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Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 8 धर्मनिरपेक्षता Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 8 धर्मनिरपेक्षता

HBSE 11th Class Political Science धर्मनिरपेक्षता Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न में से कौन-सी बातें धर्मनिरपेक्षता के विचार से संगत हैं? कारण सहित बताइए।
(क) किसी धार्मिक समूह पर दूसरे धार्मिक समूह का वर्चस्व न होना।
(ख) किसी धर्म को राज्य के धर्म के रूप में मान्यता देना।
(ग) सभी धर्मों को राज्य का समान आश्रय होना।
(घ) विद्यालयों में अनिवार्य प्रार्थना होना।
(ङ) किसी अल्पसंख्यक समुदाय को अपने पृथक शैक्षिक संस्थान बनाने की अनुमति होना।
(च) सरकार द्वारा धार्मिक संस्थाओं की प्रबंधन समितियों की नियक्ति करना।
(छ) किसी मंदिर में दलितों के प्रवेश के निषेध को रोकने के लिए सरकार का हस्तक्षेप।
उत्तर:
(क) यह विचार धर्मनिरपेक्षता के विचार से पूर्णत: संगत है। धर्मनिरपेक्षता का सिद्धांत किसी धार्मिक समूह को दूसरे धार्मिक समूह पर वर्चस्व स्थापित करने की अनुमति नहीं देता है, क्योंकि अगर ऐसा हो गया तो धार्मिक समानता जैसे सिद्धांत का हनन हो सकता है।

(ङ) यह विचार भी धर्मनिरपेक्षता के विचार से संगत है, क्योंकि सभी अल्पसंख्यक समुदायों को अपने-अपने शैक्षणिक संस्थान बनाने की पूर्ण अनुमति होती है ताकि वे अपने धर्म का प्रचार-प्रसार अच्छी तरह से कर सकें।

(छ) यह विचार भी धर्मनिरपेक्षता के विचार के अनुकूल है, क्योंकि किसी भी मंदिर का दरवाज़ा सभी लोगों के लिए खुला होना चाहिए। मंदिर में दलितों के प्रवेश पर पाबंदी नहीं लगानी चाहिए। इससे धर्मनिरपेक्षता के सिद्धांत की अवहेलना होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
धर्मनिरपेक्षता के पश्चिमी और भारतीय मॉडल की कुछ विशेषताओं का आपस में घालमेल हो गया है। उन्हें अलग करें और एक नई सूची बनाएँ।
उत्तर:

धर्मनिरपेक्षता के पश्चिमी एवं भारतीय मॉडल की विशेषताओं को क्रमशः निम्नलिखित सूचियों के माध्यम से अलग-अलग रूप में समझा जा सकता है-

प्रश्न 3.
धर्मनिरपेक्षता से आप क्या समझते हैं? क्या इसकी बराबरी धार्मिक सहनशीलता से की जा सकती है?
उत्तर:
धर्म या धर्मनिरपेक्ष शब्द अंग्रेजी भाषा के सेक्युलर (Secular) शब्द का हिन्दी पर्याय है। सेक्युलर शब्द लेटिन भाषा के सरकुलम (Surculm) शब्द से बना है। लेटिन भाषा से उदित इस शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘सांसारिक’ है, अर्थात् राजनीतिक गतिविधियों को केवल लौकिक क्षेत्र तक सीमित रखना है। सेक्युलर (Secular) शब्द के प्रथम प्रयोगकर्ता जॉर्ज जैकब हॉलीओक ने स्पष्ट किया है कि,

“धर्मनिरपेक्षता का अर्थ, इस विश्व या मानव जीवन से सम्बन्धित दृष्टिकोण, जो धार्मिक या द्वैतवादी विचारों से बँधा हुआ न हो।” अतः धर्मनिरपेक्षता को सर्वप्रथम एवं सर्वप्रमुख रूप से ऐसा सिद्धान्त समझा जाना चाहिए जो अन्तर-धार्मिक वर्चस्व का विरोध करता है। यद्यपि यह धर्मनिरपेक्षता की अवधारणा के महत्त्वपूर्ण पहलुओं में से केवल एक है। धर्मनिरपेक्षता का इतना ही महत्त्वपूर्ण दूसरा पहलू अन्तःधार्मिक वर्चस्व यानी धर्म के अन्दर छुपे वर्चस्व का विरोध करना है।

इस प्रकार धर्मनिरपेक्षता एक ऐसा नियामक सिद्धान्त है जी धर्मनिरपेक्ष समाज अर्थात् अन्तःधार्मिक तथा अन्तर-धार्मिक दोनों तरह के वर्चस्वों से रहित समाज बनाना चाहता है। यदि इसी बात को सकारात्मक रूप से कहें तो यह धर्मों के अन्दर आजादी तथा विभिन्न धर्मों के बीच और उनके अन्दर समानता को बढ़ावा देता है।

इसके अतिरिक्त यह भी स्पष्ट है कि धर्मनिरपेक्षता की बराबरी धार्मिक सहनशीलता से नहीं की जा सकती है। यद्यपि सहिष्णुता धार्मिक वर्चस्व की विरोधी नहीं है क्योंकि यह भी हो सकता है सहिष्णुता में हर किसी को कुछ मौका मिल जाए, लेकिन ऐसी आजादी प्रायः सीमित होती है। इसके साथ-साथ सहिष्णुता उन लोगों को बर्दाश्त करने की क्षमता पैदा करती है, जिन्हें हम बिल्कुल पसन्द नहीं करते हैं। यह उस समाज के लिए तो ठीक है जो किसी बड़े गृहयुद्ध से उबर रहा हो मगर शांति के दौरान ठीक नहीं है जहाँ लोग समान मान-मर्यादा के लिए संघर्ष कर रहे हों।

प्रश्न 4.
क्या आप नीचे दिए गए कथनों से सहमत हैं? उनके समर्थन या विरोध के कारण भी दीजिए।
(क) धर्मनिरपेक्षता हमें धार्मिक पहचान बनाए रखने की अनुमति नहीं देती है।
(ख) धर्मनिरपेक्षता किसी धार्मिक समुदाय के अंदर या विभिन्न धार्मिक समुदायों के बीच असमानता के खिलाफ है।
(ग) धर्मनिरपेक्षता के विचार का जन्म पश्चिमी तथा ईसाई समाज में हुआ है। यह भारत के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है।
उत्तर:
(क) इस कथन से हम असहमत हैं क्योंकि धर्मनिरपेक्षता हमें धार्मिक पहचान बनाए रखने की अनुमति देती है। भारत का प्रत्येक व्यक्ति किसी भी धर्म को अपना सकता है और उसे उसकी धार्मिक पहचान की पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता है।

(ख) हाँ, इस कथन से हम सहमत हैं कि धर्मनिरपेक्षता किसी धार्मिक समुदाय के अंदर या विभिन्न धार्मिक समुदायों के बीच किसी भी प्रकार की असमानता का विरोध करती है क्योंकि धर्मनिरपेक्षता सर्वधर्म समभाव के सिद्धांत को अपनाता है जिसमें सभी धर्म बराबर हैं अर्थात् धर्मों के बीच असमानता का कोई स्थान नहीं है।

(ग) यह कथन गलत है क्योंकि वास्तव में पश्चिमी राज्य तब धर्मनिरपेक्ष बने, जब एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्तर पर, उन्होंने ईसाइयत से संबंध विच्छेद कर लिया। पश्चिमी धर्मनिरपेक्षता में ऐसी कोई ईसाइयत नहीं है। जहाँ इस कथन का सम्बन्ध है कि धर्मनिरपेक्षता भारत के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है, यह सर्वथा गलत है क्योंकि भारत में विभिन्न धर्म के लोग निवास करते हैं। उन्हें अपनी इच्छानुसार धर्म का पालन करने की पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता है और राज्यसत्ता धर्म के प्रति निरपेक्षता भाव रखती है। अत: धर्मनिरपेक्षता के लिए उपयुक्त है।

प्रश्न 5.
भारतीय धर्मनिरपेक्षता का जोर धर्म और राज्य के अलगाव पर नहीं वरन् उससे अधिक किन्हीं बातों पर है। इस कथन को समझाइए।
उत्तर:
भारत में सच्चे धर्मनिरपेक्ष राज्य की स्थापना की गई है क्योंकि भारतीय राज्य न तो धार्मिक हैं न अधार्मिक और न ही धर्मविरोधी, किन्तु यह धार्मिक संकीर्णताओं तथा वृत्तियों से दूर है और धार्मिक मामलों में तटस्थ है। इस प्रकार भारत अपनी धर्मनिरपेक्ष नीति के कारण अमेरिकी शैली में धर्म से विलग भी हो सकता है एवं आवश्यकता पड़ने पर उसके साथ संबंध भी बना सकता है।

