Class 10

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste

HBSE 10th Class Civics Gender Religion and Caste Intext Questions and Answers

Cartoon-Based Question (Page 41)

Gender Religion And Caste Question Answers HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Discuss all the perceptions of an ideal woman that prevail in our society. Do you agree with any of these ? If not, what is your image of an ideal woman?
Answer:
We do not agree with any image of ideal woman as presented in the diagram. In modem perception, an ideal woman is that, who can adjust with household as well as the outside work. She may take the help of a man, wherever it seems necessary.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 43)

Gender Caste And Religion Class 10 Question Answers HBSE Question 2.
Mummy always says to outsiders : “I don’t work. I am a housewife.” But I see her working non-stop all the time. If what she does is not work, what else is work?
Democratic Politics –
Answer:
ln most of the families, this is a case of traditional sexual division of labour. Women definitely perform household tasks and men work outside, but the work done by women is not valued and recognised by the society and this prompts mummy to say so. This definitely is work.

Plus Box Based Question (Page 44)

Gender Religion And Caste Class 10 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 3.
Could you think of some reasons why women’s representation is so low in India? Do you think America and Europe have achieved a satisfactory level of women’s representation?
Answer:
A majority of Indian women is illiterate. Besides, the educated women do not want to come in politics or they have no knowledge of politics. Political parties do not give them tickets for election according to their percentage. In America and Europe, the condition of women is much better than that of the Indian women. But still, it is not satisfactory.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 45)

Gender Religion And Caste Class 10 Question Answer HBSE Question 4.
If casteism and communalism are bad, what makes feminism a good thing? Why don’t we oppose all those who divide the society on any lines-caste, religion or gender?
Answer:
Casteism divides the society on the basis of castes. In the same way, communalism divides the society on the basis of religion. Both, casteism and communalism are not good for the society. Feminism makes the women aware of equal rights of men and women. Therefore, feminism is not wrong.

Cartoon-based Question (Page 45)

Civics Class 10 Gender Religion And Caste Question Answer HBSE Question 5.
This cartoon offers an understanding of why the Women’s Reservation Bill has not been passed in the Parliament. Do you agree with this reading?
Answer:
I agree with this reading. It reveals that this is a male dominated society. They have full control on the doorways of the Parliament, so that women could not enter it. But outwardly they show as if they are willing to pass ‘Women’s Reservation Bill’.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 46)

Gender Religion And Caste Class 10 Solutions HBSE Question 6.
I am not religious. Why should I bother about communalism and secularism?
Answer:
This attitude is not right. Communalism and secularism must be discussed because these issues affect the working of democracy. Moreover, they lead to tension and violence in society. So, everybody should be concerned with communalism and secularism.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 47)

Question 7.
often crack jokes about people from one religion. Does that make me communal?
Answer:
Our country is full of ethnicity therefore, it is not proper to crack jokes about people from one religion. It may hurt their religious feelings and the crisis of communalism may arise.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 51)

Question 3.
I don’t care what my caste is. Why are we discussing all this in the textbook? Are we not promoting casteism by talking about caste?
Answer:
Indian society is based on religion and caste. We are talking about caste, not to promote casteism, but to abolish it.

Question 9.
Now you don’t like it! Didn’t you tell me that wherever there is domination, we should discuss it in Political Science? Will caste disappear if we keep mum about it?
Answer:
In Political Science, we should discuss the domination of one caste over the other caste. If we keep silent about it, the crisis of casteism will increase. Therefore, discussion on casteism is necessary.

Cartoon-Based Question (Page 53)

Question 10.
Do you think that political leaders are right to treat people belonging to a caste as ‘vote banks’?
Answer:
It is not right on the part of the political leaders to treat people belonging to a caste as ‘vote banks’. This increases casteism and creates tension among different castes.

HBSE 10th Class Civics Gender Religion and Caste Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
Answer:
In India, discrimination against women can be seen in the following fields :
In Educational Field: According to the Census 2011, the literacy rate among women is only 65-46 per cent, compared to 82-14 per cent among men. In many regions, girls are not sent for higher studies.

In the Field of Jobs: For highly paid and valued jobs, preference is not given to women. Sometimes for the same work, women are given less salary in comparison to men.

In Family: In India, most of the parents prefer to have sons and girl child is aborted before birth. As a result, child sex ratio has fallen below 800 at some places. Besides, various types of harassment, exploitation and violence against women can be seen in the society. Women are not safe even at home. They face various types of domestic violence.

In Legislatures: In our country, the proportion of women in legislatures is very low. In national Parliament and State Assemblies, their share is less than 15% and 5% respectively.

Question 2.
State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
Answer:
Communalism can take the following forms in politics :
(i) Communalism can be seen in everyday beliefs. It involves religious prejudices, one religion’s superiority over other religions. Militant religious groups are an example.
(ii) A communal mind desires political dominance for its own religious community. For example, the separatist leaders in Jammu and Kashmir.
(iii) Political mobilization on religious lines is another form of communalism. It involves sacred symbols, emotional appeal, etc. Examples in India are politicians trying to influence voters from the two largest religious communities in the country.
(iv) The ugliest form of communalism is communal riots, violence and massacre. For example, India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of partition.

Question 3.
State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
Answer:
Although, caste discrimination and the practice of untouchability are declared criminal offence by our Constitution, yet caste inequalities are still continuing in India. For example:

• Most people marry within their own caste.
• Untouchability has not been ended completely.
• Caste is strongly linked with economic status.
• In elections, voting is decided on the basis of caste affiliations.

Question 4.
State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Answer:
(i) No state legislature in the country has a majority of single caste groups. Every caste group has its presence in the Parliament. This means, that no caste group can be ignored and every citizen’s vote is necessary to win the elections.

(ii) It is not necessary that people of the same caste vote for the same political party. They have different demands and vote according to their choice. This means that no political party represents only one caste.

Question 5.
What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
Answer:
In India, women’s participation in the political field is very low. Their share in the national parliament is only 14.36% and in State Assemblies, it is less than 5%. This sharing in Latin America and Africa is much more. There should be laws to increase women’s share in the political field. This is what the Panchayati Raj has done in India. One-third seats of Panchayats and Municipalities are now reserved for women. As a result, there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.

Question 6.
Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
Answer:
Some constitutional provisions make India a secular state. Two of them are as follows:
1. There is no official religion of India while in some countries, a particular religion gets the status of official religion such as Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in England. But the Constitution of India does not give a special status to any religion.

2. All individuals and communities are free to practise and propagate any religion.

Question 7.
When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:
(a) Biological difference between men and women.
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women.
(c) Unequal child sex ratio.
(d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies.
Answer:
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women.

Question 8.
In India, seats are reserved for women in:
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) State Legislative Assemblies
(c) Cabinets
(d) Panchayati Raj Bodies.
Answer:
(d) Panchayati Raj Bodies.

Question 9.
Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that:
A. One religion is superior to that of others.
B. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.
C. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
D. State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.

Question 10.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) A, B, C and D
(b) A, B and D
(C) A and C
(d) B and D
Answer:
(c)A and C.

Question 10.
Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong? It :
(a) prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(b) gives official status to one religion.
(c) provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion.
(d) ensures equality of citizens within religious communities.
Answer:
(b)gives official status to one religion.

Question 11.
Social divisions based on ……………. are peculiar to India.
Answer:
caste.

Question 12.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:

Otions

Answer:

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

HBSE 10th Class Geography Water Resources Intext Questions and Answers

Textbook (Page No. 25)

Water Resources HBSE 10th Class Geography Question 1.
From your everyday experiences, write a short proposal on how you can conserve water.
Answer:
We can conserve water in the following ways :

1. We can form a group of water-conscious people and encourage our friends and neighbours to be part of this group.
2. We can also promote water conservation in community newsletters and on bulletin boards.
3. We should close the tap after brushing our teeth or washing our face.
4. We should use the bucket and mug for bathing, instead of showers.
5. We should avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily.
6. We should make sure that our home is leak-free. Many houses have leaking pipes, that go’ unnoticed.
7. While washing the vehicles, we should use water from a bucket instead of hose pipe,
8. We should not throw away water that has been used for washing vegetables, rice or pulses. It can be used to water plants or put for the birds to drink.

Textbook (Page No. 26)

Chapter 3 Water Resources Geography HBSE Question 2.
Find out more about any one traditional method of building dams and irrigation works.
Answer:
Do this activity yourself with the help of your teacher.

Textbook (Page No. 27)

Water Resources Chapter 3 Question and Answer HBSE Question 3.
Make a list of inter-state water disputes.
Answer:

1. The Krishna-Godawari dispute between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
2. The Kavery water dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
3. The Ravi-Beas water dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
4. The Yamuna water dispute between Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Textbook (Page No. 31)

Question 4.
Find out other rainwater harvesting systems existing in and around your locality.
Answer:
The other rainwater harvesting systems existing in and around our locality are:
(a) Pond
(b) Bawadi
(c) Rooftop collection
(d) Check dams
(e) Kundi
(f) Dug wells.

Textbook (Page No. 32)

Question 5.
Collect information on how industries are polluting our water resources.
Answer:
Industries are polluting our water resources:

1. By disposing their industrial sewage.
2. By toxic wastes of leather tanneries.
3. By chemicals and polluted water from industries.

Question 6.
Enact with your classmates a scene of water dispute in your locality.
Answer:
Do this activity yourself with the help of your teacher.

HBSE 10th Class Geography Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Multiple Choice Questions :

(i) Based on the information given below, classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’:
(a) Region with high annual rainfall.
(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population.
(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.
Answer:
(a) Not suffering from water scarcity.
(b) Suffering from water scarcity.
(c) Suffering from water scarcity.
(d) Suffering from water scarcity.

(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects, by regulating water flow, help to control floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large-scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and homes.
Answer:
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large-scale displacement and loss of livelihood.

(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and re-write them correctly.
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority ” was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.
Answer:
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not helped in proper utilisation of water resources but further, create a big water scarcity problem.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers affects the river’s natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot, when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
(d) Nowadays, in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is declining due to plenty of water availability from the perennial Rajasthan Canal.

Answer the following questions in about 30 words:

(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
Answer:
Water becomes a renewable resource through the hydrological cycle. Water evaporates from the rivers, ponds, seas, oceans etc., and as a result of condensation, it once again falls down as precipitation or rainfall. .

(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
Answer:
Water Scarcity:
Shortage of water as compared to its demand is known as water scarcity. According to fa, I ken Mark, a Swedish expert, “Water stress occurs when water availability is less than 1000 cubic metre per person per day”.

