for devising ways and means for political reforms in India.
Answer:
The three broad guidelines for devising ways and means for political reforms in India are:
(î) A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. Political parties should maintain a register of their members, hold open elections, follow their own constitution, etc.
(ii) Political parties can be monitored by ordinary citizens, pressure groups, media, etc. Pressure on political parties can be done through petitions, publicity and agitation.
(iii) The quality of democracy depends on the degree of public participation. It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not directly participate in politics and simply criticise it from the outside.

Question 14.
Name the national political party which gets inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values. Mention four features of that party.
Answer:
Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) gets inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values.

The main features of this party are:

• Cultural nationalism or Hindutva is an important element in BJP’s conception of Indian nationhood and politics.
• It wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India.
• It claims a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion.
• It wants to ban religious conversions. The party wants to get an anticonversion law to stop religious conversion in the country.

Question 15.
Why has India adopted a multi-party system ? Explain.
Answer:
India adopted a multiparty system for the follow reasons –

• India being a vast and diverse country, the multi-party system was needed to accommodate the vast population.
• The social and geographical diversity of India could not be represented by two or three parties.
• The multi-party system in India evolved over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social, regional division, its history of politics and its system of elections.
• Multi-party system ensures a healthy competion between different parties and prevents dictatorship of a single party. Indian constitution declares India as a democratic country. Multi-party system fulfils this criteria and provides a chance for proper growth of the nation.

Question 16.
How do the State Parties contribute in strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country ?
Answer:
Over the last three decades, the number and strength of state parties has expanded in our country. These parties have made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse. No one national party is able to secure on its own a clear majority in the Lok Sabha. So, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties. Since 1996, nearly every one of the state parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national-level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in India.

Question 17.
Highlight the various challenges faced by political parties in India.
Answer:
Political parties face the following challenges:

•  Lack of internal democracy in the party.
• The extraordinary influence of the founder or one or few leaders at the top position.
• Dynastic succession.
• Use of money power by very rich persons, families or big companies.
• Use of muscle power by criminals.
• Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
• The problem of defection.
• Problem of communalism.
• Problem of regionalism.

Question 18.
What role can ordinary citizens play in reforming political parties?
Answer:
1. The quality of democracy depends on the degree of public participation. It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not take part in it and simply criticise it from the outside. Where legal solutions to political problems are difficult to enforce, political parties can change for better with active public participation.
2. People can put pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity and agitations. Ordinary citizens, pressure groups, movements and media can play a vital role.
3. Political parties can improve, if those who want to make things better, also join the political parties. In this way, if political parties are made to feel that they would lose public support by not taking up reforms, all of them would become serious about the reforms.

Long Answer Type Qaes6ons

Question 1.
Describe the role of political parties in Indian democracy.
Answer:
Political parties perform a series of functions in our democracy. These are –

• Parties contest elections. By winning the election. Political party can form the government. Sometimes more than two parties form a coalition and form the government.
• Parties put forward different politices and programmes and the voters choose from them.
• Parties play a decisive role in making laws for our country by making debate and\ passing law for people.
• Parties form and run government by recruiting leaders, training them and making them ministers to run the government.
• Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting important issues.
• Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power by criticising the government for its failures or wrong policies.
• Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands otherwise. People can reject those parties in the next elections.

Question 2.
What is meant by a political party? Describe the three components of a political party.
Answer:
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. Political parties always make some policies and programmes for society with a view to promoting the collective good. Every political party wants to persuade people and tries to win their support of people.

Three components of a political party are –

• The leaders: Every political party has some prominent leaders who formulate policies and programmes of the party and choose candidates for contesting elections.
• The active members: They are involved in different committees of the party and participate directly in their activity.
• The followers: They believe in the party’s ideology and support the party by casting their votes in favour of the Party at the time of election.

Question 3.
Explain the four different ways in which political parties are still in the grip of some serious challenges.
Answer:
The political partis are still in the grip of some serious challenges which are –

(i) The first challenge is lack of democracy within parties. All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of powers in one or few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(ii) The second challenge is dynastic succession where thé top positions of a party are always enjoyed by members of one particular family. This trend is harmful for other members of the party, as well as for democracy. This tendency is present in some measure all over the world.

(iii) The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties which is specially observed during elections. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties always have a say on the policies and decisions of the party.

(iv) The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In our country, the difference among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. Sometimes, the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another, thus people have real no option available to them.

Question 4.
“Lack of internal democracy is a challenge to efficient functioning of Indain political parties.” Justify the statement.
Answer:
Lack of internal democracy is a challenge to the efficient functioning ofpolitical parties. The following points justify the statements –

• All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
• Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and do not conduct internal elections regularly.
• Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. They do not have the means or the connection needed to influence the decisions. As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
• Since one or few leaders exercise the power in the party, those who disagree with the\ leadership find it difficult to continue in the party.

Question 5.
State in brief the formation, programmes and policies of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Answer:
Formation:
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh or we can say, it was the largest group of Janata Party, which was formed before the Lok Sabha elections held in 1977. Programmes and Policies : Programmes and policies of the Bharatiya Janata Party

BJP arc the following:

• Bharatiya Janata Party wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient, culture and values.
• Cultural nationalism or Hindutva’ is an important element in its concept of Indian nationhood and politics.
• It wants full territorial and political integration ofjaminu and Kashmir with India.
•  It wants a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion, caste and creed.
• It is in strong opposition to religious conversions.
• It wants dealing the terrorists with a heavy hand.
• B.JP wants all-round empowerment of women.
• Strengthening national security, both internal and external, to overcome present and future challenges.
• Broadening and deepening of economic reforms.
• Complete eradication of poverty and unemployment.
• Quantum improvement in the quality of life of all Indians by fuilfihling their basic needs in healthcare, education, housing, nutrition, sanitation, and drinking water.
• A world-class infrastructure in power, IT, telecom. railways, roads, airtravel, shipping, port and inland having. on, markets and the financial sector. Empowerment of min. ‘cies and ending the majority-minority distinction in politics.

Question 6.
What is the necessity of a political party for a democracy?
Answer:
Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. Without existence of parties, following situations may occur
(i) Every candidate in the elections will be independent. No one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.

(ii) The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertáin. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country will be run.

(iii) The Panchayat elections are non-party-based elections to the Panchayat in many states of India. Although the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one group, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This creates the need for the political party

(iv) The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. As societies became large and complex, they needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.

(v) Society needs a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies. justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfil the needs of every representative government.