स्पष्ट है कि भारतीय राज्य धार्मिक अत्याचार का विरोध करने के लिए धर्म के साथ निषेधात्मक संबंध भी बना सकता है। जो भारत में मुस्लिम महिलाओं के लिए तीन तलाक पर प्रतिबंध जैसी कानूनी कार्रवाइयों में दिखाई देती है।

इसके अतिरिक्त वह जुड़ाव की सकारात्मक विधि भी अपना सकती है; जैसे भारतीय संविधान समस्त धार्मिक अल्पसंख्यकों को अपनी स्वयं की शिक्षण संस्थाएँ खोलने तथा चलाने का अधिकार देता है, जिन्हें राज्यसत्ता की ओर से आर्थिक सहायता भी मिल सकती है। इस तरह शांति, स्वतंत्रता तथा समानता के मूल्यों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए भारतीय राज्यसत्ता ये सारी रणनीतियाँ अपना सकती है।

इसके साथ-साथ भारतीय धर्मनिरपेक्षता ने अंतः धार्मिक और अंतर-धार्मिक वर्चस्व पर भी एक साथ ध्यान केंद्रित किया। इसने हिंदुओं के अंदर दलितों और महिलाओं के उत्पीड़न और भारतीय मुसलमानों तथा ईसाइयों के अंदर महिलाओं के प्रति भेदभाव तथा बहुसंख्यक समुदाय द्वारा धार्मिक समुदायों के अधिकारों पर उत्पन्न किए जा सकने वाले खतरों का समान रूप से विरोध किया।

भारतीय धर्मनिरपेक्षता समस्त धर्मों में राज्यसत्ता के सैद्धांतिक हस्तक्षेप की अनुमति देती है। ऐसा हस्तक्षेप हर धर्म के कुछ विशेष पहलुओं के प्रति असम्मान प्रदर्शित करता है। धर्मनिरपेक्ष राज्य के लिए यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि धर्म के हर पहलू को वह एक जैसा सम्मान प्रदान करे । यह संगठित धर्मों के कुछ पहलुओं के प्रति एक जैसा सम्मान दर्शाने की स्वीकृति भी देता है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘सैद्धांतिक दूरी’ क्या है? उदाहरण सहित समझाइए।
उत्तर:
सैद्धांतिक दूरी का तात्पर्य है कि राज्य को किसी भी धर्म में सक्रिय हस्तक्षेप नहीं करना चाहिए; जैसे भारत धार्मिक विषयों से सैद्धांतिक दूरी बनाए रखने में विश्वास करता है। दूसरे शब्दों में, वह धर्म से अलग भी हो सकता है और आवश्यकता पड़ने पर ही भारतीय संविधान ने अस्पृश्यता पर एवं तीन तलाक जैसी कुप्रथा पर प्रतिबंध लगाया है।

भारतीय राज्य ने बाल-विवाह के उन्मूलन और अंतर्जातीय विवाह पर हिंदू धर्म के द्वारा लगाए गए निषेध को खत्म करने हेतु अनेक कानून बनाए हैं। इसी तरह भारत में उभरे मन्दिर-मस्जिद विवाद के अन्तर्गत सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के निर्णय को क्रियान्वित करने के लिए उचित कदम भी निर्णयानुसार उठाए गए हैं। अतः भारतीय धर्मनिरपेक्षता के संदर्भ में सैद्धांतिक दूरी बनाए रखने का अर्थ है-आवश्यकता पड़ने पर धार्मिक विषयों में आवश्यकतानुसार हस्तक्षेप करना, ताकि पारस्परिक सौहार्द का वातावरण कायम किया जा सके।

धर्मनिरपेक्षता HBSE 11th Class Political Science Notes

→ एक ऐसा लोकतान्त्रिक देश जिसमें विभिन्न संस्कृतियों एवं समूहों के लोग रहते हों उनके बीच समानतायुक्त समाज की स्थापना में धर्मनिरपेक्षता की अवधारणा को सबसे उपयुक्त माना गया है।

→ भारतीय संविधान निर्माताओं ने भी एक मुखर एवं जीवन्त लोकतन्त्र की पृष्ठभूमि में पथ-निरपेक्ष भारत का स्वप्न देखा था। सन् 1946 में डॉ० राधाकृष्णन ने कहा था कि, “भारत के लोग हिन्दू हों या मुसलमान, राजा हो या किसान, इसी देश के नागरिक हैं।

→ यह मानना सम्भव नहीं है कि हमारी अलग-अलग पहचान है।” स्पष्ट है कि भारतीय संविधान निर्माता सामाजिक सौहार्द एवं राष्ट्रीय सद्भाव के लिए धर्मनिरपेक्षता को व्यावहारिकता का तकाजा मानते थे और इसीलिए स्वतन्त्र भारत के संविधान में हमने धर्मनिरपेक्षता को संविधान का मूल आधार माना, परन्तु समय के साथ-साथ धर्म-निरपेक्षता का दृष्टिकोण व्यवहार के स्तर पर दलीय जोड़-तोड़, राजनीतिक अवसरवादिता, तुष्टिकरण एवं साम्प्रदायिक ध्रुवीकरण से बुरी तरह ग्रस्त हो गई।

→ इसीलिए भारत में धर्मनिरपेक्षता की स्थिति को लेकर कुछ मामले काफी पेचीदा हैं।

→एक ओर तो आमतौर पर हर राजनेता इसकी शपथ लेता है, हर राजनीतिक दल धर्मनिरपेक्ष होने की घोषणा करता है, दूसरी ओर तमाम किस्म की चिन्ताएँ और सन्देह धर्मनिरपेक्षता को घेरे रहते हैं।

→ पुरोहितों और धार्मिक राष्ट्रवादियों द्वारा ही नहीं, कुछ राजनीतिज्ञों, सामाजिक कार्यकर्ताओं और यहाँ तक कि शिक्षाविदों द्वारा भी धर्मनिरपेक्षता का विरोध किया जाता है।

→ ऐसे में इस समस्त स्थिति पर चिन्तन करने के लिए यह जानना आवश्यक है कि धर्मनिरपेक्षता या धर्म-निरपेक्षता क्या है? इसके पाश्चात्य एवं भारतीय मॉडल का स्वरूप क्या है ?

→ यह अवधारणा सामाजिक जीवन के किस क्षेत्र से सम्बन्धित है? आधुनिक समय में धर्म-निरपेक्ष राज्य की क्या आवश्यकता है? क्या धर्म-निरपेक्षता भारत के लिए उचित है?

→ भारतीय धर्म-निरपेक्षता के समक्ष क्या चुनौतियाँ हैं? इस अध्याय में हम इन विभिन्न पहलुओं पर दृष्टिपात करते हुए यह भी समझने का प्रयास करेंगे कि भारत जैसे लोकतान्त्रिक देश में धर्मनिरपेक्षता का क्या महत्त्व है एवं भारतीय धर्मनिरपेक्षता की क्या विशिष्टताएँ हैं?

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Integrals Ex 8.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Integrals Ex 8.2

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 राष्ट्रवाद Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 राष्ट्रवाद

HBSE 11th Class Political Science राष्ट्रवाद Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
राष्ट्र किस प्रकार से बाकी सामूहिक संबद्धताओं से अलग है?
उत्तर:
राष्ट्र और अन्य सामूहिक संबद्धताएँ पूर्णत: अलग-अलग हैं। अन्य सामूहिक संबद्धताओं के विपरीत राष्ट्र की अवधारणा को अधिक व्यापक सन्दर्भ में व्यक्त किया जाता है । इस कथन की पुष्टि निम्नलिखित विवरणों के द्वारा की जा सकती है

(1) राष्ट्र, मानव समाज में पाए जाने वाले अन्य समूहों या समुदायों से पूर्णत: अलग है। यह परिवार से भी अलग है, क्योंकि परिवार प्रत्यक्ष संबंधों पर आधारित होता है। जिसका प्रत्येक सदस्य दूसरे सदस्यों के व्यक्तित्व और चरित्र के बारे में व्यक्तिगत जानकारी रखता है, जबकि दूसरी तरफ राष्ट्र का क्षेत्र व्यापक हैं। क्योंकि राष्ट्र एक विशेष भौगोलिक क्षेत्र में विभिन्न परिवारों, समुदायों, जातियों और धर्मानुयायियों आदि का समूह है।

इसकी अपनी सरकार और प्रभुसत्ता होती है और जो निर्णय लेने के लिए भी पूर्णत: स्वतंत्र होता है। इसमें रहने वाले लोगों के बीच साझा विश्वास और साझी ऐतिहासिक पहचान भी पाई जाती हैं।