Reasons (Factors) Responsible for the Scarcity of Water in India:

The following factors or reasons or causes are responsible for the growing scarcity of water in India

1. Increasing Population: Increasing population of India is one of the main factors responsible for the scarcity of water.
2. Industrialisation: Post-independence, India witnessed intensive industrialisation. The ever-increasing number of industries has made matters worse, by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Industries, along with being heavy users of water, require a lot of power, which is produced from water. This is one of the main factors responsible for the scarcity of water.
3. The commercialisation of Agriculture: After the success of green revolution, Indian farmers are producing many commercial crops. Commercial crops such as rice need more water.
4. Over-exploitation of Water Resources: Over-exploitation of water is another factor responsible for the scarcity of water. To facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture. There are many states, such as Punjab and Haryana, which have over-exploited their water resources.
5. Urbanisation: Post-independence, India witnesses intensive urbanisation. This is another factor which is highly responsible for the scarcity of water.
6. Pollution of Water: Pollution of water resources is another factor which is responsible for water scarcity. Domestic and industrial waste, chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture are the main factors responsible for the pollution of water.

(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river projects.
Answer:
Multipurpose River Projects

Advantages:
(a) They are the main sources of power.
(b) Water stored in dams is also used for irrigation.
(c) Due to availability of water, crops can be grown even in water-scarce areas.

Disadvantages:
(a) They have an adverse impact on the environment.
(b) They have an adverse impact on the fertility of soil.
(c) Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions, with farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops.

Answer the following questions in about 120 words:

(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
Answer:
In the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting is carried out in the following ways :
(a) Particularly in Rajasthan, ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water.
(b) In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures, that allowed water to stand and moisten the soil, like the ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
(c) Particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses, traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
(d) The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
(e) The first spell of rain was usually not collected, as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
(f) The rainwater could be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall, making it an
an extremely an reliable source of drinking water, when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summer.

(ii) Describe how modem adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Answer:
(a) In hilly and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels, like the ‘guts’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas, for agriculture.-
(b) ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
(c) In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
(d) In arid and semi – arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures, that allowed water to stand and moisten the soil, like the ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and the ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
(e) In the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
(f) Bamboo drip irrigation system is also being used in some states.
(g) Moreover, nowadays, we are harvesting rainwater in tanks, dams, reservoirs etc.

Knowledge Basket

Question 1.
Collect information about flood-prone areas of the country.
Note:
In flood-prone areas, mainly Bihar, West Bengal, Assam and hilly areas of Uttarakhand are included.

Question 2.
Draw diagrams to show the techniques of rainwater harvesting.
Answer:

(a) Recharge through Abandoned Dugwell
(b) Recharge through hand pump

Question 3.
Enlist major river-valley projects as under the following heads:
Answer:

• River on which it is located
• State or states
• Irrigated area.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity

HBSE 10th Class Civics Democracy and Diversity Intext Questions and Answers

Let Us Debate based Question (Page 31)

Civics Chapter 3 Class 10 Important Questions HBSE  Question 1.
Some Dalit groups decided to participate in the UN Conference Against Racism in Durban in 2001, demanding the inclusion of caste in the agenda of this conference. Here are three reactions to this move:
Amandeep Kaur (a government official): Our constitution declares caste discrimination to be illegal. If some caste discrimination continues, it is an internal matter. I am opposed to this being raised in an international forum.
Oinam (a sociologist): I am opposed to this because caste and race are not similar divisions. Caste is a social division, while race is a biological one. Raising caste in this conference on racism would mean equating the two.
Ashok (a Dalit activist): The argument about internal matter is a way of preventing open discussion of oppression and discrimination. Race is not purely biological. It is as much a legal and sociological category as caste. Caste discrimination must be raised in this conference. Which of the three opinions do you agree with most and why ?
Answer:
I agree with Ashok’s views, we should not prevent people from an open discussion of oppression and discrimination on the premise of it being an internal state matter. We cannot discriminate people and divide them based on intellectual grounds. We cannot be a democratic nation and a free society if there is apprehension and discrimination in our society. Open debate is one of the indicators of a democratic society which values equality.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 31)

Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Question Answer HBSE Question 2.
I met this group of girls from Pakistan and felt that I had more in common with them than many girls from other parts of my own country. Is this anti-national to feel so?
Answer:
No, it is not anti-national to feel so. It is quite common that people belonging to different regions or nations can have common liking and interests. For example, the girls from Pakistan may like Hollywood movies, south Indian food and Thai food like any other girl from India.

Cartoon-based Question (Page 32)

Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
A cartoon like this can be read by different people to mean different things. What does this cartoon mean to you ? How do other students in your class read this?
Answer:
The giant in the cartoon is going to cut his black colour hand which is different from his other white hand. His small head reflects that he fails to realize that this stupid act would cripple him for life, it definitely reflects how a narrow-minded society can harm itself by keeping a biased discrimination among its own people. Other students in my class may have different opinions or perspectives.

Poster-based Question (Page 33)

Democracy and Diversity Chapter 3 HBSE 10th Class Question 4.
Read these two poems by Dalit writers. Why do you think the poster is titled ‘Hidden Apartheid’ ?
Answer:
The first poem reveals that social discrimination is nearing its end. Everyone is using the same tap-water. The second poem presents the horrible scene of poverty. If mother is not able to sell the firewood, the family members will sleep hungry as there is no another source of income. These examples reflect social discrimination being practised in the society. So, these have a proper heading i.e., ‘Hidden Apartheid’.

Let us Revise based on Question (Page 34)

Question 5.
Imrana is a student of Class X, section B. She and all her classmates are planning to help students of Class XI in giving a farewell party to the students of Class XII. Last month she played for section team in a game of kho-kho against the team of Class X, section A. She goes back home in a bus and joins all the students from various classes. They all come from trans-Yamuna Area in Delhi. Back home, she often joins her elder sister Naima, in complaining against her brother who does no work at home, while the sisters are asked to help their mother. Her father is looking for a good match for her elder sister, from a Muslim family with a similar economic status from their own ‘biradari’.
Can you list the various kinds of identities Imrana has?
Answer:

Plus-Box Based Questions (Page 35)

Question 6.
Bulgaria, Romania or India?
(a) Do you think Mahashweta is right? Do you know of some community in your area that is treated like the Romas?
Answer:
Yes, I agree with Mahashweta. In India, there are also some communities, like Nats and Banjaras, which are treated like the Romas.

(b) Have you heard people say things similar to what Yordanka or Modruzeni say here? If yes, try to think of what the story would sound like if you heard it from the other
Answer:
Yes. It will be as if someone has shown a mirror to our face. We must improve the way we treat the deprived people. Instead of looking upon their conditions. We should think why have they reached this condition.

(c) Do you think the Bulgarian government should try to ensure that the Roma people dress and behave like other people from Bulgaria?
Answer:
No, Bulgarian government should not try this. A democratic society or nation gives freedom to its people to dress the way they like unless it harms others.

Poster-Based Question (Page 36)

Question 7.
In some societies of Northern Ireland, the colonies of Protestant and Catholic communities are divided by walls. These walls are sometimes filled with graffiti as you can see here. The Irish Republican Army and British Government signed an agreement in 2005. What does the graffiti here tell about the conflict in the society ?
Answer:
Here, the graffiti tells that there was racial discrimination in the U.K. during the decade of 1966. The people of London made a distinction with the Black and Irish-born people. The other picture tells that in 2005, racial discrimination was towards an end in Belfast. Now, people treat each other as equals.

Question 8.
Can you think of some examples of social division or discrimination in the field of sports ? (Page 37)
Answer:
(i) Some decades ago, the South African team did not allow blacks in their cricket and sport teams.
(ii) Even in many sports like tennis in India, there is inequality in funding and provisioning of to women teams as compared to men teams.

Munni and Unni’s Questions (Page 37)

Question 9.
So, you are saying that too many small divisions are better than a single big division? Are you also saying that politics is a force of unity ?
Answer:
‘Social diversity’ is the main cause of ‘social division’. Social diversity gives birth to differences and these differences bring social division. It is to be decided by the government whether the division is good or not.

HBSE 10th Class Civics Democracy and Diversity Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.
OR
Identify the determinants of the outcomes of the politics of social division and expand on them. (CBSE 2010”
Answer:
There are three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions :
(i) People’s Perception : If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. As the people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as only Catholic or Protestant their conflict grew. On the other hand, it is much easier to accommodate, if the people see that their identities are multiple. For example, most of the people in our country think themselves as Indians, as well as belonging to a State or community.

(ii) Attitude of Political Leaders : it depends on how the political leaders raise the demand of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another commun’ ;y. For example, in Sri Lanka, the demand for ‘only Sinhalese’ was at the cost of the interest of Tamils.

(iii) Reaction of Government : It depends on how the government reacts to demands of different groups. As we saw in the examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if they try to suppress such a demand in the name of national unity, the result will be quite opposite, as we saw in Sri Lanka.

Question 2.
When does a social difference become a social division ? (CBSE 20151
Answer:
A social difference refers to the difference among groups of people due to their religion, race, culture and language, etc. It becomes a social division when a little social difference is combined with another set of social differences. In other words, when two or more social differences join together, it turns into a social division. For instance, the difference in the Blacks and the Whites in the United States of America is due to their different race, which is a social difference. It becomes a social division when the income factor is also added. The Black tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated and the Whites tend to be rich and educated. These multiple differences produce social division.

Question 3.
How do social divisions affect politics? Give two examples. (CBSE 2012′
Answer:
The combination of social division and politics is very dangerous and explosive. Democracy involves competition among various political parties. This competition divides the society. These social divisions bring the political division. At last, this causes conflict, violence, and even disintegration of the country.

Example of Northern Ireland:
its population is divided into two major sects of Christianity – Protestants and Roman Catholics. The Protestants were represented by Unionists and the Roman Catholics were represented by Nationalists. Nationalists wanted Northern Ireland to be unified with the Irish Republic, while Unionists wanted it to remain a part of the United Kingdom.

Example of Yugoslavia:
Yugoslavia was a combination of diverse people. After World War II, the different nationalities of Yugoslavia demanded more autonomy from Belgrade, capital city of Yugoslavia, into six independent countries.

Question 4.
social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.
Answer:
Overlapping, Cross-cutting.

Question 5.
In dealing with social divisions which one of the following statements is not correct about democracy ?
(a) Due to political competition in a democracy, social divisions get reflected in politics.
(b) In a democracy, it is possible for communities to voice their grievances in a peaceful manner.
(c) Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversity.
(d) Democracy always leads to disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.
Answer:
(d) Democracy always leads to disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.

Question 6.
Consider the following three statements :
A. Social divisions take place when social differences overlap.
B. It is possible that a person can have multiple identities.
C. Social divisions exist in only big countries like India.
Which of the statements is /are correct?
(a) A, B and C
(b) A and B
(c) B and C
(d) only C
Answer:
(b)AandB.