Question 7.
Discuss some of the recent efforts and suggestions in our country to reform political parties and its leaders
Answer:
Some of the recent efforts and suggestions in our country to reform political parties and its leaders are the following:
(i) The Constitution of India was amended to prevent the elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) from changing their parties. It is called defection, when elected candidates change their parties for personal benefits. But now according to this law, the elected candidate would lose his seat in the legislature, if he indulges in defection.

(ii) In order to reduce the role of money and muscle power in elections, the Supreme Court has passed an order which says that every contesting candidate will have to file an affidavit stating his her personal property and the criminal cases pending against him her. This would help the voters in making better decisions regarding their vote.

(iii) The Election Commission has passed an order, making it essential for political parties to hold their organisational elections at regular intervals and file their income tax re turns.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 लोकतंत्र और विविधता Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 लोकतंत्र और विविधता

Loktantra Aur Vividhata Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ आधुनिक समाज विविधताओं का समाज है। यह विविधाएँ कई प्रकार की होती हैं। लोग श्वेत व अश्वेत भी होते हैं, मोटे व पतले भी होते हैं, हिन्दू व मुसलमान भी होते हैं, हिमाचली व हरियाणवी भी होते हैं, अमीर व गरीब भी होते हैं, सनातन धर्मी व आर्य समाजी भी होते हैं।

→ विविधताओं को मिटाया नहीं जाना चाहिए। प्रत्येक विविध समूह की अपनी भाषा होती है, ‘संस्कृति होती है, अपने रीति-रिवाज होते हैं, अपने धार्मिक तौर-तरीके होते हैं। इन सब के मिलने से सामुदायिक संस्कृति का जन्म होता है।

→ यह सामाजिक वर्ग जितना मिल-जुलकर रहते हैं, उनका भौतिक विकास उतना अधिक होता है। परस्पर सहयोग प्रत्येक अलग सामाजिक वर्ग के हित में होता है; परस्पर सामाजिक तनाव प्रत्येक अलग सामाजिक वर्ग को हानि पहुँचाता सामाजिकविभाजन लोकतंत्र के लिए हानिकारक नहीं है।

→ अलग-अलग विचार व उन विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति लोकतंत्र को मजबूत बनाती है। अतः विविधताओं में एकता स्थापित करना लोकतंत्र का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रयास होता है जो सभी वर्गों के सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक विकास की गारन्टी होता है।

Loktantra Aur Vividhata Notes In Hindi HBSE 10th Class

→ सामाजिक विविधताएँ समय, परिस्थितियों तथा क्षेत्र के अनुरूप अलग-अलग होती हैं। उत्तरी आयरलैंड में कैथोलिकों व प्रोटेस्टेंटों में तनाव हो सकता है, परन्तु नीदरलैंड मे ईसाई ध म के यह दोनों वर्ग एक-दूसरे से मिल-जुलकर रह भी सकते हैं।

→ श्रीलंका में सिंहालियों व तमिलों के बीच टकराव हो सकता है, परन्तु बेल्जियम में डच व फ्रेंच बोलने वालों में राजनीतिक एकता भी हो सकती है।

→ सामाजिक विभाजन के चलते भी लोगों में एकता हो सकती है। आवश्यकता इस बात की होती है कि प्रत्येक सामाजिक वर्ग को अन्य सामाजिक वर्ग का सम्मान व आदर करना चाहिए, दूसरे सामाजिक वर्ग के अस्तित्व को स्वीकार करना चाहिए, उसके विकास में उसकी सहायता करनी चाहिए।

→ हम हिन्दू व मुसलमान रहते हुए भी भारतीय बन सकते हैं; अश्वेत व श्वेत होते हुए भी अमरीकी बन सकते हैं।

→ यदि ऐसी भावनाओं को ताकत मिलती है तो सामाजिक सहनशीलता में वृद्धि होती है तथा सामाजिक सामंजस्य पनपता है एवं समाज पूरी से विकास भी करता है।

→ एफ्रो-अमरीकी : यह शब्द उन अश्वेत अमरीकी लोगों के वंशजों के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है जिन्हें 17वीं से 19वीं शताब्दियों तक अमरीका में गुलाम बनाकर लाया गया था।

→ अमरीका का नागरिक अधिकार आंदोलन : 1954-1968 के बीच घटनाओं व सुधारा के वह आन्दोलन जिनका लक्ष्य एफ्रो-अमरीकी लोगों के विरुद्ध होने वाले नस्ल पर आधारित भेदभाव को मिटाना था।

→ मार्टिन लूथर किंग जूनियर : एक अमरीकी नागरिक अधिकार आन्दोलन चलाने वाला नेताः उनके द्वारा ऐसा आन्दोलन अंहिसात्मक रूप से चलाया गया था : अंततः उन्हें सफलता प्राप्त हुई थी।

→ अश्वेत शक्ति आन्दोलन : 1966 में उभरा यह आन्दोलन 1975 तक चलता रहा। नस्लवाद को लेकर यह आन्दोलन अधिकतर उग्र रूप का था।

→ समरूप समाज : एक ऐसा समाज जिसमें सामुदायिक, सांस्कृतिक अथवा जातीय विभिन्नताएँ ज्यादा गहरी नहीं होती।

HBSE 10th Class Civics Chapter 3 लोकतंत्र और विविधता

→ सामाजिक भेदभाव : समाज के विभिन्न वर्गों में भेदभाव की भावना से व्यवहार करना।

→ प्रोटेस्टेंट : ईसाई धर्म का एक अन्य वर्ग जो कैथोलिक वर्ग का विरोध करता है तथा जिसका कैथोलिक ईसाई भी विरोध करते हैं।

→ कार्लोस व स्मिथ : एफ्रो-अमरीकी खिलाड़ी जिन्होंने अश्वेतों के साथ भेदभाव का विरोध किया।

→ पीटर नार्मन : एक ऑस्ट्रेलियाई ओलंपिक खिलाड़ी जिसने कार्लोस व स्मिथ का समर्थन किया।

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 लोकतंत्र के परिणाम Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 लोकतंत्र के परिणाम

लोकतंत्र के परिणाम Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ इनमें कोई संदेह नहीं कि लोकतांत्रिक शासन शेष अन्य सभी प्रकार के शासकों से बेहतर होता है नागरिकों की समानता में, व्यक्तित्व की गरिमा का अहसास, तनावों में सामंजस्य, त्रुटियों में सुधार करने की गुंजाइश आदि की आशाएँ तानाशाही, कुलीनतंत्र; राजतंत्र में नहीं की जा सकती।

→ लोकतंत्र लोगों का लोगों द्वारा तथा लोगों के हित का शासन होता है। ऐसे शासन को भले ही अच्छा शासन नहीं कहा जाता, परन्तु स्व-शासन तो किसी भी अच्छे शासन से बेहतर शासन होता है।