(2) राष्ट्र एक तरह से जनजातीय, जातीय और अन्य सगोत्रीय समूहों से भी अलग है। इन समूहों में विवाह और वंश-परंपरा सदस्यों को आपस में जोड़ती हैं। इसलिए यदि हम सभी सदस्यों को व्यक्तिगत रूप से नहीं भी जानते हैं तब भी आवश्यकता पड़ने पर हम उन सूत्रों को ढूँढ सकते हैं, जो हमें आपस में जोड़ते हैं। जबकि दूसरी तरफ राष्ट्र के सदस्य के रूप में हम अपने राष्ट्र के अधिकतर सदस्यों को सीधे तौर पर न कभी जान पाते हैं और न ही उनके साथ वंशानुगत नाता जोड़ पाते हैं। फिर भी राष्ट्रों का अपना अस्तित्व है। लोग उनमें रहते हैं और राष्ट्र के प्रति पूर्ण निष्ठाभाव रखते हैं।

(3) प्रायः यह माना जाता है कि राष्ट्रों का निर्माण ऐसे समूह द्वारा किया जाता है जो कुल, भाषा, धर्म तथा जातीयता जैसी कुछेक निश्चित पहचान का सहभागी होता है। लेकिन ऐसे निश्चित विशिष्ट गुण वास्तव में हैं ही नहीं जो सभी राष्ट्रों में समान रूप से मौजूद हों। कई राष्ट्रों की अपनी कोई सामान्य भाषा नहीं है। बहुत से राष्ट्रों में उनको जोड़ने वाला कोई सामान्य धर्म भी नहीं है। वास्तव में, राष्ट्र का निर्माण साझे विश्वास एवं हित, साझी ऐतिहासिक पहचान, विशेष भौगोलिक क्षेत्र, साझे राजनीतिक दर्शन और साझी राजनीतिक पहचान जैसे तत्त्वों से होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
राष्ट्रीय आत्म-निर्णय के अधिकार से आप क्या समझते हैं? किस प्रकार यह विचार राष्ट्र-राज्यों के निर्माण और उनको पिल रही चुनौती में परिणत होता है?
उत्तर:
आत्म-निर्णय का तात्पर्य एक राज्य में रहने वाले लोगों की जनसंख्या को उसके बाह्य व आन्तरिक पहलुओं पर स्वयं निर्णय लेने के अधिकार से लिया जाता है। प्रत्येक राष्ट्र में कई अलग-अलग समूह निवास करते हैं। इन समूहों में यह भिन्नता जाति, धर्म, नस्ल, भाषा और संस्कृति के आधार पर पाई जाती है।

यही समूह अन्य सामाजिक समूहों से अलग अपना राष्ट्र, अपना शासन व अपने-आप काम करने एवं अपना भविष्य निश्चित करने का अधिकार चाहते हैं, जो कि आत्मनिर्णय को अधिकार के रूप में जानते हैं। एक समूह की माँग दूसरे समूह से न होकर, दूसरे स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र से होती है। अपनी इस माँग में एक अलग इकाई अथवा एक अलग राज्य की माँग को मान्यता देने तथा उस मान्यता को स्वीकृति देने पर बल दिया जाता है।

इस प्रकार की माँगें एक निश्चित भू-भाग पर स्थायी रूप से बसे लोगों के द्वारा की जाती है, जिनकी अपनी कोई साझी नस्ल या संस्कृति भी होती है। कुछ माँगें स्वतंत्रता से जुड़ी हो सकती हैं तथा कुछ ऐसी माँगें भी हो सकती हैं जिनका संबंध संस्कृति की रक्षा से होता है। राष्ट्रीय आत्म-निर्णय के विचार के अन्तर्गत यद्यपि कई राष्ट्र-राज्यों का निर्माण हुआ। प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के पश्चात राज्यों की पुनर्व्यवस्था में एक संस्कृति एक राज्य के विचार को आजमाया गया।

वर्साय की संधि से बहुत-से छोटे और नए स्वतंत्र राज्यों का गठन हुआ। लेकिन आत्म-निर्णय की सभी माँगों को संतुष्ट करना वास्तव में असंभव था। इसके अतिरिक्त एक संस्कृति-एक राज्य की माँगों को संतुष्ट करने से राज्यों की सीमाओं में परिवर्तन भी आए। इससे सीमाओं के एक ओर से दूसरी ओर बहुत बड़ी संख्या में लोग विस्थापित हुए।

परिणामस्वरूप उन लाखों लोगों के घर उजड़ गए और उन्हें उस जगह से बाहर धकेल दिया गया, जहाँ पीढ़ियों से उनका घर था। बहुत-से-लोग सांप्रदायिक दंगों के शिकार हुए। राज्यों की सीमाओं में आए बदलाव के कारण मानव जाति को भारी कीमत चुकानी पड़ी। इस प्रयास के बावजूद यह सुनिश्चित करना संभव नहीं हो सका कि नवगठित राज्यों में केवल एक ही नस्ल के लोग रहें।

वास्तव में अधिकतर राज्यों की सीमाओं के अंदर एक से अधिक नस्ल और संस्कृति के लोग रहते थे। ये छोटे-छोटे समुदाय राज्य के अंदर अल्पसंख्यक थे और हमेशा असुरक्षा की भावना से ग्रसित रहते थे।

प्रश्न 3.
हम देख चुके हैं कि राष्ट्रवाद लोगों को जोड़ भी सकता है और तोड़ भी सकता है। उन्हें मुक्त कर सकता है और उनमें कटुता और संघर्ष भी पैदा कर सकता है। उदाहरणों के साथ उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
राष्ट्रवाद के विषय में उपर्युक्त कथन पूर्णतः सत्य है। इसकी सत्यता को हम निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों के माध्यम से स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं

(1) उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के यूरोप में राष्ट्रवाद ने कई छोटी-छोटी रियासतों के एकीकरण से वृहत्तर राष्ट्र-राज्यों की स्थापना का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया। आज के जर्मनी और इटली का गठन एकीकरण और सुदृढ़ीकरण की इसी प्रक्रिया के द्वारा हुआ था। लातिनी अमेरिका में बड़ी संख्या में नए राज्य भी स्थापित किए गए थे। राज्य की सीमाओं के सुदृढीकरण के साथ स्थानीय निष्ठाएँ और बोलियाँ भी उत्तरोत्तर राष्ट्रीय निष्ठाओं एवं सर्वमान्य जनभाषाओं के रूप में विकसित हुईं। नए राष्ट्र के लोगों ने एक नई पहचान अर्जित की जो राष्ट्र-राज्य की सदस्यता पर आधारित थी।

(2) यद्यपि इसी राष्ट्रवाद ने बड़े-बड़े साम्राज्यों का पतन भी किया है। यूरोप में बीसवीं शताब्दी के आरंभ में ऑस्ट्रेयाई-हंगेरियाई, रूसी साम्राज्य तथा इनके साथ एशिया और अफ्रीका में ब्रिटिश फ्रांसीसी डच और पुर्तगाली साम्राज्य के विघटन के मूल में राष्ट्रवाद ही था। भारत और अन्य पूर्व उपनिवेशों के औपनिवेशिक शासन से स्वतंत्र होने के संघर्ष भी राष्ट्रवादी संघर्ष ही मुख्य था।

प्रश्न 4.
वंश, भाषा, धर्म या नस्ल में से कोई भी पूरे विश्व में राष्ट्रवाद के लिए साझा कारण होने का दावा नहीं कर सकता। टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन बिलकुल सत्य है। सामान्यतया ऐसा माना जाता है कि राष्ट्रों का निर्माण ऐसे समूह द्वारा किया जाता है जो वंश, भाषा, धर्म तथा जातीयता जैसे कुछेक निश्चित पहचान का सहभागी होता है। लेकिन ऐसे निश्चित विशिष्ट गुण वास्तव में हैं ही नहीं जो सभी राष्ट्रों में समान रूप से मौजूद हों; जैसे भारत में विभिन्न भाषाएँ बोली जाती हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त विभिन्न नस्लों या कुल के लोग यहाँ रहते हैं।

कनाडा में अंग्रेजों और फ्रांसीसी भाषा-भाषी लोग साथ रहते हैं। अमेरिका में भी इसी प्रकार की विभिन्नताएँ देखने को मिलती हैं। वहाँ यूरोप के विभिन्न देशों के लोग रहते हैं। बहुत-से राष्ट्रों में उनको जोड़ने वाला कोई सामान्य धर्म भी नहीं है। इस प्रकार विभिन्न वंश, भाषा, धर्म या नस्ल के लोग एक राष्ट्र में रहते हैं लेकिन इनमें से कोई भी राष्ट्रवाद के लिए साझा कारण होने का दावा नहीं कर सकते।

प्रश्न 5.
राष्ट्रवादी भावनाओं को प्रेरित करने वाले कारकों पर सोदाहरण रोशनी डालिए।
उत्तर:
1. भौगोलिक एकता-राष्ट्रवाद को जन्म देने वाले तत्त्वों में भौगोलिक एकता एक महत्त्वपूर्ण तत्त्व है जो व्यक्ति-समूह काफी लम्बे समय तक एक निश्चित क्षेत्र पर, जिसके सभी भाग आपस में मिले हुए हैं, मिल-जुलकर रहते हैं, तो उनके जीवन में एक ऐसी एकता की उत्पत्ति हो जाती है जो राष्ट्रीयता का सार है। एक ही स्थान पर रहने वाले लोगों में आपस में एक-जैसे रीति-रिवाज़, समान रहन-सहन तथा खान-पान का विकास होता है जो कि राष्ट्रीयता के निर्माण में बहुत बड़ा सहयोग देता है।