Question 7.
Arrange the following statements in a logical sequence and select the right answers by using the code given below:
A But all political expressions of social divisions need not be always dangerous.
B. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries.
C. Parties try to win political support by appealing to social divisions.
D. Some social differences may result in social divisions.
(a) D, B, C, A
(b) D, B, A, C
(c) D, A, C, B
(d) A, B, C, D.
Answer:
(a) D, B, C, A.

Question 8.
Among the following, which country suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religious and ethnic identities?
(a) Belgium
(b) India
(c) Yugoslavia
(d) the Netherlands
Answer:
(c) Yugoslavia.

Question 9.
Read the following passage from a famous speech by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963. Which social division is he talking about? What are his aspirations and anxieties? Do you see a relationship between this speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics mentioned in this chapter?
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. Let freedom ring. And when this happens, and when we allow freedom to ring – when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children-black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics- will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last! I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.”
Answer:
Social division: In the given speech, Martin Luther King Jr. is talking about the social division between the Blacks and the Whites in America. The social division is based on colour and social differences in the Afro-American society of the USA. Aspirations and anxieties of Martin Luther King Jr. : Martin Luther King Jr. aspires to see a world, free of social discrimination. He wishes to see a world where everybody is treated equally irrespective of caste, colour or creed. He dreamt of a world where equal opportunities are available to everyone and every group’s social and economic interests are recognised and respected.

His anxieties are, that the fight against colour and social discrimination will get success only after a long struggle. He is very hopeful about his success. Relationship between Incident of Mexico Olympics and Martin’s speech : In August 1963, Martin Luther King led a march to Washington D. C. and delivered his famous speech ‘I have a dream’, from Capital Hill. His statements are related to Mexico Olympics, 1968, in which two African-Americans named Tommie Smith and John Carlos won the Gold and Bronze medal respectively. They tried to draw international attention towards racial discrimination in the United States.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Federalism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

HBSE 10th Class Civics Federalism Intext Questions and Answers

Munni and Unni’s Questions (Page 14 & 15)

Federalism Chapter 2 HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
I am confused. What do we call the Indian government? Is it Union, Federal or Central?
Answer:
India is a ‘Union of States’. Indian administrative system is ‘Federal’. The government at centre is known as the ‘Central Government’.

Chapter 2 Federalism HBSE 10th Class Question 2.
If Federalism works only in big countries, why did Belgium adopt it?
Answer:
Belgium is a small country, but it is full of diversities based on ethnicity. To avoid conflict and political unstability, Belgium adopted the federal type of government.

Let Us Revise based Question (Page 16)

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Question Answer HBSE Question 3.
Some Nepalese citizens were discussing the proposals on the adoption of federalism in their new constitution. This is what some of them said
Khag Raj: I don’t like federalism. It would lead to reservation of seats for different caste groups as in India.
Sarita: Ours is not a very big country. We don’t need federalism.
Babu Lai: I am hopeful that the Terai areas will get more autonomy if they get their own state government.
Ram Ganesh: I like federalism because it will mean that powers that were earlier enjoyed by the king will now be exercised by our elected representatives. If you were participating in this conversation what would be your response to each of these? Which of these reflect a wrong understanding of what federalism is? What makes India a federal country?
Answer:
Reply to Khag Raj: You are right to some extent, but whatever facilities are being provided to various castes, those facilities are their rights. They were deprived of those rights. Federalism is successful if it is based on mutual trust.

Reply to Sarita: It is not essential, that a country should be big for federalism. A small country, like Belgium, has also adopted federalism. This system gives representation in power to all the people.

Reply to Babu Lai: This system should not be applicable only in Terai areas, but in the whole country, so that everyone may get an opportunity to participate. Reply to Ram Ganesh: I agree with your views because the public is the source of power in Federalism. For administration, the people elect their representatives.

The views of Khag Raj and Ram Ganesh reflect a wrong understanding of federalism. The division of powers between a three-tier government, written and rigid constitution, an independent judiciary and of course, an independent Election Commission makes India, a Federal country.

Munni and Unni’s Questions (Page 16 & 17)

Civics Chapter 2 Class 10 Important Questions HBSE  Question 4.
Isn’t that strange? Did our constitution makers not know about federalism? Or did they wish to avoid talking about it?
Answer:
No, it is not strange. Our constitution makers knew about federalism but at that time, our democracy was at its initial stage. If at that time, the states were given the federal rights, the country might have disintegrated. They planned to introduce changes through amendments with the strengthening of democracy.

Question 5.
If agriculture and commerce are state subjects, why do we have ministers of agriculture and commerce in the Union cabinet?
Answer:
There are ministers of agriculture and commerce in the union cabinet, so that they may have a check on the states. Sometimes, we see agricultural and commercial relationship between various countries due to active participation of the centre.

Let Us Revise based Questions (Page 18)

Question 7.
(i) Pokharan, the place where India conducted its nuclear tests, lies in Rajasthan. Suppose the Government of Rajasthan was opposed to the Central Government’s nuclear policy, could it prevent the government of India from conducting the nuclear tests ?
Ans. No, Rajasthan Government could not oppose the Central Government because ‘Security of country’ is the subject of ‘union list’ on which, Centre
has all the rights to take any decision.

(ii) Suppose the Government of Sikkim plans to introduce new textbooks in its schools. But the Union Government does not like the style and content of the new textbooks. In that case, does the State government need to take permission from the Union Government before these textbooks can be launched?
Answer:
In our constitution, education comes under concurrent list for which both the union and states can make laws. So, Sikkim goverment has its right to launch a now textbook whether it is liked by the Central Government or not. Sikkim Government does not need prior permission of union movement. But if there is any controversy regarding the content of the book which can effect our national interest, then the union government can intervene.

(iii) Suppose the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha have different policies on how their state police should respond to the Naxalites. Can the Prime Minister of India intervene and pass an order that all the Chief Ministers will have to obey?
Answer:
In our constitution, police matters come under state list and the police has the responsibility to maintain law and order in the state. So, the chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha have full right to manage the law and order situation in their states in response to Naxalism.
The Prime minister of India cannot force the state to obey his order on police matters. But both union and state governments cannot ignore the problems of Naxalism. So it will be better that different state governments along with union government comes together and form a common policy to tackle this problem.

Map-based Questions (Page 19)

Question 8.
Answer the following questions :
(i) Has your village/town/city remained under the same State since Independence? If not, what was the name of the earlier State?
Answer:
Yes, Our village/town/city has remained under Rajasthan State since Independence.

(ii) Can you identify any three States whose names in 1947 have changed later?
Answer:
(a) Rajasthan was part of ‘Rajputana’.
(b) Punjab was the part of ‘North-West Province’.
(c) Madhya Pradesh was known as ‘Central Province’.

(iii) Identify any three States which have been carved out of a bigger State.
Answer:
(a) ‘Jharkhand’ is carved out of Bihar.
(b) ‘Chhattisgarh’ is carved out of Madhya Pradesh.
(c) ‘Uttarakhand’ is carved out of Uttar Pradesh.

Munni and Unni’s Questions (Page 20 & 21)

Question 9.
Why Hindi? Why not Bangla or Telugu?
Answer:
‘Hindi’ and ‘English’ have been declared as the official languages by our Constitution. But, the people of non-Hindi areas are free to choose their official language.

Question 10.
Are you suggesting that regionalism is good for our democracy? Are you serious?
Answer:
No, I am not serious, as regionalism is not good for our democracy. Our country is full of diversities based on language, complexion, culture and tradition, etc. The growth of our country depends on the combined growth of all regions.

Cartoon-based Question (Page 21)

Question 11.
Here are two cartoons showing the relationship between the Centre and States. Should the State go to the Centre with a begging bowl? How can the leader of a coalition keep the partners of government satisfied?
Answer:
No, the State should not demand more powers from the Centre. The leader of a Coalition Government can keep the partners of government satisfied by giving them a place in government and by taking their advice while deciding on any proposal.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 25)

Question 12.

Prime Minister runs the country. Chief Minister runs the state. Logically, then the chairperson of Zila Parishad should run the district. Why does the D.M. or Collector administer the district?
Answer:
The administration of the district cannot be given to the chairperson of Zila Parishad because, if they are given that right, every district will have its own policies and laws, which will result in confusion and chaos. That’s why, to prevent this administrative confusion and chaos, D.M. or Collector runs the district according to the policies of state government. This maintains order in the system.

Newspaper-based Question (Page 25)

Question 13.

What do these newspaper clippings (as presented in the picture) have to say about efforts of decentralisation in India ?
Answer:
There is a news related to Panchayats in these clippings. These express the participation of women in politics. Justice is easy and cheap. The finance is given by the Centre, directly to Panchayats, for development.

HBSE 10th Class Civics Federalism Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Locate the following states on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa.
Answer:

Question 2.
Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.
Answer:

Question 3.
Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.
Answer:
Similar feature: Belgium and India both, are Federal countries. Both have a three-tier government.
Different feature: At third tier (or level) Belgium has community government while India has local self-government.

Question 4.
What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.
Answer:
In a Federal form of Government as in India, the powers are divided between a Central Government and the various constituent units of the country. While in a unitary form of government, the National (Central) Government has all the powers. Any constitutional powers given to the states of the country are dependent on the national government, which can withdraw them at any time. Sri Lanka is one such example.

Question 5.
State any two differences between the local government before and after the Constitutional amendment in 1992.
Answer:
Two differences between the local governments before and after the Constitutional amendments in 1992 are as follows :

• Initially, there was no option of election in local governments, but after 1992, there are regular elections held at the local level.
• There was no source of income before 1992, but now, finance is directly sent to local governments by the Centre.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks :
Since the United States is a …………….. type of federation, all the constituent states
have equal powers and states are ………….. vis-a-vis the federal government. But
India is a …………… type of federation and some States have more power than others.
In India, the …………… government has more powers.
Answer:
1. coming together
2. stronger
3. holding together
4. central.

Question 7.
Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions.
Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.
Arman: The language-based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.
Harish: This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.
Answer:
I would support the reaction of Sangeeta because it is true that the accommodation policy has strengthened our National Unity. An example is the case of the English language. According to the Constitution, the use of the English language for official purposes was to stop in 1965. But, many non-Hindi-speaking states demanded that the use of the English language should be continued. The Central Government agreed to continue the use of English along with the Hindi language for official purposes. Such flexibility shown by the Central Government of India, helped our country to avoid the conflict that is being faced by Sri Lanka.

Question 8.
The distinguishing feature of a federal government is :
(a) National government gives some powers to the provincial governments.
(b) Power is distributed among the legislature, executive and judiciary.
(c) Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.
(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.
Answer:
(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.

Question 9.
A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State and Concurrent lists as provided in the table below:
(A) Defence
(B) Police
(C) Agriculture
(D) Education
(E) Banking
(F) Forests
(G) Communications
(H) Trade
(I) Marriages
Answer:

Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) State government – State List
(b) Central govemment-Union List
(c) Central and State governments- Concurrent List
(d) Local governments- Residuary powers
Answer:
(d) Local governments – Residuary powers.