→ क्योंकि लोकतंत्रीय शासन मात्र शासन का एक स्वरूप है। इसमें अनेकों त्रुटियाँ होती हैं परन्तु कुल मिला कर शासन का यह रूप शासन के सभी अन्य रूपों से बेहतर है।

लोकतंत्र के परिणाम Class 10 Notes In Hindi HBSE

→ उत्तरदायी सरकार लोकतंत्रीय सरकार ही हो सकती है। ऐसी सरकार के प्रतिनिधि अपने कार्यों का दायित्व उठाते हैं। ऐसी सरकार में फैसले लेने में देरी हो सकती है परन्तु फैसलों में देरी बेकार नहीं होती, क्योंकि लोकतंत्र में हुए फैसलों में सबकी सहमति व उनके विचार दृष्टिकोण शामिल होते हैं।

→ फिर लोकतंत्र में हुए फैसले किसी कायदे कानून के अनुसार होते हैं। यह फैसले थोपे नहीं जाते। क्या हम किसी अन्य शासन-प्रणाली में नियमित व निष्पक्ष चुनाव देखते हैं? नीतियों कानूनों पर खुली चर्चा देखते हैं?

→ सरकार के कार्यों में जानकारी पाने की मिलने वाली सूचनाओं को खुलेआम देखते हैं? क्या लोकतांत्रिक संस्थाओं व व्यवस्थाओं की सफलता देखतें हैं? वास्तव में, लोकतंत्र ही शासन की ऐसी पृष्ठभूमि तैयार करता है जो किसी भी प्रकार की व्यवस्था से बेहतर होती है।

→ अन्य शासनों के मुकाबले में लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था अपेक्षाकृत अधिक उत्तरदायी, अधिक जिम्मेवार तथा अधिक वैधपूर्ण व्यवस्था है।

→ इसमें सन्देह नहीं है कि आर्थिक संवृद्धि व आर्थिक विकास जितना तानाशाहियों में होता है, उतना लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्थाओं में नहीं होता। परन्तु तानाशाही में हुए काम के पीछे जोर जबरदस्ती होती है व उत्पीड़न होता है।

→ ऐसी व्यवस्थाओं में अंततः आर्थिक विषमतओं में वृद्धि होती है; आम व्यक्ति की आर्थिक व सामाजिक स्थिति में सुधार होता है।

→ लोकतंत्रीय व्यवस्था ही आर्थिक समानताओं में कमी लाने में सफल होती है, यह सरकार ही सामाजिक विविधताओं में सामंजस्य पैदा कर सकती है। व्यक्ति की गरिमा के वृद्धि लोकतंत्रीय व्यवस्था में होती है।

→ लोकतंत्र : ऐसी शासकीय व्यवस्था जो समानता, स्वतंत्रता व कल्याणकारिता पर अधारित हो।

→ तानाशाही : व्यक्ति विशेष, दल-विशेष अथवा किसी सैनिक अधिकारी का शासन

→ वैधता : कानून अनुसार शासन किया जानाः प्रायः लोकतंत्रीय व्यवस्था वैध शासन की प्रतीक होती है।

→ स्व-शासन : लोगों का स्वयं का शासन, स्वयं अथवा लोगों द्वारा निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधियों का शासन

→ आर्थिक असमानता : लोगों के बीच आर्थिक आय का भेद। अनुभव बताता है कि तानाशाहियों के मुकाबले में लोकतांत्रिक देशों में आर्थिक असमानता कम होती है।

→ सामाजिक विविधताएँ : सामाजिक विविधताएँ लोगों व वर्गों में भाषायी, धार्मिक, आर्थिक व सांस्कृतिक विषमताओं को कहते हैं। अनुभव बताता है कि लोकतंत्रीय व्यवस्थाओं में सामाजिक विविधताओं में सामंजस्य पाया जाता है।

→ व्यक्तित्व की गरिमा : लोगों के व्यक्तित्व में तथा उनकी प्रतिष्ठा में विश्वास। अनुभव बताता है कि लोकतंत्र में लोगों की गरिमा, कायम रहती है।

→ अल्पसंख्यक/बहुसंख्यक : कम संख्या वाले समूह को अल्पसंख्यक एवं अधिक संख्या वाले समूह को बहुसंख्यक कहा जाता है।

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 संघवाद Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 संघवाद

संघवाद Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ सत्ता में भागीदार का एक रूप संघवादी व्यवस्था में देखा जा सकता है।

→ संघवाद शासन की वह व्यवस्था है जहाँ शासक-कार्यों की बाँट के आधार पर एक ओर संघीय (इसे केन्द्रीय व राष्ट्रीय) सरकार तथा दूसरी ओर प्रान्तों (इन्हें राज्यों व इकाईयों) की सरकारों की व्यवस्था की जाती है तथा उन्हें अपने-अपने क्षेत्र में अपने-अपने मामलों पर बनाने व प्रशासन का अधिकार प्राप्त होता है।

→ शासन कार्यों की बाँट प्रायः संविधान द्वारा की जाती है जिसके अनुरूप संघीय व प्रान्तीय सरकारें अपने-अपने क्षेत्राधि कार में कार्य करती हैं।

→ ऐसे संविधान में बदलाव दोनों प्रकार की सरकारों की सहमति पर ही होता है : सर्वोच्च संविधान होता है।

→ सरकार में स्थापित न्यायालय समस्त संघीय व संवैधानिक व्यवस्था की रक्षा करते हैं।

HBSE 10th Class Civics Chapter 2 संघवाद

→ संघ व्यवस्था-केन्द्रोन्मुखी-जब स्वतंत्र व प्रभुसत्ता सम्पन्न राज्य अपने प्रभुसत्ता त्याग अपने ऊपर संघीय सरकार की स्थापना करते हैं।

→ केन्द्र विमुख-जब कोई बड़ी व एकात्मक सरकार अपने आपको कुछ राज्यों में विभक्त कर संघीय सरकार बनाती है तरीकों से बनायी जाती है।

→ पहले तरीके में प्रान्तों की सरकारें दूसरे तरीके द्वारा बनी प्रान्तीय सरकारों से अधिक शक्तिशाली होती हैं।

→ संघीय व्यवस्था की विशेषताओं में निम्नलिखित का उल्लेख किया जा सकता है:

• दो अथवा दो से अधिक वाले सरकार-स्तरों का होना;
• अलग-अलग सरकार एक ही नागरिक समूह पर शासन करते हैं, परन्तु प्रत्येक सरकार अपने-अपने क्षेत्र में;
• सरकारों का अधिकार-क्षेत्र संविधान द्वारा स्पष्ट किया जाता है;
• संविधान में बदलाव सभी प्रकार के स्तरों पर बनी सरकारों की अनुमति से होता है;
• न्यायालयों के पास अधिकार-क्षेत्र की व्यवस्था की शक्ति होती है।
• वित्तीय स्वायतता हेतु प्रत्येक प्रकार की सरकार को कर लगाने की शक्ति प्राप्त होती है।
• देश की एकता व सुरक्षा के साथ-साथ क्षेत्रीय विविध ताओं का सम्मान।

→ भारत में संघीय व्यवस्था को लागू करने हेतु सभी प्रयास किए गए है। स्वतंत्रता पश्चात विभिन्न प्रकार के राज्यों का संघ-राज्यों में बनते-संवरते सम्बन्धों ने भारत की संघीय व्यवस्था भाषायी आधार पर गठन किया गया।

→ संघीय व्यवस्था इसके को सुदृढ़ किया है। संघ शासन के तीन स्तर-केन्द्र, राज्य व व्यवस्थित संचालन हेतु भाषा-नीति व परिस्थितियों के अनुसार स्थानीय इकाईयाँ-अपने-अपने क्षेत्र में सुचारू रूप से कार्य कर रहे हैं।

→ गठबन्धन सरकार: एक से अधिक राजनीतिक दलों द्वारा बनायी गयी सरकार। ऐसी सरकार एक राजनीतिक गठजोड़ बनाती है तथा कोई साझाा कार्यक्रम स्वीकार करती है।

→ संघवाद : एक ऐसी राजनीतिक व्यवस्था जहाँ शासन हेतु शासक-कार्यों की बाँट के फलस्वरूप एक ओर संघीय सरकार बनायी जाती है तथा दूसरी ओर इकाईयों की सरकारें बनायी जाती हैं।

→ संघवाद के उदाहरण : भारत, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, बेल्जियम, स्विटज़रलैंड, कनाडा

→ एकात्मक सरकार : वह सरकार जहाँ शासन-शक्तियाँ एक केन्द्रीय सरकार में निहित होती हैं।

→ एकात्मक सरकार के उदाहरण : श्रीलंका, चीन, फ्रांस, ग्रेट ब्रिटेन

Chapter 2 संघवाद Civics HBSE 10th Class

→ विकेन्द्रीकरण : शक्तियों की बाँट

→ केन्द्रविमुख : किसी बड़े राज्य का अपना एकात्मक रूप छोड़ कुछेक अधीन राज्यों के निर्माण द्वारा संघ-शासन बनाना।

→ भारत में संघीय शासन के स्तर :

• केन्द्रीय, संघीय अथवा राष्ट्रीय सरकार
• प्रान्तीय, राज्य इकाईयों की सरकारें
• स्थानीय सरकारें : पंचायतें व इकाईयाँ

→ संसार में संघीय शासनों की संख्या : 192 में 25 राज्य संघीय शासन हैं जिनकी जनसंख्या संसार की आबादी का 40 प्रतिशत

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के क्षेत्रक Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के क्षेत्रक

भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के क्षेत्रक Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ विभिन्न आर्थिक गतिविधियों को उनके उद्देश्य एवं अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण मानंदडों के आधार पर प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक एवं तृतीयक क्षेत्रकों में विभाजित किया जाता है।

→ इन तीनों क्षेत्रकों के विविध उतपादन कार्यों से काफी मात्रा में वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन होता है। साथ ही कई लोगों को इन क्षेत्रकों में रोजगार मिलता है।

→ भारत के संदर्भ में आँकड़ों के अध्ययन से यह पता चलता है कि हालांकि वस्तुओं व सेवाओं का मूल्य अधिकांशतः तृतीयक क्षेत्र में उतपादित होता है लेकिन लोगों को रोजगार अधिकांशतः प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक में ही मिलता है।

→ किसी विशेष वर्ष में प्रत्येक क्षेत्रक द्वारा उत्पादित अंतिम वस्तुओं व सेवाओं का मूल्य उस वर्ष मे कुल उतपादन की जानकारी देता है तीनों क्षेत्रकों के उतपादों के योगफल को देश का सकल घरेलू उत्पाद कहते हैं जी.डी.पी. से किसी देश की अर्थव्यवस्था की मजबूती का पता चलता है।

भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के क्षेत्रक Class 10 Notes In Hindi HBSE

→ भारत में आधे से अधिक लोग प्राथमिक क्षेत्र में नियोजित हैं लेकिन जी. डी. पी. में इसका योगदान सिर्फ एक-चौथाई हैं इसकी तुलना में द्वितीयक और तृतीयक क्षेत्रक का जी. डी. पी. में हिस्सा तीन-चौथाई है।

→ जबकि इन क्षेत्रकों में आधे से भी कम लोगों को रोजगार मिला हुआ हैं इस कारण कृषि क्षेत्रक के श्रमिकों में अल्प-बेरोजगारी है। अतः देश में रोजगार के अवसरों में वृद्धि करने की जरूरत है।

→ इसके लिए भारत सरकार ने कई उपाय भी किए हैं हाल ही में सरकार ने राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गांरटी अधिनिमय 2005 पारित किया है जिसके अन्तर्गत सभी सक्षम लोगों को वर्ष में सौ दिन रोजगार की गारी दी गई है।

→ आर्थिक कार्यो की विभाजित करने का एक अन्य तरीका संगठित और असंगठित क्षेत्रकों का विभाजन हैं संगठित क्षेत्रकों में कर्मचारियों को रोजगार सुरक्षा का लाभ प्राप्त होता है, उनसे एक निश्चित समयावधि तक ही कार्य लिया जा सकता है।

→ उन्हें सवेतन अवकाश, सेवानुदान, भविष्य निधि आदि सुविध प्राप्त होती है। परंतु असंगठित क्षेत्रक के कर्मचारियों को इन सुविधाओं का लाभ नहीं प्राप्त होता है। अतः असंगठित क्षेत्रक के श्रमिकों को सरंक्षण देने की आवश्यकता है।

→ आर्थिक गतिविधियों को स्वामित्व के आधार पर सार्वजनिक व निजी क्षेत्रकों में विभाजित किया जाता है। सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रक में, परिसंपत्तियों पर सरकार का स्वामित्व होता है।

→ दूसरी ओर निजी क्षेत्रक के उत्पादन के साधनों पर निजी स्वामित्व होता है। कई चीजें ऐसी होती हैं जिनकी आवश्यकता समाज के सभी सदस्यों को होती है लेकिन उन्हें उपलब्ध कराना निजी क्षेत्रक के बस में नहीं होता है। अतः सरकार स्वयं इन पर व्यय करती है और लोगों के लिए इन सुविधाओं को सुनिश्चित करती है।