उदाहरणस्वरूप, यहूदी लोगों को अरबों के आक्रमण के कारण फिलिस्तीन से भागना पड़ा और वे यूरोप के कई भागों में बिखरे रहे, परन्तु उन्होंने अपने हृदय से अपनी मातृ-भूमि को कभी नहीं निकाला और उसकी स्वतन्त्रता के लिए संघर्ष जारी रखा। सन् 1948 में जब अंग्रेज़ो ने फिलिस्तीन खाली कर दिया तो ये लोग वहाँ आकर बस गए और यहूदी राज्य की स्थापना की।

2. समान इतिहास-समान इतिहास व्यक्तियों में राष्ट्रवाद की भावनाओं को उत्पन्न करने में बहुत सहायक सिद्ध हुआ है। लोगों की समान स्मृतियाँ, समान जय-पराजय, समान राष्ट्रीय अभिमान की भावनाएँ, समान राष्ट्रीय वीर, समान लोक गीत आदि उनमें राष्ट्रीयता की भावना को प्रबल बनाने में बहुत योग देते हैं। किसी देश की जनता का विदेशी आक्रमणकारियों के विरुद्ध किया गया सामूहिक संघर्ष उनमें राष्ट्रीयता की भावना भर देता है।

पं० जवाहरलाल नेहरू, सुभाष चन्द्र बोस, महात्मा गाँधी, भगत सिंह जैसे वीरों ने भारत के इतिहास में शानदार कार्य किए जिन्हें कोई भी भारतीय भुला नहीं सकता, क्योंकि उन्होंने भारत में राष्ट्रवाद की भावना जागृत की। रैम्जे म्यूर (Ramsey Muir) ने सांझे इतिहास के तत्त्व के महत्त्व को बताते हुए लिखा है, “बहादुरी से प्राप्त की गई उपलब्धियाँ तथा बहादुरी से झेले गए कष्ट, दोनों ही राष्ट्रवाद की भावना के लिए ताकतवर भोजन हैं। भूत में उचित सम्मान, वर्तमान में पूर्ण विश्वास तथा भविष्य की आशा, ये सभी राष्ट्रीय भावनाओं को मजबूत बनाते हैं तथा उन्हें स्थि करते हैं।”

3. समान राजनीतिक आकांक्षाएँ-आजकल समान राजनीतिक आकांक्षाओं को राष्ट्रवाद के निर्माण के लिए समान धर्म तथा समान भाषा आदि से भी अधिक महत्त्व दिया जाता है। एक ही सरकार के अधीन रहने तथा एक ही प्रकार के कानूनों का पालन करने से लोगों में एकता की भावना पैदा हो जाती है। यह एकता उस समय और भी अधिक मजबूत हो जाती है जब वह किसी विदेशी सरकार के अधीन रहते हों, क्योंकि अधीनस्थ लोग अपनी स्वतन्त्रता को प्राप्त करने के लिए और अपने राष्ट्र का निर्माण करने के लिए आसानी से संगठित हो जाते हैं।

उदाहरणस्वरूप, भारत में राष्ट्रवाद की भावना उस समय मजबूत हुई जब इन्होंने मिलकर अंग्रेज़ी सरकार के विरुद्ध अपना संघर्ष शुरू किया। एशिया तथा अफ्रीका के कुछ अधीनस्थ देशों में इसी तत्त्व ने राष्ट्रीयता की लहर फैलाई। इसी प्रकार भारतवर्ष पर 1962 ई० में किए गए चीनी आक्रमण ने भारतवासियों में राष्ट्रवाद की भावना को और दृढ़ कर दिया।

4. लोक इच्छा-राष्ट्रवाद के निर्माण में सहायता देने वाला एक अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण तत्त्व लोगों में ‘राष्ट्रवाद की इच्छा’ का होना है। डॉ० अम्बेडकर (Dr. Ambedkar) ने लोक-इच्छा को भारत में राष्ट्रवाद के विकास में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण तत्त्व माना है। लोगों में जब तक राष्ट्र बनाने की इच्छा प्रबल नहीं होती, तब तक किसी भी देश में राष्ट्रवाद का निर्माण नहीं हो सकता।

प्रश्न 6.
संघर्षरत राष्ट्रवादी आकांक्षाओं के साथ बर्ताव करने में तानाशाही की अपेक्षा लोकतंत्र अधिक समर्थ होता है। कैसे?
उत्तर:
लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था के अंतर्गत अलग-अलग सांस्कृतिक और नस्लीय पहचानों के लोग देश में समान नागरिक और साथियों की तरह सह-अस्तित्वपूर्वक जीवनयापन कर सकते हैं। यह न केवल आत्म-निर्णय के नए दावों से उत्पन्न होने वाली समस्याओं के समाधान के लिए वरन् मजबूत और एकताबद्ध राज्य बनाने के लिए समर्थ व्यवस्था है।

इससे राष्ट्र-राज्य अपने शासन में अल्पसंख्यक समूहों के अधिकारों और सांस्कृतिक पहचान को सम्मान देता है और उसके बदले में अपने सदस्यों की निष्ठा प्राप्त करने में भी सफल रहता है। वास्तव में, लोकतंत्र समावेशी होता है अर्थात् सबके अस्तित्व को महत्त्व देता है, सबकी आकांक्षाओं के साथ समान बर्ताव करता है। इसके विपरीत तानाशाही व्यवस्था में दमनकारी नीतियाँ अधिक प्रभावी होती हैं और समाज में रहने वाले लोगों में असुरक्षा की भावना बनी रहती है। अतः संघर्षरत राष्ट्रवादी आकांक्षाओं का पतन हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 7.
आपकी राय में राष्ट्रवाद की सीमाएँ क्या हैं?
उत्तर:
मेरे विचार या राय में राष्ट्रवाद की सीमाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
(1) जिन राज्यों में धनी तथा निर्धन का अन्तर बहुत अधिक होगा तथा उनके हितों में विरोध होगा तो वहाँ के लोगों में राष्ट्रवाद की भावना का विकास नहीं होगा।

(2) धर्म की विभिन्नता भी राष्ट्रीय एकता को नष्ट करती है; जैसे भारत में धार्मिक विभिन्नता के कारण ही साम्प्रदायिक दंगे होते हैं।

(3) आधुनिक राज्यों में छोटे-छोटे समूह निजी स्वार्थों के कारण आत्म-निर्णय की माँग करते हैं। यदि इनकी माँगों को स्वीकार कर लिया जाए तो एक राज्य में अनेक राज्य स्थापित हो जाएँगे, जहाँ विकास नहीं बल्कि पतन की संभावनाएँ अधिक होती हैं।

(4) जातीय, भाषाई व क्षेत्रीय श्रेष्ठता की संकुचित भावना भी राष्ट्रवाद के मार्ग में बाधा उत्पन्न करती है।

(5) जिस राष्ट्र के नागरिक हमेशा व्यक्तिगत हितों की पूर्ति में लगे रहते हैं वहाँ पर राष्ट्रीय भावनाएँ अवरुद्ध हो जाती हैं।

(6) राष्ट्रों में अपनी संस्कृति को श्रेष्ठ मानने तथा दूसरों को तुच्छ मानने की भावना भी राष्ट्रवाद को सीमित करती है।

राष्ट्रवाद HBSE 11th Class Political Science Notes

→ आधुनिक युग की विचारधाराओं में राष्ट्रवाद महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान रखता है। राष्ट्रवाद एक ऐसी भावना है जो व्यक्ति में देश-प्रेम तथा देश-भक्ति की भावना पैदा करती है।

→ यह वह शक्ति है जो विभिन्न राज्यों के विकास तथा प्रगति, पराधीन राज्यों की स्वतन्त्रता, विश्व शान्ति तथा युद्ध आदि समस्याओं का प्रमुख आधार है। इस भावना के आधार पर ही भिन्न-भिन्न राज्यों ने आश्चर्यजनक प्रगति की है। गुलाम देशों ने स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त की है तथा अन्य अधीनस्थ राज्यों को स्वतन्त्रता पाने का मार्ग दिखाया है।

→ एक राष्ट्र की मजबूती उस राष्ट्र में रहने वाले लोगों में पाई जाने वाली राष्ट्रवाद की भावना पर निर्भर करती है। इसी भावना के कारण ही मनुष्य अपना तन, मन तथा धन अपने राष्ट्र के लिए कुर्बान करने के लिए तैयार हो जाते हैं। इस प्रकार राष्ट्रवाद एक विशाल अवधारणा है।