Question 11.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

Options

Answer:

Question 12.
Consider the following two statements:
(A) In a federation the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated
(B) India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.
(C) Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
(D) India is no longer a federation because some powers of the States have been devolved to ‘the local government bodies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B and C
(b) A, C and D
(c) A and B only
(d) B and C only
Answer:
(c) A and B only.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

HBSE 10th Class Geography Forest and Wildlife Resources Intext Questions and Answers

Textbook (Page No. 13)

Forest and Wildlife Resources HBSE 10th Class Geography Question 1.
Find out stories prevalent in your region which are about the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Textbook (Page No. 15)

Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources Geography HBSE Question 2.
What are the negative factors that cause such fearful depletion of the flora and fauna? Ans. The negative factors that cause such fearful depletion of the flora, and fauna are :

1. Expansion of railways in the colonial period.
2. Formation of agricultural land by clearing the forests.
3. Commercial forestry.
4. Construction of large-scale river projects.
5. Mining activities.
6. Hunting and poaching.
7. Grazing and fuelwood collection.
8. Environmental pollution.

Textbook (Page No. 18)

Forest and Wildlife Resources Chapter 2 Question and Answer HBSE Question 3.
Have you noticed any activity which leads to the loss of bio-diversity around you? Write a note on it and suggest some measures to prevent it.
Answer:
Yes, I have noticed some activities around me which lead to the loss of bio-diversity. These activities are as follows:

1. In my neighborhood, some families who are living in huts, use wood as a daily fuel. This causes loss to the bio-diversity.
2. The demand of wooden furniture is increasing in my city. This results in increasing loss of forests.
3. Many people living in my neighbourhood are non-vegetarian. This results in increasing demand of meat of many birds and animals.
4. In the last few days, I saw a group of Nilgai which had been grazing in a farm. This group was shot dead by the landlord of the farm.

Measures to Prevent the loss of Biodiversity:

1. Hunting and Poaching should be strictly restricted by the state and central governments.
2. Use of plastic furniture should be promoted, thus wood cutting could be decreased.
3. People should be inspired to become vegetarian to save the birds and animals.

Textbook (Page No. 19)

Question 4.
Collect more information on the Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks of India and cite their locations on the map of India.
Answer:
See map printed on the last page of this chapter.

Textbook (Page No. 21)

Question 5.
Write a short essay on any practices which you may have observed and practised in your everyday lives that conserve and protect the environment around you.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

HBSE 10th Class Geography Forest and Wildlife Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?
(a) Agricultural expansion
(b) Large-scale developmental projects
(c) Grazing and fuelwood collection
(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.
Answer:
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation ?
(a) Joint Forest Management
(b) Chipko Movement
(c) Beej Bachao Andolan
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries.
Answer:
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries.

2. Match the following animals with their category of existence:
Animals/Plants Category of existence

3. Match the following:

Answer:
1 → (B)
2 → (C)
3 → (A)

4. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:

(i) What is bio-diversity? Why is bio-diversity important for human lives?
Answer:
Bio-diversity itself is a combination of two words – Bio means life and diversity means variety. Thus, it is the sum total of all the varieties of plants, animals and micro¬organisms found within a specified geographical region. Bio-diversity is very important for human lives because we cannot imagine life on earth without flora and fauna.

(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Answer:
Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning, deforestation are the factors created by human beings which have led to the depletion of flora and fauna. Other important causes of environmental destruction are- unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well – being. Overpopulation in third world countries is often cited as the cause of environmental degradation.

Answer the following questions in about 120 words:

Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
Answer:
in some areas of the country, local communities are struggling to conserve forests and wildlife:
(i) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining, by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
(ii) In some areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement.
(iii) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.
(iv) The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas, but has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.
(v) Farmers and citizen groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals is possible and economically viable.
(vi) The Mundas and the Santhals of Chhota Nagpur region worship and conserve the mahua and kadamba trees.
(vii) In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of black buck, (Chinkara), Nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community, and nobody harms them.

(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Answer:
(A) Practices to conserve Forests:

1. Cutting of timber should be restricted.
2. Afforestation should be on a large scale.
3. Special functions like Van Mahotsavas should be celebrated.
4. All the fallow lands should be planted with trees.
5. Women should be involved in all massive community programmes for conserving forests.
6. Community forestry, farm forestry and social forestry should be made people’s programmes.

(B) Conservation of Wildlife:

1. Numerous species like Lion, Tiger, Blackbuck etc. have been declared endangered because of their constantly decreasing numbers.
2. Wildlife is being provided security, protection and conservation by setting up of National Parks, Bird Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves and Zoological Parks.
3. Census operations have been conducted to ascertain the exact number of wildlife.
4. Various schemes and programmes like ‘Project Tiger’, ‘Project Elephant’ etc. have been taken up and success has been achieved in these programmes.

Knowledge Basket

Question 1.
Make a chart of normal species, Endangered species, Vulnerable species, Rare species, Endemic species, and Extinct species.
Answer:

Question 2.
Make a poster on depletion of forests.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
Study the following two pictures carefully and answer the following questions

(i) Which animal do you see in Fig. 1?
(ii) Which animal is shown in Fig. 2?
(iii) These two pictures are from the same National Park. Give the name of the park?
Answer:
(i) The animal shown in Fig. 1 is the Indian Rhino.
(ii) The animal shown in Fig. 2 is deer.
(iii) These two pictures are related to the Kaziranga National Park in Assam.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development World

HBSE 10th Class Geography Resource and Development Intext Questions and Answers

Textbook (Page No. 1)

Resource and Development Class 10 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
Can you identify and name the various items used in making life comfortable in our villages and towns ? List the items and name the material used in their making.
Answer:
Do it yourself, (house, Rail transport, Roads, many types of goods, furniture etc.) All of them are made with help of many Natural Resources like wood, forest, water, minerals, soil and many more.)

Textbook (Page No. 2)

Class 10th Geography Chapter 1 Question Answer HBSE Question 2.
Identify at least two resources from each category.
Answer:
Resource category Example

1. Biotic Resources – Humans, plants, animals.
2. Abiotic Resources – Rocks, metals, soil.
3. Renewable Resources – Solar energy, wind energy, water, forest and wildlife.
4. Non-renewable Resources – Minerals and fossil fuels.
5. Individual Resources – Plots, houses, parks, pasture-lands, wells.
6. Community Owned Resources – Grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds.
7. National Resources – Roads, canals, railway tracks, minerals, water,
   forest and wildlife.
8. International Resources – Exclusive Economic Zone, Oceanic routes.
9. Potential Resources – Geo-thermal energy, wind energy, solar energy.
10. Developed Resources – Coal, mineral oil, water.
11. Stock – Water, wind.
12. Reserves – Water in the dams, forests.

Resource and Development Question Answers HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
Identify some other resources which are international in nature,
Answer:
Water, seas, oceans, and their resources are included in international resources.

Textbook (Page No. 3)

Question 4.
Prepare a list of stock and reserve resources that you are familiar with from your local area.
Answer:
Stock – Water, Solar energy. Wind energy, Geothermal energy etc.
Reserve – Forest, River water, Water stored in dams etc.

Question 5.
Imagine, if the oil supply gets exhausted one day, how would this affect our life style?
Answer:
If the oil supply gets exhausted one day, this would affect our life in the following ways :

• The transport system would be severly affected.
• We would have to go by cycle or on foot.
• Goods would not be transported from one place to another place by vehicles.
• Vegetables and daily needs would become far more expensive.

Question 6.
Plan a survey in your colony/village to investigate people’s attitude towards re-cycling of the domestic/agricultural wastes. Ask questions about:
(a) What do they think about the resources they use?
Answer:
They think of resources is as their own personal property.

(b) What is their opinion about waste and its utilization?
Answer:
Many people do not know about waste management even nowadays, but some people know to manage resources according to their uses.

(c) Collage your results.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Textbook (Page No. 4)

Question 7.
Prepare a list of resources found in your state and also identify the resources that are important but deficit (hard to find) in your state.
Answer:
Resources found in Rajasthan

1. Minerals
2. Soil
3. Animals
4. Forest
5. Water.

Resources deficit (hard to find) in Rajasthan Energy resources like coal, crude oil, natural gas and water.

Question 8.
What resources are being developed in your surroundings by the community/village panchayats/ward level committees with the help of community participation?
Answer:
Resource development at the level of village panchayat:

1. Development of agricultural gardening.
2. Development of barren land.
3. Development of pasture land.
4. Construction of ponds and wells for water.
5. Development of burial grounds.
6. Development of community buildings.

Resource development at ward level:

1. Development of gardens and parks.
2. Construction of drinking water tanks.

Textbook (Page No. 6)

Question 9.
Try to do a comparison between the two pie charts (Fig. 1.4) given for land use and find out why the net sown area and the land under forests have changed from 1960-61 to 2014-15 very marginally.
Answer:

Causes of marginal change in net sown area:

• Government did not emphasize on increasing agricultural area.
• To increase production, other methods were adopted, like- using fertilizers, high yielding variety of seeds etc.

Causes of marginal change in forest cover:

• Cutting of forest was made illegal.
• Awareness was spread among the masses towards conservation of forests.
• Afforestation was also done.

Question 10.
Find out the reasons for the low proportion of net sown area in these states.
Answer:
The low proportion of the next sown area is found in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Andaman Nicobar Islands due to hilly relief conditions and badlands.

HBSE 10th Class Geography Resource and Development Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Multiple Choice Questions:

(i) Which one of the following types of resources is iron-ore?
(a) Renewable
(b) Biotic
(c) Stock
(d) Non-renewable.
Answer:
(d) Non-renewable.

(ii) Under which of the following types of resources can tidal energy be put?
(a) Replenishable
(b) Human-made
(c) Abiotic
(d) Non-recyclable.
Answer:
(a) Replenishable.

(iii) Which of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive Cultivation
(b) Deforestation
(c) Over irrigation
(d) Overgrazing.
Answer:
(c) Over irrigation.

(iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?
(a) Punjab
(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttarakhand.
Answer:
(d) Uttarakhand.

(v) In which of the following states is black soil found?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Jharkhand.
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Answer:
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Chhattisgarh/Gujarat.
Crops : Cotton is mainly grown in the black soil.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Answer:
Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Three main features of this soil are :
(a) It is very fertile.
(b) It contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
(c) It is a transported soil.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
Answer:
To control soil erosion in the hilly areas, various steps like-terrace farming, contour ploughing, shelter belts and strip cropping should be taken.

(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Answer:

• Biotic Resources : These are obtained from biosphere and have life, such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
• Abiotic Resources : All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources, such as rocks and metals.