→ प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक आर्थिक सक्रियता का सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण क्षेत्रक होता है।

→ प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक-मुख्यतः कृषि क्षेत्र का देश की जी.डी.पी. में एक-चौथाई योगदान है।

Bhartiya Arthvyavastha Ke Kshetra Ke Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ द्वितीयक एवं तृतीयक क्षेत्रक का जी.डी.पी. में तीन-चौथाई हिस्सा है।

→ भारत में क्रियाशील जनता का कृषि में लगा भाग – 60%

→ प्राथमिक क्रियाओं में लगे लो – 60%

→ द्वितीयक क्रियाओं में लगे लो – 17%

→ तृतीयक कार्यों में संलग्न भारतीय श्रम का भाग – 23%

→ सहायक क्रियाओं का अर्थव्यवस्था में योगदान – 48%

→ भारत में विद्यालय जाने के आयु वर्ग में लगभग 20 करोड़ बच्चे हैं। इनमें लगभग, दो-तिहाई ही विद्यालय जाते हैं।

→ अधिकांश प्राकतिक उत्पाद जैसे-कषि, डेयरी वन उत्पाद, मछली पालन आदि को प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक वा कृषि एवं संबंधित क्षेत्रक भी कहा जाता हे

→ कपास के पौधे से प्राप्त रेशे सत कातना और कपडा बुनना और गन्ने से चीनी और गुड बनना द्वितीयक क्षेत्रक के उदाहरण है।

→ विकसित देशों में अधिकांश श्रमजीवी लोग सेवा क्षेत्रक में नियोजित होते हैं

→ भारत में कषि क्षेत्रक में अल्प बेरोजगारी की समस्या है।

Bhartiya Arthvyavastha Ke Chetrak Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ अल्प बेरोजगारी को प्रछन्न बेरोजगारी भी कहा जाता है।

→ योजना आयोग के एक अध्ययन के अनुसार, अकेले शिक्षा क्षेत्र में लगभग 20 लाख रोजगारों का सृजन हो सकता है।

→ योजना आयोग के एक अध्ययन के अनुसार पर्यटन क्षेत्रक में सुधार से 35 लाख से अधिक लोगों को प्रतिवर्ष रोजगार मिल सकता है।

→ भारत के 200 जिलों में काम का अधिकार’ लागू करने के लिए कानून बनाया गया है।

→ राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गांरटी अधिनियम, 2005 के अन्तर्गत उन सभी लोगों को जो काम में सक्षम हैं और जिन्हें काम की जरूरत है, को सरकार द्वारा 100 दिन के रोजगार की गांरटी दी गई है।

→ भारत में लगभग 80 प्रतिशत ग्रामीण परिवार छोटे और सीमांत किसानों की श्रेणी में आते हैं।

→ रेलवे अथवा डाकघर सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रक के उदाहरण

→ टिस्कों, रिलायंस इण्डस्ट्रीज लिमिटेड आदि निजी क्षेत्रक के उदाहरण है।

→ वस्तुओं व सेवओं का मूल्य अधिकांशतः तृतीयक, क्षेत्रक में उत्पादित होता लेकिन रोजगार अधिकांशतः प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक में मिलता है।

→ खुली बाजार अर्थव्यवस्था में संसाधनों का स्वामित्व नीजी हाथों में रहता है।

→ नियोजित अर्थव्यवस्था में निर्णय सामान्य जनता के हित में लिया जाता है।

Bhartiya Arthvyavastha Ke Kshetra Class 10th Notes In Hindi HBSE

→ स्वामित्व के आधार पर उद्यमों के तीन क्षेत्र हैं-निजी क्षेत्र, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र और मिश्रित क्षेत्र।

→ अर्थव्यस्था-आर्थिक ढांचे का वह स्वरूप जिसके अनुसार किसी देश की आर्थिक दशा तथा लोगों के जीवन का वर्णन किया जाता है।

→ राष्ट्रीय आय-राष्ट्रीय आय का तात्पर्य उस कुल आय से है जिसे देश के अंदर उत्पन्न सभी वस्तुओं और संवाओं के मूल्य के साथ-साथ विदेशों से प्राप्त आय को जोड़कर प्राप्त किया जाता है।

→ क्षेत्रक-कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण मानंदडों के आधार पर कार्यो को विभिन्न समूहों में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है। इन समूहों को क्षेत्रक भी कहते हैं।

→ सकल घरेलू उत्पाद-प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक एवं तृतीयक, तीनों क्षेत्रकों के उत्पादों के योगफल को देश का सकल घरेलू उत्पाद कहते हैं।

→ संगठित क्षेत्रक-संगठित क्षेत्रक में वे उद्यम या कार्य स्थान आते हैं। जहाँ रोजगार की अवधि नियमित होती है। और वे क्षेत्रक सरकार द्वारा पंजीकृत होते हैं।

→ असंगठित क्षेत्रक-असंगठित क्षेत्रक छोटी-छोटी और बिखरी इकाइयों, अधिकांशतः सरकारी नियंत्रण से बाहर होती हैं, से निर्मित होता है।

→ सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रक- सार्वजिनक क्षेत्रक में, अधिकांश परिसंपत्तियों पर सरकार का स्वामित्व होता है। और सरकार ही सभी संवाएं उपलब्ध कराती है।

→ निजी क्षेत्रक-निजी क्षेत्रक में परिसंपत्तियों पर स्वामित्व और सेवाओं के वितरण की जिम्मेदारी एकल व्यकित या कंपनी के हाथों में होती है।

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 जन-संघर्ष और आंदोलन Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 जन-संघर्ष और आंदोलन

जन संघर्ष और आंदोलन नोट्स HBSE 10th Class

→ राजनीतिक व सामाजिक माँगों के लिए संघर्ष करना लोकतांत्रिक प्रयोजन होता है। ऐसे संघर्ष व आन्दोलन अक्सर होते रहते हैं।

→ इन आन्दोलनों में एक उदाहरण 2005-2006 में नेपाल में लोकतंत्र की स्थापना के लिए चलाया गया था। इसी प्रकार बोलिविया में जनसंघर्ष के चलाए जाने का उदाहरण भी हमारे सामने हैं।

→ वहाँ के इंजीनियरों, पर्यावरणवादियों व कामकाजी लोगों के एक संगठन ने जल-प्राप्ति के लिए एक सफल आन्दोलन चलाया था।