→ राष्ट्र, राष्ट्रीयता तथा राष्ट्रवाद एक ही अवधारणा के अलग-अलग रूप हैं। ये अवधारणाएँ उतनी ही प्राचीन हैं जितना कि मानव का सामुदायिक तथा सामाजिक जीवन है। परन्तु राजनीतिक सन्दर्भ में ये अवधारणाएँ अपने सक्रिय रूपों में आधुनिक राजनीतिक परिवेशों में व्यक्त होती रही हैं।

→ वर्तमान समय के राजनीतिक समाज अथवा राज्य ‘राष्ट्रराज्य’ कहलाते हैं। इनके निर्माण का आधार राष्ट्र, राष्ट्रीयता तथा राष्ट्रवाद की धारणाएँ हैं।

→ यद्यपि हम इस बात को तो सर्वसम्मति से स्वीकार कर सकते हैं कि विश्व में राष्ट्रवाद आज भी एक प्रभावी शक्ति है, लेकिन राष्ट्र या राष्ट्रवाद जैसे शब्दों की परिभाषा के सम्बन्ध में किसी सहमति पर पहुँचना बहुत कठिन है।

→ वास्तव में राष्ट्र क्या है? लोग राष्ट्रों का निर्माण क्यों करते हैं और राष्ट्र क्या करने की तीव्र इच्छा जगाते हैं? लोग अपने राष्ट्र के लिए त्याग करने एवं प्राण तक न्यौछावर करने के लिए क्यों तैयार रहते हैं?

→ राष्ट्रत्व या देशभक्ति के दावे राज्यत्व या शासकीय शक्ति के दावों से क्यों और कैसे जुड़ जाते हैं? क्या राष्ट्रों को पृथक् रहने या राष्ट्रीय आत्म-निर्णय का अधिकार प्राप्त है? क्या पृथक्-राज्यत्व को स्वीकार किए बिना राष्ट्रवाद के दावे को पुष्ट किया जा सकता है?

→  इन विभिन्न के मुद्दों या विषयों के सम्बन्ध में हम इस अध्याय में विभिन्न अति लघु, लघु एवं निबन्धात्मक प्रश्नों के माध्यम से स्पष्ट करेंगे।

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 नागरिकता Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 नागरिकता

HBSE 11th Class Political Science नागरिकता Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
राजनीतिक समुदाय की पूर्ण और समान सदस्यता के रूप में नागरिकता में अधिकार और दायित्व दोनों शामिल हैं। समकालीन लोकतांत्रिक राज्यों में नागरिक किन अधिकारों के उपभोग की अपेक्षा कर सकते हैं? नागरिकों के राज्य और अन्य नागरिकों के प्रति क्या दायित्व हैं?
उत्तर:
जैसा कि हम जानते हैं कि राजनीतिक समुदाय की पूर्ण और समान सदस्यता के रूप में नागरिक में अधिकार और दायित्व दोनों सम्मिलित हैं। समकालीन लोकतांत्रिक राज्यों में नागरिक जिन अधिकारों के उपयोग की अपेक्षा कर सकते हैं, उन्हें निम्नलिखित प्रकार से व्यक्त कर सकते हैं

• अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतन्त्रता का अधिकार
• अपनी इच्छानुसार किसी भी धर्म की पालना एवं अपनाने का अधिकार
• शिक्षा प्राप्त करने का अधिकार
• समानता का अधिकार
• आवास का अधिकार
• अपनी भाषा और संस्कृति के शिक्षण के लिए संस्थाएँ बनाने का अधिकार
• न्यूनतम मजदूरी प्राप्त करने का अधिकार
• जीवकोपार्जन का अधिकार
• मतदान देने का अधिकार
• सूचना प्राप्त करने का अधिकार
• घूमने-फिरने का अधिकार

यद्यपि आधुनिक लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्थाओं में अधिकारों की सूची में निरन्तर वृद्धि हो रही है। कुछ अधिकारों को मूल अधिकारों के रूप में मान्यता मिलती है और उन्हें प्राथमिकता दी जाती है। शेष अधिकारों को सरकार परिस्थितियों के अनुसार मान्यता प्रदान करती है। नागरिकों के राज्य तथा अन्य नागरिकों के प्रति दायित्व भी होते हैं जिन्हें निम्नलिखित रूप में व्यक्त कर सकते हैं—

(1) नागरिकों के रूप में हमारा कर्तव्य है कि राज्य द्वारा निर्मित कानूनों का पालन करें तथा देश और समाज में शांति व्यवस्था बनाए रखने में राज्य का पूरा सहयोग करें।

(2) हमें केवल अपने निजी हितों एवं आवश्यकताओं को ही नहीं सोचना चाहिए, बल्कि कुछ ऐसी चीजों की भी रक्षा करनी चाहिए, जो हम सबके लिए लाभप्रद हैं; जैसे वायु और जल प्रदूषण कम-से-कम करना, नए वृक्ष लगाकर और जंगलों की कटाई रोककर हरियाली बरकरार रखना ताकि पर्यावरण की रक्षा की जा सके।

(3) अन्य नागरिकों के प्रति भी हमारे कुछ दायित्व हैं। हमें अन्य लोगों के अधिकारों और स्वतंत्रताओं का सम्मान करना चाहिए तभी सभी को अधिकार प्राप्त होंगे।

(4) हमें ऐसा कुछ नहीं करना चाहिए जिससे देश की भावना आहत हो। हमारा हर कदम देशहित में बहुत सतर्कतापूर्ण और उचित स्वरूप का होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
सभी नागरिकों को समान अधिकार दिए तो जा सकते हैं लेकिन हो सकता है कि वे इन अधिकारों का प्रयोग समानता से न कर सकें। इस कथन की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त कथन पूर्णत: सही है। इस बात की पूरी संभावना है कि समान अधिकारों से युक्त नागरिक इन अधिकारों का प्रयोग आपस में समानता से नहीं करें। हमारे समाज में अमीर और गरीब दोनों वर्गों के लोग रहते हैं; जैसे मतदान करने एवं चुनाव लड़ने का अधिकार अमीर-गरीब सभी को संविधान के अनुसार समान रूप से दिया गया है, परन्तु क्या व्यवहार में गरीब व्यक्ति अमीर के समक्ष कभी चुनाव जीतने की हिम्मत जुटा सकता है?

इसी तरह क्या गरीब व्यक्ति अपने मताधिकार का प्रयोग अपनी इच्छानुसार कर सकता है? भारत में प्रायः चुनावों के समय हम प्रत्यक्ष रूप से यह सब देखते हैं। हाँ, यदि मताधिकार एवं चुनाव लड़ने के अधिकार का प्रयोग पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता, भयरहित एवं योग्यता के आधार पर किया जाए तो लोकतन्त्र वास्तव में अभिजन का नहीं, बल्कि आम जनता का शासन बन सकता है।

प्रश्न 3.
भारत में नागरिक अधिकारों के लिए हाल के वर्षों में किए गए किन्हीं दो संघर्षों पर टिप्पणी लिखिए। इन संघर्षों में किन अधिकारों की माँग की गई थी?
उत्तर:
वर्तमान नागरिकों को प्राप्त अधिकारों के पीछे आम जनता के द्वारा शक्तिशाली निरंकुश शासकों के विरुद्ध किए गए निरन्तर संघर्ष के परिणाम हैं। भारत में भी नागरिक अधिकारों के लिए अनेक संघर्ष एवं आन्दोलन हुए हैं जिनमें से दो प्रमुख आंदोलनों का उल्लेख संक्षेप में निम्नलिखित प्रकार से है

1. महिला आन्दोलन महिला आन्दोलन का मुख्य उद्देश्य अपनी जरूरतों की ओर ध्यान आकृष्ट कर जनमत में परिवर्तन करना तथा साथ ही समान अधिकार और अवसर सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सरकारी नीतियों को प्रभावित करना है। आज हर क्षेत्र में वे काफी सक्रिय हैं। लेकिन आज भी वे शोषण से वंचित नहीं हैं। उन्हें पुरुषों जैसा दर्जा नहीं दिया गया है।

उनके साथ मजदूरी में भी असमानता बरती जाती है। और तो और, लोकसभा और राज्यों की विधानसभाओं में उनका प्रतिनिधित्व पुरुषों की अपेक्षा बहुत ही कम है। आज की जागरूक महिलाएं अपने अधिकारों के प्रति काफी सतर्क हैं। वे सरकार में अपना प्रतिनिधित्व बढ़ाने की माँग कर रही हैं।

2. दलित आंदोलन-भारत में दलितों का शोषण प्राचीन समय से ही होता आ रहा है। आज भी उनकी स्थिति में बहुत अधिक सुधार नहीं हुआ। उन्होंने स्वयं को देश-समाज की मुख्य धारा में लाने के लिए आरक्षण की माँग की। इसके लिए उन्होंने संघर्ष किया। ‘मंडल आयोग’ के प्रावधान के अंतर्गत उनका संघर्ष बढ़ा। दलित अपने लिए समान सामाजिक और आर्थिक अधिकार भी चाहते हैं। क्योंकि जब तक उन्हें ये अधिकार नहीं दिए जाएँगे तब तक उनके राजनीतिक अधिकार का कोई अर्थ नहीं है।