Answer the following questions in about 120 words:
(A) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
Answer:
Land use pattern in India (2014-15) is as follows:

1. Net sown area – 45.5%
2. Forest – 23.3%
3. Cultivable waste land – 4-0%
4. Fallow land other than current fallow – 3-6%
5. Permanent pastures – 3-3%
6. Area Under Non-agricultural uses – 8-7%
7. Miscellaneous tree crops and groves – 1-0%
8. Current fallow – 4-9%
9. Barren and waste land – 5-5%

Causes of marginal change in net sown area:

1. Government did not emphasize on increasing agricultural area.
2. To increase production, other methods were adopted, like – using fertilizers, high yielding variety of seeds etc.

Causes of marginal change in forest cover:

1. Cutting of forest was made illegal.
2. Awareness was spread among the masses towards conservation of forests.
3. Afforestation was also done.

From above data we find that:

1.  Land under forest has increased during the last forty-five years.
2. Land not available for cultivation has increased and land under tree crops has decreased.
3. The land under permanent pasture has decreased.

Land under forest has not increased much since 1960-61 because of the following reasons:

1. People are not using forest land properly. They are cutting trees without proper planning. They are not planting new trees.
2. Population of India is increasing very rapidly. More and more land is being used for
   construction of buildings to fulfil the requirements of increasing population. It is also required for the construction of roads, railway lines, factories, bridges, etc.
3. Wasteland reclamation plans are not implemented properly.
4. Expansion in net sown area due to additional requirement of agricultural land.
5. Due to mining and land degradation, land under fores ; has not increased much.

(B) How have technical and economic development led to increased consumption of resources?
Answer:
Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources. The following description reveals this:

1. Technological development has converted subsistence agriculture into commercial agriculture, and this has led to the over-utilisation of soil.
2. Technological development has led to industrialisation, which has increased the use of natural resources.
3. Economic development has led to urbanisation and modernisation, which demands more resources.
4. Technological development has also improved the process of mining.
5. Higher level of technical development needs more and more resources for production activities.
6. Information Technology has brought a boom in human choices, interests, hobbies, life style and status symbols.
7. People are tempted to follow the western line of consumption.

Knowledge Basket

Question 1.
Make a project showing consumption and conservation of resources in your locality.
Answer:
Do it yourself with help of your teacher.

Question 2.
Have a discussion in the classroom – how to conserve various resources used in your school.
Answer:
Organize a discussion by yourself.

Question 3.
Imagine if oil supplies get exhausted, how will this affect our lifestyle?
Answer:
If the oil supply gets exhausted one day, this would affect our life in the following ways :

1. The transport system would be severely affected.
2. We would have to go by cycle or on foot.
3. Goods would not be transported from one place to another place by vehicles.
4. Vegetables and daily needs would become far more expensive.

Question 4.
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.
Clues :

Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals.
(ii) A type of non-renewable resource.
(iii) Soil with high water retaining capacity.
(iv) Intensively leached soils of the monsoon climate.
(v) Plantation of trees on a large scale to check soil erosion.
(vi) The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils.

Answer:
(1) Resources
(2) Minerals
(3) Black,
(4) Laterite
(5) Afforestation
(6) Alluvial.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing

HBSE 10th Class Civics Power Sharing Intext Questions and Answers

Munni and Unni’s Questions (Page 2)

Civics Chapter 1 Class 10 Important Questions HBSE  Question 1.
I have a simple equation in mind. Sharing Power = dividing power = weakening the country. Why do we start by talking of this?
Answer:
I do not agree with this formula. Sharing of powers does not make any country weak. In fact, power sharing makes the country strong despite having many diversities.

Map-Based Question (Page 2-3)

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Question Answer HBSE Question 2.
Look at the maps of Belgium and Sri Lanka. In which region, do you find concentration of different communities ?
Answer:
(i) There are French, Dutch and German-speaking people in Belgium. Dutch-speaking people are 59 per cent of total population of the country and they live in Flemish region while 40 per cent French-speaking people live in the Wallonia region. The remaining one per cent people speak German.
(ii) The Sinhalese is the major group in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the North and East of the country. Indian Tamils live in the North, South and Central regions. Muslims are in minority.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 45)

Chapter 1 Power Sharing HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
What’s wrong if the majority community rules? If Sinhalas don’t rule in Sri Lanka, where else will they rule ?
Answer:
The political party that achieves maximum number of seats has the right to rule. If a majority community rules, it is against the right of minority. If Sinhalese don’t rule in Sri Lanka, they will rule wherever they will form a majority.

Question 4.
What kind of a solution is this? Iam glad our constitution does not say which minister will come from which community.
Answer:
This question is related to Belgium. This arrangement is helpful to avoid civil strife between the two major communities and division of the country on linguistic basis.

Question 5.
So you are saying that sharing of power makes us more powerful. Sounds odd Let me think.
Answer:
Yes, it is true. Power sharing makes us more powerful because of the following reasons-
(i) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between different social groups.
(ii) Power sharing helps to ensure the stability of polical order.
(iii) Power sharing is the spirit of democracy. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
(iv) The absence of power sharing results into imposition of will by majority community over others. In the short run, it appears attractive, but in the long run, it undermines the unity of the state.

Let us revise based question (Page 6)

Question 6.
Annette studies in a Dutch-medium school in the northern region of Belgium. Many French-speaking students in her school want the medium of instruction to be French. Selvi studies in a school in the northern region of Sri Lanka. All the students in her school are Tamil speaking and they want the medium of instruction to be Tamil. If the parents of Annette and Selvi were to approach respective governments to realize the desire of the child, who is more likely to succeed? And why ?
Answer:
Annette’s parents would more likely succeed, because, the constitution of Belgium declares that the community government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues. It can solve their issue, but in case of Sri Lanka, Sinhalas have established their supremacy; so, there is no chance of Selvi’s parents succeeding.

Pius box Based Question (Page 7)

Question 7.
Can you help poor Vikram in answering Vetal?
Answer:
Yes, I can help poor Vikram in answering Vetal.

Questions asked by Vetal –
(i) If you had the power to rewrite the rules in Lebanon, what would you do?
Answer:
If I had the power to rewrite the rules in Lebanon, I would have formed (or implemented) the same laws for all.

(ii) Would you stick to the old rules or do something else?
Answer:
As there is the sharing of all communities, everyone has the right to vote and to contest, so there is no need to do something new.

Cartoon-Based Question (Page 8)

Question 8.
What according to cartoon is the relationship between democracy and concentration of power ?
Answer:
It is showed through the cartoon, that Vladimir Putin framed the laws in such a manner, so that he could control the democracy according to his wishes. Outwardly, this is democracy but in reality, it is the concentration of power.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 9)

Question 9.
In my school, the class monitor changes every month. Is that what you call a power sharing arrangement ?
Answer:
Yes, the changing of class monitor every month can be called a power-sharing arrangement, because this gives every student in the class an opportunity to exercise control over his/her classmates. This is democratic also.

Let us Revise Based Question (Page 10)

Question 10.
Here are some examples of power sharing. Which of the four types of power sharing do these represent? Who is sharing power with whom?
(a) The Bombay High Court ordered the Maharashtra state government to immediately take action and improve living conditions for the 2,000 odd children at seven children’s homes in Mumbai.
Answer:
This example represents the power sharing between different organs of government. This represents power sharing between the judiciary and the executive.

(b) The government of Ontario state in Canada has agreed to a land claim settlement with the aboriginal community. The minister responsib for Native Affairs announced that the government will work with aboriginal people in a spirit of mutual respect and co-operation.
Answer:
This is an example of power sharing between different social groups. There is power sharing between aboriginal people and other social groups.

(c) Russia’s two influential political parties, the ‘Union of Right Forces’ and the ‘Liberal Yabloko Movement’, agreed to unite their organisations into a strong right-wing coalition. They propose to have a common list of candidates in the next parliamentary elections.
Answer:
This is an example of political parties, pressure groups and movements, having joint control over power or authority. Here, there is power sharing between ‘Union of Right Forces’ and ‘Liberal Yabloko Movement’. –

(d) The finance ministers of various states in Nigeria got together and demanded that the federal government declare its sources of income. They also wanted to know the formula by which the revenue is distributed to various state governments.
Answer:
This is power sharing on various levels. Here, the power sharing is between the federal and various state governments.

HBSE 10th Class Civics Power Sharing Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.
OR
Describe any three forms of power sharing.
Answer:
in modem democracies, power sharing can be seen at various levels or in various forms. Broadly, this power sharing can be categorized into four forms. These forms are discussed below :

(i) Power sharing among the different organs of government : power is shared among different organs of government. These organs are legislature, executive and judiciary. The main function of legislature is to enact or pass the laws. It also controls the finance of the states. The other main function of executive is to implement the policies of the government and to execute the laws framed by legislature. Judiciary interprets the laws. It also has advisory powers. These organs do not use unlimited powers. Each organ checks the others. This arrangement of power sharing is also known as ‘horizontal distribution of power’ and the method of ‘checks and balances’.

(ii) Power sharing among governments at different levels : Power can be shared among the centre and the state or regional governments. Such type of government is known as the ‘Federal Government’. In India, we see this type of government. The provincial or regional governments in different countries are known by different names. The power is shared by higher and lower levels of government. Therefore, it is also known as ‘vertical division of power1.

(iii) Power sharing among different social groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example in this regard. In India, through ‘reserved constituencies’ in Legislative Assembl es and Parliament, representation is given to various social groups who feel alienated from government. In some other countries also, constitutional and legal arrangements are made to provide a share in power to weaker sections and women.

(iv) Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements: Political parties, pressure groups and movements have control and influence over those who are in power. In modern democracies, we find a competition for power among different political parties. These political parties represent different ideologies and social groups. In lack of a clear majority, the political parties form a coalition government and in this way they share power. Besides, pressure groups, interest groups, such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, workers, etc. also have a share in power, either through participation in governmental committees or by bearing influence on decision-making process.

Question 2.
State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context. (CBSE 2012)
Answer:
Prudential Reason : Power sharing is good for democracy as it reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups and checks the imposition of majority community over others.
Example:
In India, this has been done by reserving seats in the Parliament and State legislatures and government services for members belonging to SCs and STs.

Moral Reason : Power sharing is the soul of democratic rule, as power sharing involves those who are affected by its exercise.
Example:
In India, members from different political parties get elected to the legislatures or the Parliament and contribute in the working of the government.

Question 3.
After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Thomman: Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mathayi: Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions.
Ouseph : Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.
Answer:
Among these three different views, we agree with the views of Ouseph that ‘every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions’. This view can be justified on the following grounds

• It is a wrong concept that power sharing is needed only in countries which are big in size or which are divided on religious, ethnic and cultural bases. In fact, every society needs power sharing because it is an essential element of democracy.
• In a democracy, the people rule themselves through their representatives.
• It can check all kinds of conflicts and political instability.
• It is essential for the unity, integrity and harmony of the country.