→ लोकतंत्र में अनेकों फैसले परस्पर मेल-जाने से हो जाया करते हैं। परन्तु कुछेक फैसलों के लिए कई बार आन्दोलन भी चलाए जाते हैं।

→ विरोध जितना अधिक होता है आन्दोलन व जन-संघर्ष उतना अधिक तीव्र होता है। लोकतांत्रिक संघर्ष का समाधान जनता की व्यापक लामबन्दी द्वारा होता है।

→ राजनीतिक संगठनों अर्थात राजनीति दलों व अनेको समाज सेवी संगठन ऐसे आन्दोलनों व जन-संघर्ष द्वार। लोगों में चेतना जगाते रहते हैं।

जन-संघर्ष और आंदोलन Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ लोगों की लामबन्दी प्रायः संगठनो द्वारा प्रेरित होती है। यह संगठन दबाव-समूहों का रूप लेकर लोगों में लामबन्दी करने में सफल हो पाते हैं।

→ दबाव-समूह जैसे लक्षण होते हैं। किसी लोकतंत्र में हित-समूहों का गठन स्वाभाविक होता है। ऐसे अनेक समूह बन जाते हैं जो जन-सामान्य व लोक-कल्याण हेतु कार्यरत रहते हैं।

→ बन्धुआ मजदूरी के विरुद्ध लड़ने वाले समूह ऐसे जन-सामान्य व लोक-कल्याण समूहों का एक उदाहरण है। ‘बाससेफ’ ऐसा ही एक अन्य उदाहरण है।

→ दबाव-समूहों में कुछेक ऐसे समूह भी होते हैं जो विशेष किसी उद्देश्य की प्राप्ति के लिए आन्दोलन करते रहते हैं।

→ नेपाल में नेपाल नरेश के विरुद्ध लोकतंत्र की स्थापना हेतु चलाया गया आन्दोलन करते रहते हैं। नेपाल में नेपाल नरेश के विरुद्ध लोकतंत्र की स्थापना हेतु चलाया गया आन्दोलन एक आन्दोलनकारी समूह था।

→ यह आन्दोलन किसी एक मुद्दे को लेकर चलाया गया था। कुछेक आन्दोलन कुछेक मुद्दों को लेकर चला जाते हैं तथा ऐसे आन्दोलनों को चलाने वाले संगठन भी अनेकों हो सकते हैं।

→ नारीवादी व पर्यावरणीयवादी आन्दोलन कई समूहों द्वारा चलाए जाते हैं। राजनीति में दबाव-समूहों की महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है: वह जनता का समर्थन प्राप्त करने के लिए लोगों में जागृति पैदा करते रहते हैं।

→ हड़ताल आदि ऐसे समूहों का एक साधन होता है। कुछेक तो ‘लॉबिस्टों’ की भी नियुक्ति करते हैं। दबाव-समूहों का लोकतंत्र पर पड़ने वाला समूह प्रायः सकारात्मक ही होता है।

→ माओवादी: चीनी क्रान्ति के नेता माओ के विचारों को मानने वाले साम्यवादी माओवादी कहलाए जाते हैं।

→ माओवादी क्रान्ति : क्रान्ति लाने में हिंसा के प्रयोग के प्रचार का माओ का तरीका

HBSE 10th Class Civics Chapter 5 जन-संघर्ष और आंदोलन

→ सर्वहारा का शासन : मजदूरों व किसानों के शासन को सर्वहारा शासन कहा जाता है।

→ एस.पी.ए. : सेवेन पार्टी अलाएस (नेपाल में सात दलों का गठनबंधन)

→ जल-युद्ध : बोलिविया में पानी के लिए चलाया गया आन्दोलन

→ फेडेकोर : जल के लिए चलाया गया बोलिविया का वह आन्दोलन जिसे इंजीनियरों, पर्यावरणवादियों व कामकाजी लोगों के न चलाया था।

→ दबाव समूह : अपनी मांगों के लिए सरकार पर डाले जाने वाले दबाव-ऐसा दबाव कोई संगठित समूह चलाता है।

→ दबाव समूह के उदाहरण : पेशेवरों (वकीलों, डॉक्टरों, शिक्षकों, मजदूरों व्यावसायिक) से संगठन दबाव समूहों के उदाहरण हैं।

→ बामसेफ : बैकवर्ड एण्ड मायनॉरिटी कम्युनिटी एम्पलाइज सेफरेशनः जनसामान्य हितों की माँगों का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वालों के संगठन का एक रूप।

→ ग्रीन बैल्ट मूवमैण्ड : पूरे केन्या में (1970-1980) हरि पट्टी आन्दोलन के अंतर्गत लगभग 3 करोड़ वृक्ष लगाने वाला आन्दोलन

→ मेवात : हरियाणा का 2005 में बनाया गया एक जिला

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 जाति, धर्म और लैंगिक मसले Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 जाति, धर्म और लैंगिक मसले

Jati Dharm Aur Langik Masle Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ सामाजिक विभाजन और भेदभाव वाली तीन सामाजिक असमानताओं को लिंग, धम्र व जाति के आधार पर बताया जा सकता है।

→ स्त्री व पुरुष में कार्य-विभाजन को लेकर जो भेद सामने आया है : वह है लिंग का भेद। घर के अन्दर किए जाने वाला कार्य ‘निजी’ (प्राइवेट) कार्य कहा जाता है और यह कार्य प्रायः स्त्रियाँ करती हैं।

→ घर से बाहर के कार्यों को प्रायः करते हैं और इस कारण उन कार्यों को ‘सार्वजनिक’ (पब्लिक) कार्य कहा जाता है। महिला-पुरुष विभेद ‘निजी-सार्वजनिक’ भेद का रूप धारण कर चुका है।

→ स्त्री व पुरुष में भेद अवश्य होता है-यौन का भेद। यौन के कारण कोई स्त्री होती है तथा कोई पुरुष होता है। जब हम ‘लिंग’ शब्द का प्रयोग करते हैं। यह भेद सामाजिक रूप का भेद होता हैं, कार्य-विभाजन का भेद।

→ यौन-भेद प्राकृतिकहैं, लिंग भेद सामाजिक है। लिंग भेद के कारण महिलाओं की स्थिति को पुरुष की अपेक्षा कम अधिकार प्राप्त होते हैं।

Jati Dharm Aur Langik Masle Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ पारिवारिक कानून भी पुरुष के पक्ष में होते हैं;उनकी शिक्षा व उन्हें दी जाने वाली सुविधाएं पुरुषों के मुकाबले में कम होती है।