प्रश्न 4.
शरणार्थियों की समस्याएँ क्या हैं? वैश्विक नागरिकता की अवधारणा किस प्रकार उनकी सहायता कर सकती है?
उत्तर:
शरणार्थी उन लोगों को कहा जाता है जो यद्ध, उत्पीडन, अकाल या अन्य कारणों से विस्थापित होते हैं। अगर कोई देश उन्हें स्वीकार करने को राजी नहीं होता और वे घर नहीं लौट सकते तो वे राज्यविहीन या शरणार्थी हो जाते हैं। जो प्रायः शिविरों में या अवैध प्रवासी के रूप में पड़ोसी देश में रहने को मजबूर होते हैं।

यद्यपि वे कानूनी तौर पर काम नहीं कर सकते या अपने बच्चों को पढ़ा-लिखा नहीं सकते या संपत्ति अर्जित नहीं कर सकते। क्योंकि ऐसे लोगों को कोई राष्ट्र अधिकारों की गारंटी नहीं देता। ऐसी स्थिति में वे आमतौर पर असुरक्षित हालत में जीवनयापन करने को मजबूर होते हैं। वैश्विक नागरिकता की अवधारणा ऐसे शरणार्थियों के लिए सहायक हो सकती है।

जिस विश्व में हम रह रहे हैं, वह आपस में जुड़ा हुआ है। आज कोई भी देश दूर नहीं है। विश्व नागरिकता की अवधारणा अपनाकर राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं के दोनों ओर की उन समस्याओं का मुकाबला आसानी से किया जा सकता है जिसमें कई देशों की सरकारों और लोगों की संयुक्त कार्रवाई जरूरी होती है; जैसे इससे प्रवासी और राज्यहीन लोगों (शरणार्थी) की समस्या का सर्वमान्य समाधान पाना आसान हो सकता है या कम-से-कम उनके बुनियादी अधिकार और सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित की जा सकती है चाहे वे जिस किसी देश में रहते हों।

प्रश्न 5.
देश के अंदर एक क्षेत्र से दूसरे क्षेत्र में लोगों के आप्रवासन का आमतौर पर स्थानीय लोग विरोध करते हैं। प्रवासी लोग स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था में क्या योगदान दे सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
अधिक संख्या में रोजगार बाहर के लोगों के हाथ में जाने के खिलाफ अकसर स्थानीय लोगों में प्रतिरोध की भावना पैदा हो जाती है। कुछ नौकरियों या कामों को राज्य के मूल निवासियों या स्थानीय भाषा को जानने वाले लोगों तक सीमित रखने की माँग उठती है लेकिन इसके अतिरिक्त प्रवासी लोग अपने श्रम से स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था में महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान भी देते हैं।

अन्य देशों के बीच ये फेरीवाले, छोटे व्यापारी, सफाई कर्मचारी या घरेलू नौकर, नल ठीक करने वाले या मिस्त्री होते हैं । झोपड़पट्टियों में रहने लोग बेंत बुनाई या कपड़ा रंगाई-छपाई या सिलाई जैसे छोटे कारोबार चलाते हैं। अपने ऐसे कार्यों से प्रवासी लोग अपने जीवनयापन के साथ-साथ स्थानीय लोगों की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करने में भी सहायक सिद्ध होते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
भारत जैसे समान नागरिकता देने वाले देशों में भी लोकतांत्रिक नागरिकता एक पूर्ण स्थापित तथ्य नहीं वरन एक परियोजना है। नागरिकता से जुड़े उन मुद्दों की चर्चा कीजिए जो आजकल भारत में उठाए जा रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
नागरिकता से जुड़े मुद्दे जो आजकल भारत में उठाए जा रहे हैं, वे निम्नलिखित हैं
(1) सभी नागरिकों को, चाहे वे अमीर या गरीब हों, कुछ बुनियादी अधिकार और न्यूनतम जीवन स्तर रोटी-कपड़ा और मकान आदि को गारंटी मिलनी ही चाहिए।

(2) झोपड़पट्टियों के निवासियों को सफाई, जलापूर्ति एवं बिजली जैसी सुविधाएं मुहैया होनी चाहिए, क्योंकि ये लोग अपने श्रम से स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था में महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान देते हैं।

(3) शहरी गरीबों की स्थिति में सुधार लाने की दिशा में सरकार का साथ स्वयंसेवी संगठन दे रहे हैं। फलस्वरूप फुटपाथी दुकानदारों के हितों की रक्षा के लिए सन् 2004 में उन्हें मान्यता और नियमन प्रदान किया गया।

(4) बढ़ती आबादी, जमीन और संसाधनों की कमी के दबाव के कारण आदिवासी और वनवासी लोगों की जीवन-पद्धति और आजीविका संकट में है। इन लोगों के रहवास की सुरक्षा भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण मुद्दा है।

(5) भारत में लम्बे समय से पड़ोसी देशों-पाकिस्तान, बांग्लादेश एवं अफगानिस्तान के हिन्दू, सिक्ख, ईसाई, जैन, पारसी आदि अल्पसंख्यक, शारीरिक एवं मानसिक शोषण के शिकार लोगों को नागरिकता एवं अधिकार प्रदान करने का मुद्दा भी समय-समय पर उठता रहा है जिसके दृष्टिगत सरकार द्वारा दिसम्बर, 2019 में संवैधानिक संशोधन कर ऐसे अवैध प्रवासियों को नागरिकता देने एवं उन्हें जीवनयापन के लिए अन्यों के समान अधिकार प्रदान करने का महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य किया गया है जो भारत की धर्मनिरपेक्षता के अनुरूप है।

नागरिकता HBSE 11th Class Political Science Notes

→ नागरिकता नागरिक की वह विशेषता है जो उसे उसके राज्य से सम्बन्धित करती है।

→ आदर्श नागरिकता आदर्श राज्य के लिए एक वरदान है। आदर्श नागरिकता स्नेह, सहयोग, त्याग तथा कर्त्तव्य पालन का दूसरा नाम है।

→ एक देश का विकास और उन्नति इस तथ्य पर निर्भर करती है कि उस देश के नागरिक किस सीमा तक बुद्धिमान्, चरित्रवान् और कर्त्तव्य-परायण हैं।

→ नागरिकता जहाँ राष्ट्र-प्रेम की भावना उत्पन्न करती है, वहाँ अन्तर्राष्ट्रवाद की भावना पर भी बल देती है।

→ एक आदर्श नागरिक अपने देश के लिए ही नहीं वरन् विश्व के लिए भी गौरव का पात्र है। प्रस्तुत अध्याय में हम नागरिक और नागरिकता से सम्बन्धित बातों का अध्ययन करेंगे।

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After

HBSE 8th Class History When People Rebel 1857 and After Textbook Questions and Answers

LETS RECALL

When People Rebel 1857 And After HBSE 8th Class Question 1.
What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?
Answer:
The demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British was that she wanted Company to recognise her adopted son as the heir to the kingdom after the death of her husband.

When People Rebel Class 8 HBSE 8th Class Question 2.
What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?
Answer:
Following were the steps that the British did to protect the interest of those who converted to Christianity:

After 1830, the Company allowed Christian missionaries to function freely in its domain and even own land and property.
In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier.

When People Rebel HBSE 8th Class Question 3.
What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?
Answer:
The sepoys had raised the following objections when they were asked to use new cartridges:
(i) The cartridges used for new rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. It is a great insult to the regions of Indian sepoys the Hindus as well as the Muslims.

(ii) It appeared to the Indian soldiers that the great aim of the English was to turn all the sepoys into Christians, and they had therefore introduced the cartridge in order to bring this about, since both Mohammedans and Hindus would be defied by using it.

When People Rebel 1857 And After Map HBSE 8th Class Question 4.
How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?
Answer:
The last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II (or Bahadur Shah Zafar) lived a miserable life in his last time. When the British captured Delhi in September 1857 A.D., Bahadur Shah left Lucknow, from there he continued his fight against the British. At last his sons along with some other rebels were captured by the English. His two sons and a grandson were shot dead before his old eyes. Their dead bodies were hanged at the Khooni Darwaja, Delhi to create terror among the rebels. Bahadur Shah himself was deported to Rangoon where he died in 1862 A.D. His last words were “Zafar was really unfortunate for he could not get six feet grave in the street of his beloved country.”

LETS DISCUSS

When People Rebel 1857 And After Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 5.
What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?
Answer:
The reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857 were :
(i) The Indian nawabs had gradually lost their power, authority and honour.

(ii) The British Governor-Generals posted their residents in several courts, the freedom of the rulers reduced, their armed forces disbanded and their revenue and territories taken away stage by stage.