Question 4.
The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer:
No, the measure taken by the Mayor of Merchtem is not in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements. The arrangements seek to mantain peace between the French and Dutch-speaking communities. By banning French, the mayor will cause civil unrest. Both the languages should be made acceptable in the town’s schools. This bilingual education system will be a better way to integrate the people of the town.

Question 5.
Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this. “We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream. of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy- in the hands of the people. Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”
Answer:
The prudential reason for power sharing offered in this passage is giving power to Panchayats, which is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency.

Question 6.
Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below?
A. reduces conflict among different communities.
B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness.
C. delays decision making process.
D. accommodates diversities.
E. increases instability and divisiveness.
F. promotes people’s participation in government.
G. undermines the unity of a country.

Answer:
(a) A, B, D, F.

Question 7.
Consider the following statements about power-sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka.
A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community.
B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B, C and D
(b) A, B and D
(c) C and D
(d) B, C and D
Answer:
(d) B, C and D.

Match List I (forms of power sharing) with list II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists :

Answer:

Answer:
(c) B, D, A, C.

Question 9.
Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below:
A. Power sharing is good for democracy.
B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Question 10.
Which of these statements are true and false ?
(a) A is true but B is false.
(b) Both A and B are true.
(c) Both A and B are false.
(d) A is false but B is true.
Answer:
(b) Both A and B are true.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

HBSE 10th Class Geography Lifelines of National Economy Intext Questions and Answers

Textbook (Page No. 80)

Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Solutions HBSE Geography Question 1.
Find out places linked by the National Highway 2 and 3.
Answer:
Places linked by the National Highway 2 – Delhi-Faridabad-Ballabhgarh-Palwal- Kosi-Mathura-Agra-Firozabad-Etawah-Kanpur-Varanasi-Mohania-Aurangabad-Champaran- Dumri-Sirsa-Asansol-Raniganj-Srirampur-Kolkata.
Places linked by the National Highway 3 – Agra-Dholpur-Muraina-Gwalior-Shivpuri- Guna-Indore-Dhule-N asik-Thane-Mumbai.

Textbook (Page No. 82)

Lifelines of National Economy Chapter 7 HBSE 10th Class Geography Question 2.
Find out the current Railway zones and their headquarters Also locate the head quarters of Railway zones on the map of India.
Answer:

Textbook (Page No. 86)

Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy HBSE 10th Class Geography Question 3.
Why is air-travel preferred in the north-eastern state?
Answer:
The relief of north-eastern part of the country is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests, frequent floods and international frontiers etc. Air travel can cover these very difficult terrains with great ease thus, it is preferred in the states of north-eastern parts of India.

Question 4.
Find out the names of the countries connected by Indian Airlines.
Answer:
Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Qatar, UAE, Malaysia, Thailand, Pakistan, Singapore, Kuwait and other main countries.

HBSE 10th Class Geography Lifelines of National Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Multiple Choice Questions :

(i) Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor ?
(a) Mumbai and Nagpur
(b) Silchar and Porbandar
(c) Mumbai and Kolkata
(d) Nagpur and Siliguri.
Answer:
(b) Silchar and Porbandar.

(ii) Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays ?
(a) Railways
(b) Roadways
(c) Pipeline
(d) Waterways.
Answer:
(c) Pipeline.

(iii) Which one of the following states is not^connected with the H.V.J. pipeline ?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Gujarat
(d) Uttar Pradesh.
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra.

(iv) Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well protected port along the east coast ?
(a) Chennai
(b)Paradwip
(c) Tuticorin
(d) Vishakhapatnam.
Answer:
(d) Vishakhapatnam.

(v) Which one of the following is the most important modes of transporation in India ?
(a) Pipeline
(b) Railways
(c) Roadways
(d) Airways.
Answer:
(c) Roadways.

(vi) Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries ?
(a) Internal trade
(b) International trade
(c) External trade
(d) Local trade.
Answer:
(b) International Trade.

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words :

(i) State any three merits of roadways.
Answer:
(i) Construction cost of roads is very low.
(ii) Roads provide door-to-door services.
(iii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.

(ii) Where and why is rail transport the most convenient mode of transportation?
Answer:
The rail transport in plains is the most convenient mode of transportation because of their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources, that provide the most favourable conditions to its growth.

(iii) What is the significance of the border roads?
Answer:
The border roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain, defence preparedness, and have helped in the economic development of these areas.

(iv) What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Answer:
Trade refers to the exchange of goods between two parties, such as people, states
and countries. When trade is conducted between villages, cities and towns of a country, it is called local trade. When the goods are exported or imported from one country to another country, it is called international trade.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words :

(i) Why are the modes of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
Answer:
(a) We use different materials and services in our daily life. Some of these are available in our immediate surroundings, while other requirements are met by bringing things from other places.
(b) Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. They need modes of transportation.
(c) The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services, as well as their movement over space.
(d) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of an equally developed communication system.
(e) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing towards socio-economic progress in many ways.
(f) The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of the economy of a nation.
(g) It has enriched our life and added facilities for the comforts of life.
Thus, we can say that a dense and|efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for local, national and global trade of today, and it is a lifeline of national economy. W

(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.
Answer:
Changing nature of India’s International Trade: International trade has undergone a great change in the last fifteen years. We can understand it through the following points:
(a) Exchange of goods and commodities has been superseded by the exchange of information
and knowledge.
(b) India has emerged as a software giant in the world and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.
(c) The composition of commodities in International Trade of India has been undergoing a change over the years. The share of agriculture and allied products has declined whereas share of petroleum and crude products and other commodities has increased.
(d) India exports agricultural and allied products, ores and minerals, gems and jewellery, chemical and allied products, engineering goods, etc. whose share has been increasing over the last few years.
(e) India imports petroleum and petroleum products, pearls and precious stones, gold and silver, chemicals, coal, coke and briquettes, and other unclassified items etc.
(f) Tourism in India has grown over the last three decades. Foreign tourists’ arrival in the country has witnessed an increase of about 23.5%.
(g) India is having increasing trade relations with the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, Russia, Europe and the major oil-producing countries, other than with Great Britain.
(h) India has also been exporting manufactured goods to other countries.
(i) India’s trade relations with the SAARC region countries are also on an increase.

Knowledge Basket

Quiz Drive
1. Northern terminal of the North-South corridor.
2. The name of National Highway No. 2.
3. The headquarters of the southern railway zone.
4. The rail gauge with a track width of 1.676 m.
5. The southern terminal of National Highway No. 7.
6. A Riverine Port.
7. Busiest railway junction in Northern India.
Answer:
Start your search vertically, horizontally or diagonally and reach various destinations across the country!

• Srinagar
• Shershah Suri Marg
• Chennai
• Broad Gauge
• Kanyakumari
• Kolkata
• Mughal Sarai.

Railway line has been extended from Banihal to Baramula in the Kashmir Velley. Locate these two towns on the map of India. (Page 84)
Answer:

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

HBSE 10th Class Geography Manufacturing Industries Intext Questions and Answers

Textbook (Page No. 63)

On the occasion of Diwali, Harish went to a market with his parents. They purchased shoes and clothes for him. His mother purchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas (earthen lamps). Harish observed that the shops in the market were flooded with items for sale. He wondered how so many items could be made in such large quantities. His father explained that shoes, clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured bjr machines in large industries, some utensils are manufactured in small industries, while items like diyas are made by individual artisans in household industry.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Solutions HBSE Geography Question 1.
Do you have some ideas about these industries?
Answer:
Yes, on the basis of production, industries are classified into three types :
(i) Large Scale Industry : Clothes, sugar etc.
(ii) Small Scale Industry : Shoes, utensils etc.
(iii) Cottage Industry : Diyas (Earthen Lamps).

Textbook (Page No. 65)

Manufacturing Industries Chapter 6 HBSE 10th Class Geography Question 2.
Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods :
(i) Oil
(ii) Knitting needles
(iii) Brassware
(iv) Fuse wires
(v) Watches
(vi) Sewing Machines
(vii) Ship building
(viii) Electric bulbs
(ix) Paint brushes
(x) Automobiles.
Answer:
On the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods, industries are classified into two categories : (i) Heavy Industries and (2) Light Industries.

Heavy Industry:
(i) Shipbuilding
(ii) Automobiles.

Light Industry:
(i) Oil
(ii) Knitting needles
(iii) Brassware
(iv) Fuse wires,
(v) Watches
(vi) Sewing Machines
(vii) Electric bulbs
(viii) Paint brushes.

Textbook (Page No. 66)

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries HBSE 10th Class Geography Question 3.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?
Answer:

• So that large number of people could be employed
• For promoting the cottage industries
• To develop the feeling of nationalism
• To reduce dependence on foreign clothes,
• to boycott foreign clothes.

Question 4.
Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom?
Answer:
It is important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power- loom and handloom because, through power loom and handloom, large number of people get employment.

Textbook (Page No. 68)

Question 5.
Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities?
Answer:
It is important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities because :

• By improving the weaving sector, people can get jobs on large scale.
• It will increase textile production.
• Fine quality of cotton products and clothes can be prepared.
• Extra quantities of textile can be exported, through which, maximum foreign currency can be earned.

Textbook (Page No. 69)

Question 6.
Make a list of all such goods made of steel that you can think of.
Answer:

1. Tables
2. Chairs
3. Doors
4. Utensils
5. Boxes
6. Electrical appliances
7. Medical appliances
8. Motorcars
9. Cycles
10. Railway bridges
11. Windows
12. Rods etc.

Textbook (Page No. 69)

Table 6.1 : Total finished steel production in India.

Question 7.
Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?
Answer:
The per capita consumption of steel is so low in India because :

• Per capita income is very low in India.
• Living standard is very low.
• Durable substitutes of steel are available at very low prices and they are also very light weight.

Question 8.
Collect information about products of steel plants in India.
Answer:
Major products of steel plants in India are wire, steel sheets, wheels, rail lines, rings and bearings, wire rods etc.

Textbook (Page No. 71)

Question 9.
Collect information from different sources and discuss.
Answer:
The Tata group has contracted with the government of Odisha to set up a giant steel plant in the Kalingnagal area. As the tribals livings in this area would have lost their land and their livelihoods would be threatened, they revolted on 2nd January 2006, and in a police firing incident, 13 tribals were killed.

Textbook (Page No. 72)

Question 10.
A factory produces aluminium saucepans with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a smelter and a plastic component from another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse :
(a) Which raw material is likely to be most expensive to transport and why?
Answer:
Aluminium is likely to be most expensive to transport, because it is heavier than plastic.

(b) Which raw material is likely to be the cheapest to transport and why?
Answer:
Plastic is likely to be the cheapest to transport, because it is light in weight.