→ सार्वजनिक जीवन में उनका प्रवेश बहुत कम होता है। राजनीति में महिलाओं का पतिनिधित्व न होने के बराबर होता है। और फिर सामाजिक दृष्टि से महिलाओं के साथ दुर्व्यवहार किया जाता है।

→ उनके समान व आदर की समस्या सदैव बनी रहती हैं; सुसराल में उन्हें अनेक प्रकार की तकलीफों को सहना पड़ता है। दहेज व दाहउत्पीड़न उदाहरण अक्सर सुनने में आते हैं सरकार द्वारा उनकी स्थिति से सम्बन्धित अनेक कानून बनाए जा रहे हैं।

→ समाज में उनके उत्थान से सम्बन्धित जागृति जरूरी बन गयी हैं। धर्म के नकारात्मक रूप से साम्प्रदायिकता का प्रश्न जुड़ा है। साम्प्रदायिकता धर्म का राजनीतिक उद्देश्य की पूर्ति का साध न बन गयी है।

→ धर्म को साम्प्रदायिक रंग से समाज, राज्य व राजनीति में बुरे परिणाम देखने को मिलते है। धर्म के आधार पर सामाजिक विभाजन अनेक समस्याओं को जन्म देता है।

→ सामप्रदायिकता का समाधान पंथनिरपेक्षता ने अनुसरण से जुड़ा है। धन का राजनीतिकरण तथा राजनीति का धार्मिकीकरण दोनों ही समाज व राज्य के लिए हानिकारक हैं।

→ जाति सामाजिक विभाजन का एक अन्य कारण है। भारत जैसे देश में वर्ण-अवस्था से उभरी जाति-व्यवस्था ने समाज, राज्य व राजनीति को प्रदुषित कर दिया हैं कुछेक राजनीतिक दल अपने वोट-बैंक को सुदृढ़ करने के लिए जाति व धर्म का सहारा लेते हैं।

→ जाति द्वारा राजनीतिकरण उतना ही दूषित हे। जितना राजनीति का जातिकरण। समाज को स्वस्थ व सुचारू रूप देने के लिए जाति की नकारात्मक भूमिका के विरुद्ध क्रान्ति आवश्यक हैं।

→ श्रम का लैगिक विभाजन : काम के बँटवारे का वह तरीका जिसमें घर के अन्दर के सारे काम परिवार की औरतें करती हैं या अपनी देख-रेख के नौकर/नौकरानियों से कराती हैं।

Jati Dharm Aur Langik Masle Notes In Hindi HBSE 10th Class

→ नारीवाद : औरत और मर्द के समान अधिकारों और अवसरों में विश्वास करने वाली महिला या पुरुष।

→ पितृ-प्रधान : इसका शाब्दिक अर्थ पिता का शासन होता है परन्तु, इस पद का प्रयोग महिलाओं की तुलना में पुरुषों का ज्यादा महत्व, ज्यादा शक्ति देने वाली व्यवस्था के लिए भी किया जाता है।

→ पारिवारिक कानून : विवाह, तलाक, गोद लेना और उत्तराधिकार जैसे परिवार से जुड़े मसलों से सम्बन्धित कानून। भारत में सभी धर्मों के लिए अलग-अलग पारिवारिक कानून है।

→ वर्ण-अवस्था : जाति समूहों का पदानुक्रम जिसमें जाति के लोग हर हाल में सामाजिक पायदान में सबसे ऊपर रहेंगे तो किसी अन्य जाति समूह के लोग क्रमागत के रूप से नीचे।

→ शहरीकरण : गाँवों से निकलकर लोगों का शहरों में बसना

→ लैंगिक मुद्दे : वह मुद्दे जो महिला-पुरुष से जुड़े हों।

→ यौन विभेद : महिलाओं व पुरुषों में यौन के आधार पर भेद करना।

Chapter 4 जाति, धर्म और लैंगिक मसले HBSE 10th Class

→ लिंग विभेद : स्त्र्यिों व पुरुषों में स्त्री व पुरुष को दिए जाने वाले कार्यों का समाजशास्त्रीय विभेद।

→ साम्प्रदायिकता : धर्म का राजनीतिक लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति के लिए प्रयोग।

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख Notes.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख

Mudra Or Sakh Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ आधुनिक युग में मुद्रा का प्रयोग वस्तु या सेवाओं को खरीदने के लिए किया जाता है। मुद्रा के उपयोग से मांगों के दुहरे संयोग की जरूरत खत्म हो जाती है!

→ चूँकि मुद्रा विनिमय प्रक्रिया में मध्यस्थता का काम करती है इसलिए इसे विनिमय का माध्यम कहा जाता है।

→ मुद्रा के आधुनिक रूपों में करेंसी-कागज के नोट और सिकके शामिल हैं। हमारे देश में भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक केंद्रीय सरकार की तरफ से करेंसी नोट जारी करता है।

→ मुद्रा के आधुनिक रूप-करेंसी और जमा. आधुनिक बैंक प्रणाली के काम से बहुत नजदीक से जुड़े हुए हैं। लोग बैकों में अपना धन जमा कर सकते हैं और अपनी मर्जी से कभी पी निकाल सकते हैं।

→ बैंको के पास जमा धन सुरक्षित रहता है और सूद भी मिलता है। आधुनिक अर्थव्यवस्था में करेंसी के साथ-साथ माँग जमा को भी मुद्रा समझा जाता है।

मुद्रा और साख Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ बैंक उनके पास जमा राशि के प्रमुख भाग को कर्ज देने के लिए इस्तेमाल करते हैं। कर्जदारों से लिये एग ब्याज तथा जमाकर्ताओं को दिये गये ब्याज के बीच का अंतर बैंकों की आय का प्रमुख स्रोत है।

→ शहीर क्षेत्रों में कर्ज की माँग प्रायः व्यापार के लिए एवं ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में फसल उगाने के लिए होती है। . हर एक ऋण समझौते में ब्याज दर तय की जाती है जिसे कर्जदार महाजन को मूल रकम के साथ वापस करता है।

→ ब्याज दर, संपत्ति और कागजात की माँग और भुगतान के तरीके आदि को ऋण की शर्ते कहा जाता है। भारत में ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में ऋण का मुख्य स्रोत महाजन, कृषि व्यापारी, बैंक, भूपति मालिक और सहकारी समितियाँ होती हैं।

→ विभिन्न प्रकार के ऋणों को दो वर्गों में बाँटा जा सकता है: औपचारिक तथा अनौपचारिक खण्ड। औपचारिक वर्ग में बैंक और सहकारी समितियाँ आती हैं। जबकि दूसरे वर्ग में साहूकार, व्यापारी, मालिक, दोस्त, रिश्तेदार आदि आते हैं।

→ भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक कों के औपचारिक स्रोतों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखता है लेकिन अनौपचारिक खण्ड में ऋणदाताओं की गतिविधियों को देख-रेख करने वाली कोई संस्था नहीं है।

→ इस कारण अनौपचारिक स्तर पर लिया गया ऋण कर्जदाता को अधिक महँगा पड़ता है। वर्तमान समय में, अमीर परिवार औपचारिक स्रोतों से अधिक ऋण प्राप्त करते हैं जबकि गरीबों को अब भी अनौपचारिक स्रोतों पर निर्भर रहना पड़ता है।

→ अतः यह आवश्यक है कि औपचारिक खंड का कुल ऋण बढ़े जिससे महँगे अनौपचारिक ऋण पर से लोगों की निर्भरता घट सके।

→ पिछले कुछ वर्षों में, गरीबों में आत्मनिर्भर गुट बनाने की प्रवृत्ति जोर पकड़ रही है। बचत और ऋण गतिविधियों से जुड़े ज्यादातर महत्त्वपूर्ण निर्णय गुट के सदस्य खुद करते हैं। आत्मनिर्भर गुट कर्जदारों को ऋणाधार की कमी की समस्या से उबारने में मद्द करते हैं।

→ ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में ऋण उपलब्ध कराने के क्षेत्र में बांग्लादेश ग्रामीण बैंक का महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान रहा है। इसकी शुरुआत 1970 में हुई। अब इस बैंक के 60 लाख कर्जदार हैं जो बाग्लादेश के 40,000 गाँवों में बसते हैं।

मुद्रा और साख Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ जब किसी व्यक्ति के बेचने की इच्छा दूसरे व्यक्ति की खरीदने की इच्छा से बिलकुल मेल खाती है, तो इसे आवश्यकताओं का दोहरा संयोग कहते हैं।

→ मुद्रा का प्रयोग माँगों के दोहरे संयोग की जरूरत को खतम कर देता है।

→ प्राचीन काल में भारतीय लोग अनाज और पशु मुद्रा के रूप में इस्तेमाल करते थे।

→ आधुनिक मुद्रा का अपना कोई इस्तेमाल नहीं है।

→ भारत में रुपया व्यापक स्तर पर विनिमय का माध्यम स्वीकार किया गया है।

→ बैंक उनके पास जमा राशि के प्रमुख भाग को कर्ज देने के लिए इस्तेमाल करते हैं।

→ कर्जदारों से लिए गये ब्याज और जमाकर्ताओं को दिए गए ब्याज के बीज का अंतर बैंकों की आय का प्रमुख स्रोत है।

→ जमीन, बैंकों में जमा पूँजी, पशु आदि समर्थक ऋणाधार के आम उदाहरण हैं।

→ ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में भूमिहीन लोगों के लिए ऋण का मुख्य स्रोत भूपति-मालिक हैं।

→ अनौपचारिक खण्ड में ऋणदाताओं की गतिविधियों की देख-रेख करनेवाली कोई संस्था नहीं है।

→ बीज, खाद, बाँस आदि कार्यशील पूँजी के उदाहरण हैं।

→ बांग्लादेश ग्रामीण बैंक के अब 60 लाख कर्जदार हैं जो बांग्लादेश के 40,000 गाँवों में फैले हुए हैं।

Mudra Aur Sakh Class 10th Notes HBSE

→ मुद्रा के आधुनिक रूप अधिकोष प्रणाली से जुड़े हुए है।

→ वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली में मुद्रा का उपयोग किये बिना वस्तुएँ सीधे आदान-प्रदान की जाती हैं।

→ चूँकि मुद्रा विनिमय प्रक्रिया में मध्यस्थता का काम करती है, इसलिए इसे विनिमय का माध्यम कहा जाता है।

→ भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक कंद्रीय सरकार की तरफ से करेंसी नोट जारी करता है।

→ आधुनिक अर्थव्यवस्था में करेंसी के साथ-साथ माँग जमा को भी मुद्रा समझा जाता है।

→ आजकल भारत में बैंक जमा केवल 15 प्रतिशत हिस्सा नकद में अपने पास रखते हैं।

→ भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक कों के औपचारिक स्रोतों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखता है।

→ शहरी इलाकों के गरीब परिवारों के कर्जो की 85 प्रतिशत जरूरतें अनौपचारिक स्रोतों से पूरी होती है।

→ शहरी इलाकों के अमीर परिवारों के कर्जो की केवल 10 प्रतिशत जरूरतें अनौपचारिक स्रोतों से पूरी की जाती है।

→ औपचारिक खण्ड ग्रामीण परिवारों की ऋण की जरूरतों को केवल 50 प्रतिशत पूरा कर पाता है।

→ बांग्लादेश ग्रामीण बैंक की शुरूआत 1970 में हुई।

→ बांग्लादेश ग्रामीण बैंक से ऋण लेनेवाली ज्यादातर गरीब तबकों की महिलाएँ हैं।

→ वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली-जब मुद्रा का उपयोग किये बिना वस्तुएँ सीधे आदान-प्रदान की जाती हैं, उसे वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली कहते हैं।

→ माँग जमा-चूँकि बैंक खातों में जमा धन को मांग के जरिए निकाला जा सकता है, इसलिए इस जमा धन को मांग जमा कहा जाता है।

Mudra Aur Sakh Notes In Hindi HBSE 10th Class

→ ऋण-ऋण एक सहमति है जहाँ उधारदाता कर्जदार को धन, वस्तुएँ या सेवाएँ मुहैया कराता है और बदले में भविष्य में कर्जदार से भुगतान करने का वादा लेता है।

→ ऋण-फंदा-जब कोई गरीब किसान फसल उगाने के लिए ऋण लेता है। किसी कारणवश फसल बर्बाद हो जाने पर कर्ज की अदायगी के लिए उसे पुनः ऋण लेना पड़ता है तो ऐसी स्थिति को ऋण-फंदा कहा जाता है।

→ कार्यशील पूँजी-कच्चा माल, नकदी, धन आदि को कार्यशील पूँजी कहा जाता है।

→ समर्थक ऋणाधार-समर्थक ऋणाधार ऐसी संपत्ति है जिसका कर्जदार मालिक है ओर इसका इस्तेमाल वह उधारदाता को गांरटी देने के रूप में करता है, जब तक कि ऋण का भुगतान नहीं हो जाता।

→ ऋण की शर्ते-ब्याज-दर, संपत्ति और कागजात की मांग और भुगतान के तरीके इन सबको मिलाकर ऋण की शर्ते कहा जाता है।