(iii) The Company was confident of its military powers.

(iv) In 1856, Governor-General Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal king and after his death none of his descendent would be recognised as king. They would just be called prince.

When People Rebel Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 6.
What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion have in the people and the ruling families?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar’s decision to bless the rebellion changed the entire situation and it had the following impacts:
(i) People felt inspired and enthused. It gave them courage, hope and confidence to act.

(ii) Regiment after regiment mutinied and took off to join other troop at nodal points like Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.

(iii) Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the late Peshwa Baji Rao gathered armed forces and expelled the British garrision from the city. He declared himself that he was agovemor under Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.

(iv) Biijis Qadr, the son of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was made the new Nawab in Lucknow. He too acknowledged the suzerainty of Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Class 8 History Chapter 5 HBSE  Question 7.
How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?
Answer:
(i) The victories against the British had earlier encouraged rebellion, the defeat of rebel forces including landowners of Awadh encouraged desertions.

(ii) The British also tried their best to win back the loyalties of the people. They announced rewards for those who would remain faithful to them.

(iii) Then they crushed the revolt with a heavy hand.

(iv) The British military generals also tried to recapture those places which once felt to the rulers.

Question 8.
In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?
Answer:
The British had regained control of the country by the end of 1859, but they could not carry on ruling the land with the same policies any more. Following were the changes introduced by the British as a result of the rebellion of 1857:
(i) The British Parliament passed a new act in 1858 and transferred the powers of the East India Company to the British Crown in order to ensure a more responsible management of Indian affairs.

(ii) A member of the British Cabinet was appointed Secretary of State for India and made responsible for all matters related to the governance of India.

(iii) All ruling chief’s of the country were assured that their territory would never be annexed in future. They were allowed to pass on their kingdoms to their heirs, including adopted sons. However, they were made to acknowledge the British Queen as their sovereign paramount.

(iv) It was decided that the proportion of Indian soldiers in the army would be reduced and the number of European soldiers would be increased. It was also decided that instead of recruiting soldiers from Awadh, Bihar, Central India and South India, more soldiers would be recruited from among the Gurkhas, Sikhs and PathAnswer:

(v) The land and property of Muslims was confiscated on a large scale and they were treated with suspicion and hostility. The British decided to respect the customary religions and social practices of the people in India.

(vi) Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars and give them security of rights over their.

LETS DO

Question 9.
Find out stories and songs remembered by people in your area or your family about San Sattavan ki Ladaai. What memories do people cherish about the great uprising?
Answer:
(i) There are several stories about the brave works of some people during San Sattavan ki Ladaai.
“There was a Courtesan in Kanpur. He was linked to a Hindu Military Subedar who rebelled in 1857. When during the course of the revolt, the rebel Subedar fell to the bullets of the British, the Courtesan Azizun Nisa mobilised women to form a band of troops. She represented this band as its military Commander and participated in the war of independence with full vigour alongwith Begam Hazrat Mahal and Tantia Tope.”

(ii) Many of our eleder say that they came to know from their grandfather about the Hindu- Muslim unity during the war of independence of 1857. There was a Hindu priest, who did not allow even Hindu from lower castes to enter the temple premises. But, during the fight of 1857 several Muslim rebel soldiers found their shelter in his temple. He personally took care of these soldiers. He told that service to the motherland was superior to every thing. Even today people cherish about this incident in our area.

Question 10.
Find out more about Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. In what ways would she have been an unusual woman for her times?
Answer:
Rani Lakshnjibai of Jhansi : The Raja of Jhansi had been originally a vassal of the Peshwa. After the defeat of Baji Rao II, Lord Hastings in 1818 had concluded a treaty with the Raja on terms of‘subordinate co-operation’.

After the death of the Raja in 1835, the company recognised a grand-uncle, Raghunath Rao to succeed to the throne. After his death, his successor Gangadhar Rao was recognised as the ruler in 1838. But he died in November 1853 without leaving a male heir and the state was declared annexed by Lord Dalhousie. The claims of the adopted son were disregarded. So the Queen of Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai joined to revolt to protest against the annexation of Jhansi by the English.

When the Rani joined the revolt, General Sir Huge Rose attacked Jhansi in March 1858, but the brave Rani Lakshmibai kept the British General unnerved for quite sometime. When she found that she could not able to hold the English for a long time she appealed to Tantya Tope for help, which brought Tantya Tope rushing to Jhansi. But by the time he reached Jhansi her troops were severely defeated by the British on the banks of the river Betwa. Now the Rani had to hold on to her fortress above. The British also knew it would be difficult for them to enter into the fortress.

So the British resorted to deceit and treachery and bribed the guards to open the gates of the fortress. Even then the British was unable to capture the Rani who slipped out of the fort and reached Kalpi. Here she was joined by Tantya Tope the great general of Nana Sahib, who fled to Kalpi. Now the Rani of Jhansi and the great General Tantya Tope joined together and fought many wars with the British. While fighting they had to leave Kalpi. So they fell upon Gwalior with lightening speed and captured it. The ruler of Gwalior Jayaji Rao Sindhia was a dependent ruler of the British Company who was paying lots of tribute and he was also very loyal to the Company. Now the Company had the responsibility to protect their independent, i.e., the ruler of Gwalior.

A fierce battle was fought between the British and the revolutionaries under Rani Lakshmibai and Tantya Tope from June 11-18, 1858 A.D. Even though the Rani and Tantya Tope were able Generals, their personal valour was not at all a good match the resources at the command of the British. Gwalior was recaptured by the British in June 18,1858. The Rani of Jhansi died fighting clad in soldier’s uniform on the ramparts of the fort. Tantya Tope escaped southward. In April 1859 he was captured by one of the Sindhia’s feudatory, who handed him over to the British to be hanged on April 18, 1859.

Sir Huge Rose paid a tribute to the valour of Rani Lakshmibai by saying, “Lakshmibai was the bravest and the best of military leaders of the rebels.”

LETS IMAGINE

Imagine you are a British officer in Awadh during the rebellion. What would you do to keep your plans of fighting the rebels a top secret?
Answer:
I would have used a code word Kamal (Lotus) to convey about my future plans. I knew that Kamal was being used by the rebellion, just to create confusion in the minds of the Indians.

I used to wear Indian dress of the area. I would keep a large number of troops, judging their loyalty. I would have asked the Muslim soldiers to take an oath of Holy Quran of loyalty to the British and same oath by the Hindu soldiers, telling them to put their hands on Holy Bhagwat Gita.

I would have used all four tactics of Sam, Dam, Dand and Bhed to loyalty among the rebels of the Awadh. I would have send some loyal females to know future plan of the higher British officers.

The following table explains in brief the 1857 revolt in short:

HBSE 8th Class History When People Rebel 1857 and After Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why were the Indian sepoys in the employ of the Company were discontent with Company?
Answer:
The Indian sepoys in the employ of the Company were discontent because :
(a) They were unhappy about their pay, allowances and conditions of services.
(b) Some of the new rules violated their religious sensibilities and beliefs.

Question 2.
What was the law passed by the Company in 1856?
Answer:
In 1856, the Company passed a new law which stated that every new person who took up employment in the Company’s army had to agree to serve overseas if required.

Question 3.
How did the anger of the peasants quickly spread among the sepoys?
Answer:
The anger of the peasants quickly spread among the sepoys because many of them were peasants and had families living in the villages.

Question 4.
Why was Mangal Pandey hanged to death?
Answer:
Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking the officers in Barrackpore.

Question 5.
How did the Revolt of 1857 affect the position of the East India Company?
Answer:
The Company’s rule in India was abolished and the British Government began to rule their Indian empire directly.

Question 6.
What was the most responsible cause for the failure of the revolt against the British rule?
Answer:
The infighting and jealousy among the rulers was the most responsible cause for the failure of the revolt against the British rule.

Question 7.
Who was Mangal Pandey?
Answer:
Mangal Pandey was a brave soldier of the British military cantt. at Barrackpore. He was the first person who refused the loading of the new rifles with greased cartridges. Due to the reason he was killed by the Britisher.

Question 8.
On what ground was Awadh annexed.
Answer:
It was said that the territory Was misgoverned and the British rule was needed to ensure proper administration.

Question 9.
What was the impact of the British land policies on the sepoy?
Answer:
The sepoys were angry because many of them were peasants and had families in the villages.

Question 10.
Below are given the names of some rebel leaders. Name the place where they headed the rebellion. Ahmadullah Khan, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan.
Answer:
Ahmadullah Khan – Lucknow
Kunwar Singh – Bihar
Bakht Khan – Delhi

Question 11.
What major change was observed in ruling Indian territory after the revolt of 1857?
Answer:
After the revolt of 1857, the British Governement undertook direct responsibility for ruling India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What plan did the company make to bring and end to the Mughal dynasty?
Answer:
(i) In 1849, Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah, the family of the king will have to leave the Red Fort.