Question 11.
Do you think the cost of transporting the finished products after packaging is likely to be cheaper or more expensive than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic? Why?
Answer:
Transporting the finished products after packaging is likely to be more expensive than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic, because:

• They will occupy more space.
• The destination of finished products is not an industry, but the whole of country, and sometimes, the whole world.
• Finished products need delicate care. Therefore, transporting them needs extra cost in their packaging.
• The finished products have to be sent to different destinations.

Textbook (Page No. 73)

Question 12.
Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units?
Answer:
The ideal locations to set up the cement manufacturing units are :

• The units should be set up close to the availability of raw material because this industry requires bulky and heavy raw material.
• The place should have continuous supply of electric power.
• The place should have efficient network of railways and road transport.

Question 13.
Find out where the cement plants are located in other states of India. Find their names.
Answer:

• Madhya Pradesh: Katni, Satna, Damoh, Gwalior, Neemuch, etc.
• Andhra Pradesh: Panayam, Manchharela, Machhalipatnam, Vijaywada, Karimnagar, Krishna, etc.
• Tamil Nadu: Tirunalvaley, Rajmalyalam, Durg, Dalmiya Nagar, etc.
• Karnataka: Shahabad, Bhadravati, Bijapur, Tumkur, Bagalkot, etc.
• Jharkhand: Sindri, Japla, Kalyanpur, Dalmiyanagar, etc.

HBSE 10th Class Geography Manufacturing Industries Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium
(b) Cement
(c) Plastic
(d) Automobile
Answer:
(b) Cement.

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA Steel
(d) MNCC.
Answer:
(b) SAIL

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium smelting
(b) Cement
(c) Paper
(d) Steel.
Answer:
(a) Aluminium smelting.

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer etc?
(a) Steel
(c) Aluminium smelting
(b) Electronic
(d) Information Technology.
Answer:
(d) Information Technology.

2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words:

(i) What is manufacturing?
answer:
Production of goods in large quantities after processing them from raw material to more valuable articles is called manufacturing.

(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of industries. 2019
Answer:

• Availability of raw material
• Climate
• Sources of Power.

(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of industries. 2019
Answer:

• Availability of human labour
• Availability of capital
• Market.

(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.
Answer:
Those industries, which supply their products or raw material to manufacture other goods, are called basic or key industries. Examples – Iron and Steel industry.

(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.
Answer:
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials, like limestone, silica and gypsum.

3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words:

(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
Answer:
(1) An integrated steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex. On the other hand a mini steel plant is smaller, has electric furnace, uses steel scrap and sponge iron. It produces mild and alloy steel of a given specification. It is a decentralised secondary unit, which specialises in one or two processes only.

(2) Problems of Steel Industry: In the present time, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. We are unable to perform to our full potential, largely, because of the following problems faced by iron and steel industry.
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
(b) Lower productivity of labour.
(c) Irregular supply of power.
(d) Poor infrastructure.

(3) Recent Developments: Recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity are as follows :
(a) Liberalisation
(b) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
(c) Efforts of Private Entrepreneurs.
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
Answer:
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution :
(a) Air
(b) Water
(c) Land
(d) Noise.

(a) Air Pollution: It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories, that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings, and the atmosphere, as a whole.

(b) Water Pollution: The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries, that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals, like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

(c) Thermal Pollution: Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds, before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities, cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.

(d) Noise Pollution: Noise Pollution is very harmful for human, as well as animal life. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. It not only results in irritation and anger but can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.

(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
Answer:
To minimise the environmental degradation by industry, the following steps can be taken:
(i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases –

(1) Primary treatment, by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation
and sedimentation. –
(2) Secondary treatment, by biological process.
(3) Tertiary treatment, by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.
(iv) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(v) Over exploitation of water should be prohibited by legal framework.
(vi) Use of silencers fitted with machinery and equipments that cause noise pollution. Earphones and earplugs to be given to employees.
(vii) Ensuring use of smoke stacks with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and internal separators.

Knowledge Basket

Activity
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets :
(i) Used to drive machinery – (5) P.
(ii) People who work in a factory – (6) W
(iii) Where the product is sold – (6) M.
(iv) A person who sells goods – (8) R.
(v) Thing produced – (7) P.
(vi) To make or produce – (11) M.
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded – (9) P
Answer:
(i) Power
(ii) Worker
(iii) Market
(iv) Retailer
(v) Product
(vi) Manufacture
(vii) Pollution.

Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area.
(i) What are the raw materials they use?
(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation costs?
(iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?
Answer:
Agro-based Industry – Sugar Industry :
(i) Sugar cane,
(ii) Capital, labour, power, water and transportation etc.
(iii) Yes, these factories are following environmental norms.

Mineral-based Industry – Cement Industry :
(i) Limestone, dolomite, silica, gypsum and coal.
(ii) Capital, labour, electricity, water and transportation etc.
(iii) No, these factories are not following environmental norms.

Activity
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers :

1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.
Answer:
l. Agro-based
2. Sugar cane
3. Jute
4. Iron-steel
5. Bhilai.
6. Varanasi.

Draw a line diagram of industry-market linkage. (Page No. 64)

Answer:
Industry Market linkage –

Draw a line diagram of an ideal location of an industry. Page No. 64)
Answer:
Ideal location of an industry

How the value is added in the Textile industry? (Page No. 66)
Answer:
Value addition in the Textile industry

Trace the process of manufacture of steel through a line diagram. (Page No. 69)
Answer:
Processes of manufacture of steel

Show the process of manufacturing of Aluminium through a line diagram.
Answer:
Process of manufacturing of Aluminium:

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

HBSE 10th Class Geography Minerals and Energy Resources Intext Questions and Answers

Dig a Little Deeper (Page No. 48)

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Solutions HBSE Question 1.
Find out how many minerals are used to make a light bulb?
Answer:

1. Mica
2. Tungsten
3. Copper
4. Aluminium
5. Argon (a gas, not a mineral).

HBSE 10th Class Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Question 2.
Collect “Nutritional Facts” printed on food labels.
Answer:
Food item – Biscuit (Sunfeast 100 gm)
Nutritional facts –

• Energy = 448.5 cal
• Protein = 8.7 gm
• Carbohydrates = 76.2 gm
• Fats = 12.1 gm.

Dig a Little Deeper (Page No. 50)

Minerals and Energy Resources Chapter 5 Geography HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
What is the difference between an open pit mine, a quarry and an underground mine with shafts?
Answer:
Open Pit Mine : Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit. These mines are used when deposits of commercially useful minerals or rocks are found near the surface. The layer above the seam is removed and the exposed deposit is extracted using earth-moving machinery.

Quarry : Quarry is usually shallower than open-pit mines. It is generally used for extracting building materials, such as limestone.

Underground Mine with shafts : Underground mine is used when minerals occur deep below the surface or the minerals occur as veins in hard rock. Underground shaft mining is used to extract precious material. Shaft mines have vertical access to the seam via elevators, that carry workers and equipment into the mines. It is the deepest form of underground mining.

Dig a Little Deeper (Page No. 51)

Question 4.
Superimpose the maps showing distribution of iron ore, manganese, coal and iron and steel industry. Do you see any correlation ? Why?
Answer:

Correlation: Iron-ore, manganese and coal are found very close to each other. Iron and steel industries have also been established in the same region. The reasons behind this correlation are :

• Iron-ore and manganese are the basic raw materials required for iron and steel industry.
• Coal is also required in abundance, to produce energy for melting purposes.
• Raw materials required for iron and steel industry are bulky.

Their transportation will be very costly therefore, industries have been established in the regions which are rich in iron, manganese and coal.

Dig a Little Deeper (Page No. 53)

Question 5.
Locate the mines of Bauxite on the physical map of India.
Answer:

Dig a Little Deeper (Page No. 54)

Question 6.
Study the maps to explain why Chotanagpur is a store house of minerals.
Answer:
Chotanagpur Plateau is spread in Jharkhand and West Bengal states. This plateau is made up of Achian, granite, colarite and basalt rocks. It is formed by igneous and metamorphic rocks, therefore various minerals can be seen in the veins of these rocks. The various minerals obtained from these rocks are coal, copper, mica, bauxite, limestone, iron- ore, krynite, asbestus, uranium, dolomite, manganese and gold etc

Dig a Little Deeper (Page No. 56)

Question 7.
Make a list of items where substitutes are being used instead of minerals. Where are these substitutes obtained from?
Answer:

Activity (Page No. 58)

Question 8.
Name some river valley projects and write the names of dams built on these rivers.
Answer:

(Page No. 60)

Question 9.
Collect information about newly-established Solar Power Plants in India.
Answer:
Newly established Solar Power Plants in India are-

Question 10.
Locate the 6 nuclear power stations and find out the state in which they are located.
Answer:

HBSE 10th Class Geography Minerals and Energy Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Multiple Choice Questions :

(i) Which of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material?
(a) Coal
(b) Bauxite
(c) Gold
(d) Zinc.
Answer:
(b) Bauxite

(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which of the following minerals?
(a) Bauxite
(b) Mica
(c) Iron ore
(d) Copper
Answer:
(b) Mica

(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of which of the following rocks :
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Igneous rocks
(c) Metamorphic rocks
(d) None of the these.
Answer:
(a) Sedimentary rocks

(iv) Which of the following minerals is contained in Monazite sand?
(a) Oil
(b) Uranium
(c) Thorium
(d) Coal.
Answer:
(c) Thorium

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words :

(i) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words :
(a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
(b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer:
(a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

Ferrous Minerals:

• Minerals which contain iron-ore are called ferrous minerals.
• Iron-ore, nickel, manganese, tungsten, cobalt are important ferrous minerals.

Non Ferrous Minerals:

• Minerals which do not contain iron-ore are called non-ferrous minerals.
• Copper, zinc, gold, silver, mica are important non-ferrous minerals.

(b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy :

conventional Energy Sources:

• These resources have been in use by human since ancient times.
• These are non-renewable sources of energy, e.g., coal and petroleum.
• Over use of these resources causes environmental pollution.

Non-conventional Energy Sources:

• These resources have been in use by human beings for some decades.
• These are renewable sources of energy, e.g., solar energy, wind energy.
• These resources do not cause any type of pollution.

(ii) What is a Mineral?
Answer:
A substance which is found in the earth’s crust, and which generally has a definite chemical composition unlike most rocks is called mineral. According to geologists, mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring substance, with a definite internal structure.

(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
Sometimes, minerals in the liquid or molten and gaseous forms are pushed upward due to the internal movement of the earth. These minerals, after passing through the cracks, cavities, faults or joints of the igneous and metamorphic rocks, get cooled, and solidify on the earth’s surface.

(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Answer:
We need to conserve mineral resources for the following reasons :

• Geological process of mineral formation is very slow and takes millions of years.
• Minerals are non-renewable resources.
• These are of vital need for us, and for developmental activities.
• According to geologists, stocks of minerals are depleting fast.
• Mining of minerals is a costly process.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words :

(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
Answer:
In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages:
(a) The Gondwana series
(b) The tertiary series.

(a) The Gondwana coal occurs over 200 million years in age. The Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coal fields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.

(b) Tertiary coal occurs only about 55 million years in age. The maj or sources of tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the industry as well as for domestic needs. F our types of coals, i.e. lignite, bituminous, anthracite and peat are found.

(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Answer:
Solar energy has a bright future in India because India is a tropical country. Thus, it has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India. Solar energy is a renewable source. It does not cause pollution. It is comparatively easy and cheaper to be installed at a local level. Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas.

This will reduce dependence on firewood and dung cakes in rural households. It can be used for cooking, pumping water, refrigerators and street lighting. So, its demand will increase in future. Since India is a developing country, there is every possibility of-increase in consumption of power. Solar energy availability in India is about 20 mw. per sq. km. per annum. Therefore, I think solar energy has a bright future in India.

Knowledge Basket

Fill the names of the correct mineral in the crossword below:

Across
1. A ferrous mineral (9)
2. Raw material for cement industry (9)
3. Finest iron-ore with magnetic properties (9)
4. Highest quality hard coal (10)
5. Aluminium is obtained from this ore (7)
6. Khetri mines are famous for this mineral (6)
7. Formed due to evaporation (6)

Down
1. Found in placer deposit (4)
2. Iron-ore mined in Bailadila (8)
3. Indispensable for electrical industry (4)
4. Geological age of coal found in north-east India (8)
5. Formed in veins and lodes (3)
Answer:

Question 1.
Study the given pie diagram and answer the following questions :
(i) Which is the largest iron-ore producing state of India?
(ii) Name the second largest iron producing state.
(iii) Name any three iron-ore producing states.
Answer:
(i) Odisha
(ii) Chhattisgarh
(iii) (a) Karnataka (b) Jharkhand (c) Goa.

Question 2.
Study the given pie diagram and answer the following questions:
(i) Name the leading manganese producing state of India.
(ii) How much share Madhya Pradesh has in producing manganese?
(iii) What share has Orissa given in the production of manganese?
Answer:
(i) Madhya Pradesh, it accounted for one third of the county’s total production in 2016-17
(ii) Madhya Pradesh = 27 per cent
(iii) Odisha = 25 per cent.

Question 3.
Study the given pie diagram and answer the following questions:
(i) Name the leading producer of Bauxite.
(ii) Name the second largest producing state of Bauxite.
(iii) State the sharing of Jharkhand and Odisha in the production of Bauxite.
Answer:
(i) Odisha
(ii) Gujarat
(iii) Jharkhand = 9 per cent, Odishah = 49 per cent.

Question 4.
Study the given pie diagram and answer the following questions:
(i) Name the leading producer of Limestone.
(ii) Mention the sharing of other states in the production of Limestone.
(iii) Write any one industrial use of Limestone.
Answer:
(i) Rajasthan = 21%
(ii) Other states = 79%
(iii) Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

HBSE 10th Class Geography Agriculture Intext Questions and Answers

Textbook (Page No. 34)

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Solutions HBSE Question 1.
Can you name some industries based on agricultural raw material?
Answer:

1. Cotton Textile Industry
2. Rubber Industry
3. Tea Industry
4. Perfume Industry
5. Sugar Industry
6. Oil Industry.

HBSE 10th Class Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Question 2.
Can you name some such types of farmings?
Answer:
Yes. These are

1. Jhumming in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
2. Bewar or Dahiya in Madhya Pradesh.
3. Podu or Penda in Andhra Pradesh.
4. Pama Dabi or Bringa in Odisha.
5. Kumari in Western Ghats.
6. Khil in Himalayan belt.
7. Kuruwa in Jharkhand.
8. Valre or Waltre in South-Eastern Rajasthan.

Textbook (Page No. 35)

Agriculture Chapter 4 Geography HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
Can you name the type of farming Rinjha’s family is engaged in?
Answer:
Slash and bum agriculture.

Question 4.
Can you enlist some crops which are grown in such farming?
Answer:
Normally, dry paddy, maize, millets and vegetables are grown in such farming.

Question 5.
Can you name some of the states of India where such farming is practised?
Answer:

1.  Assam
2. Meghalaya
3. Mizoram
4. Nagaland
5. Manipur
6. Chhattisgarh
7. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 6.
Can you give some more examples of crops which may be commercial in one region and may provide subsistence in another region?
Answer:
Wheat is grown as a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana, while it is grown as a subsistence crop in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Assam.

Textbook (Page No. 42)

Question 7.
List the items which are made of rubber and are used by us.
Answer:

1. Tyres and Tubes
2. Belts
3. Shoes
4. Gloves
5. Ball
6. Instruments
7. Erasers
8. Machines used in exercise.

Textbook (Page No. 44)

Question 8.
Find out why an Indian farmer does not want his son to become a farmer?
Answer:
An Indian farmer does not want his son to become a farmer because of the following reasons:

1. The productivity of land has declined.
2. New fertile land for fanning is no more available.
3. Lack of irrigation facilities.
4. Problem of land degradation.
5. Low income per hectare.

Question 9.
Why are farmers committing suicides in several states of the country?
Answer:
The Indian farmers are committing suicides because of the following reasons:

1. Increasing unemployment.
2. Starvation.
3. Increasing family problems due to bad economic conditions.
4. Increasing size of family.
5. Destruction of crops due to natural calamities.

Textbook (Page No. 45)

Question 10.
Organise a debate on food security of India, its need and efforts.
Answer:
(Do this activity with help of your teacher)

Textbook (Page No. 45)

Question 1.
Can you name any gene modified seed used vastly in India?
Answer:
(i) B.T. Cotton
(ii) B.T. Brinjal.

HBSE 10th Class Geography Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?
(a) Shifting Agriculture
(b) Plantation Agriculture
(c) Horticulture
(d) Intensive Agriculture.
Answer:
(b) Plantation Agriculture.

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(a) Rice
(b) Gram
(c) Millets
(d) Cotton.
Answer:
(b) Gram.

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(a) Pulses
(b) Jowar
(c) Millets
(d) Sesamum.
Answer:
(a) Pulses.

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
Answer:
Beverage Crop: Tea Geographical conditions required:
(a) Warm and moist frost-free climate throughout the year.
(b) Frequent showers evenly distributed.

(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Answer:
One staple crop of India is rice. The major rice-producing regions in India are plains of North and North-East India, coastal areas and deltaic regions. Other regions are Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Northern Rajasthan.

(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of the farmers.
Answer:
Various institutional reforms introduced by the government in the interest of the farmers include collectivisation, consolidation of holding, co-operative societies, abolition of zamindari system, crop insurance, establishment of Grameen Banks, Kisan Credit Card Scheme, declaration of minimum support price etc.

(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?
Answer:
(a) It will affect food security.
(b) The agro-based industry will suffer because of the shortage of raw materials.
(c) Increase in unemployment.
(d) Increase in land degradation.
(e) Increase in poverty.
(f) Rise in prices of the agricultural commodities.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words :
(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
Answer:
(a) Institutional Reforms: To increase production in agriculture, the government has introduced some institutional measures which include collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, co-operation and abolition of zamindari system.

(b) Comprehensive Land Development Programme: In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development program was initiated, which included both, institutional and technical reforms. Provision for crop insurance against drought, food, cyclone, fire and disease, the establishment of Grameen banks, Co-operative Societies and Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest, were some important steps in this direction.

(c) Widespread Use of Radio and Television: It enables farmers to get knowledge about new agricultural practises, new techniques of production and the market situation.

(d) Declaration of Minimum Support Price: This relieves the farmers from the uncertainties associated with marketing of crops, especially if there is a bumper crop. He has been assured of a minimum guaranteed price.

(e) Subsidies: The government is providing huge subsidies on the agricultural inputs. At present maximum subsidy is being given on fertilizers.

(f) Public Procurement System: Agriculture Price Commission has been set up which declares the prices of agricultural products in advance so that the farmers may know what they are going to get for their agricultural products. Government agencies, like the FCI (Food Corporation of India) purchase agricultural products from the farmers.

(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Merger of economy of individual countries into a global economy is known as globalisation. Globalisation is not a new phenomenon for India. It was there at the time of colonisation. In the nineteenth century, when European traders came to India, at that time too, Indian spices were exported to different countries of the world. Till today, it is one of the important items of export from India. Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. India, despite being an important producer of rice, tea, cotton, jute, rubber, coffee, and spices, our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at the crossroads to improve the condition of marginal and small farmers. Change in cropping pattern, for example, from cereals to high-value crops will mean that India will have import food, but if India imports cereals while exporting high-value commodities, it will be following successful economies like Italy, Israel and Chile.

(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Answer:
Rice is a staple food crop of India. Though, it is considered to be a crop of tropical humid areas, it has about 3,000 varieties which are grown in different agro-climatic regions. These are successfully grown from sea level to about 2,000 metre altitude and from humid areas in eastern India to dry, but irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Northern Rajasthan. In Southern States and West Bengal, the climatic conditions allow the cultivation of two or three crops of Rice in an agricultural year, but in the Himalayas and North-Western parts of India, it is grown as a kharif crop during south-west monsoon season. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world, after China. India contributes 22 per cent of rice production in the world.

It is a Kharif crop that requires the following geographical conditions :
(a) Temperature: It requires a high temperature, above 25°C to grow.
(b) Rainfall: It requires high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In areas with less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
(c) Soil: Rice can be grown in a variety of soils including silts, loams, and gravels, but it is best grown in alluvial soil with clayey sub-soil.

Knowledge Basket

Question 1.
Group discussion on the necessity of literacy among farmers.
Answer:
Students can discuss the following topics under the supervision of their teachers :

1. Literacy rate in India, (74.04%)
2. Reasons for low literacy rate, (Socio-economic backwardness)
3. Effects of low literacy on agriculture, (Low knowledge of farming methods)
4. Benefits of literacy etc. (Good knowledge of farming, intruments and seeds)

Question 2.
On an outline map of India show wheat producing areas.
Answer:

Activity
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers :

(1) The two staple food crops of India.
(2) This is the summer cropping season of India.
(3) Pulses like arhar, moong, gram, urad contain
(4) It is a coarse grain.
(5) The two important beverages in India are
(6) One of the four major fibres grown on black soils.
Answer:
(1) (i) Wheat, (ii) Rice
(2) Kharif
(3) Protein
(4) Jowar,
(5) (i) Tea, (ii) Coffee
(6) Cotton.
Skilled Questions based on Chart and Tables

Question 1.
Study the given data carefully and answer the following questions :
Table: India – Growing GDP and major sectors in (%) :

Source: Economic Survey, 2015-16
(i) Which is the difference between 2013-14 and 2015-16 GDP ratios.
Answer:
1 per cent.

(ii) What was the rate in agriculture in 2015-16 ?
Answer:
1.1 per cent.