(ii) In 1856, Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last king. After his death none of his descendants would be recognised as king.

Question 2.
‘1857 Revolt was not a Sepoy Mutiny’. Comment.
Answer:
The sepoys had played an active role in 1857 revolt and they were the first to revolt against the rule of the East India Company. Still it cannot be called a sepoy mutiny since the revolt was not confined to them. Several other sections of the society had also taken part in the revolt.

Question 3.
How was the Revolt of 1857 suppressed by the British?
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 was suppressed by the British through many inhuman brutalities. Many rebels were hanged. Others were tied to the mouth of cannons and blown off. Several villages were razed and harvests destroyed by British army.

Question 4.
Why did the emerging middle class not support the rebels?
Answer:
The following were the reasons why the emerging middle class did not support the rebels :
(a) The middle class had emerged as a result of the British rule in India. It was their belief that only the British Government could modernise India after bringing social reforms in the society.

(b) The middle class was aware of its petty positions in the old type of kingdoms. The royal class always used to keep them oppressed. Hence this class did not take any interest in the revolt.

(c) The middle class was not sound economically and financially. The lack of sufficient resources made them keep away from the battle fields of the revolt.

Question 5.
What were the reforms made in the British army after the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
Reforms in the Army:
(a) There was a feeling that the Indian Army had been mainly responsible for the revolt, so it was thoroughly reorganised and built up on the policy of division and counterpoise.

(b) The British reduced the strength of the Indian sepoys and fixed up the ratio as two sepoys to one European soldier.

(c) The discipline in the army was improved. The Company army was dissolved and all the army men became the servants of the Crown directly.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the Company plan to bring the Mughal dynasty to an end?
Answer:
The Company took the following steps to bring the Mughal dynasty to an end :
(i) The name of the Mughal king was removed from the coins minted by the Company.

(ii) In 1849, Governor General Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the family of the king would be shifted out of the Red Fort and given another place in Delhi to reside in.

(iii) In 1856, Governor General Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be last Mughal king and after his death none of his descendents would be recognised as kings-they would just be called prines.

Question 2.
What were the main causes of failure of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The main causes that were responsible for the failure of Revolt of 1857 were :
(а) The revolt was not widespread. Sindh, Rajputana, Kashmir, East Bengal and most of the Punjab did not take part in it.

(b) The Sikh, Rajput and Gorkha battalions remained loyal and helped the British to suppress the revolt.

(c) There was no unity and common ideals among the revolutionaries. The Hindus wanted to set up a Maratha rule while the Muslims wanted to revive the Mughal kingdom.

(d) The revolutionaries had no common plan of action.

(e) The British could gather immense resources and weapons to suppress the sheer bravery and courage of the sepoys.

(f) The revolt broke out prematurely with incomplete preparations.

(g) The British adopted the policy of‘Divide and Rile’ and prevented most of the Indian rulers to join together for a common cause.

Question 3.
What reforms were made by the British in the Indian society? How did Indians see these laws?
Answer:
1. (i) Laws were passed to stop the practice of sati and to encourage the remarriage of windows,
(ii) English-language education was actively promoted
(iii) The Company allowed Christian missionaries to function freely in its domain and even own land and property
(iv) Laws were passed for easy conversion to Christianity. Those who converted to Christianity could now inherit ancestral property.

2. Many people felt that British were destroying their religions, social customs and traditional ways of life.

MAP TIME

Question 1.
On an outline map of India show the main centres of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:

When People Rebel 1857 and After Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Mutiny : When soliders as a group disobey their officers in the army.
• Firangis-Foreigners : The term reflects an attitude of contempt.
• Cartridge : Case containing bullets.
• Infantry : Soldiers who fight on foot.
• Sepoy : An Indian soldier in the Company army.
• Taluqdars: Petty landowners.
• Jihad : Holy war (or crusade) by Muslim religious leaders.
• Polygamy : System of having more than one wife.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

HBSE 8th Class History Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Textbook Questions and Answers

LETS RECALL

Tribals Dikus And The Vision Of A Golden Age Solutions HBSE 8th Class Question 1.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The British described the tribal people as __________.
(b) The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation in India is known as __________.
(c) The tribal chiefs got __________ titles in central India under the British land settlements.
(d) Tribals went to work in the __________ of Assam and the in Bihar.
Answer:
(a) wild nomads, shifting cultivators.
(b) shifting cultivation.
(c) Sirdars (leaders).
(d) tea gardens, indigo plantations.

Tribals Dikus And The Vision Of A Golden Age Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 2.
State whether true or false:
(a) Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds.
(b) Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the I purchase.
(c) Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
(d) The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False.

LETS DISCUSS

Tribals, Dikus And The Vision Of A Golden Age Question Answer HBSE 8th Class
Question 3.
What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?
Answer:
The problems faced by shifting cultivators under British rule were:

• They had to give up their traditional way of life.
• They had to practise settled plough cultivation which was not easy.
• They had to face the scarcity of water and the dry soil. Their land was measured, the rights of each individual to that land were defined.
• The revenue demand for the state was fixed.

Question 4.
How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?
Answer:
Following were the changes in the powers of tribal chiefs under colonial rule :
(i) They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent out lands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India.

(ii) They also had to pay tribute to the British.

(iii) They had to discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British.

(iv) They were unable to fulfil their traditional functions.

Question 5.
What accounts for the anger of the tribals against the dikus?
Answer:
Many factors, policies and treatments of the British officials, self merchants, traders and dishonest moneylenders accounted for the anger of the tribals against the dikus : ‘
(i) As the British took over large tracts of land cultivated by the tribals in order to grow cash crops such as poppy, jute and indigo, the landless tribals were forced to become labourers. They had to work at a very low wages.

(ii) They were badly exploited by crafty and dishonest moneylenders. The rate of interest on the loans on illiterate tribals varied from 50% to unbelievable 500%.

(iii) In fact, moneylenders and other introducers acted as agents of the tribals were brought with in the influence and the control of colonial economy.

Question 6.
What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age ? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?
Answer:
(1) Birsa’s vision of a golden age was:

• When the Mundas had been free of the oppression of dikus.
• When the ancestral right of the community would be restored.

(2) They saw themselves as the descendents of the original settlers of the region, fighting for their land, reminding people of the need to win back their kingdom. I think such a vision appealed to the people of the region because it reminded them of a golden age in the past when Mundas lived a good life, constructed embankments, tapped natural springs, planted trees and orchards, practised cultivation to earn their living. They could now again live a life of brothers and relatives.

Question 7.
Choose any tribal group living in India today. Find out about their customs and way of life.
Answer:
The Santhal Rebellion: The Santhals migrated from Birbhun, Bankura, Hazaribagh and Rohtas to settle in present day Jharkhand. They considered themselves to be the natural owners of the land.

Causes of the Rebellion:

• The introduction of the Permanent Settlement in 1793 changes all this.
• Some moneylenders also made their presence feel.
• Santhals resented the activities of the missionaries and looked upon them as encroachers.

Events : On the 30 June, 1855, a large number of Santhals assembled in a field in the Bhagnadihi village of Santhal Parganas. They declared themselves free and took oath under the leadership of Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu to fight unto the last against the British rulers as well as their agents. The Santhal struggle, however, did not come to an end in vain. It had a long lasting impact.

LETS IMAGINE

Question 8.
Imagine you are a jhum cultivator living in a forest village in the nineteenth century. You have just been told that the land you were born on no longer belongs to you. In a meeting with British officials you try to explain the kinds of problems you face. What would you say?
Answer:
We will try to explain the British officials the following kinds of problems:
(i) We are lovers of nature and natural surroundings.

(ii) We subsist on forest and on the local resources. If you will take away our natural right on the forest, water and the land we will be unable to procure our basic needs. Our economic activities like hunting, food gathering, fishing, cattle breeding, axes cultivation and plough cultivation will be disturbed.

HBSE 8th Class History Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What kind of miraculous powers was Birsa believed to have?
Answer:
Birsa believed to have miraculous powers, he could cure all diseases and multiply grains.

Question 2.
Who were called dikus?
Answer:
The outsiders were called dikus by the tribes.

Question 3.
Who were the Khonds?
Answer:
The Khonds were a community living in the forests of Orissa.

Question 4.
When did the local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds?
Answer:
The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of Kusum and Palash flowers to colour their clothes and leather.

Question 5.
How did the forest people obtain things that they did not produce in the forests?
Answer:
They mostly exhanged goods to fulfil their need of things they did not produce.

Question 6.
Why did the tribal groups become dependent on traders and moneylenders?
Answer:
The tribal groups became dependent on traders and moneylenders because they often needed to buy and sell in order to be able to get the goods that were not produced with in the locality.

Question 7.
Why were the land settlements introduced by the British?
Answer:
The British introduced land settlements-that is they measured the land, defined the rights of each individual to the land and fixed the revenue demand for the state.

Question 8.
Where were the shifting cultivators found?
Answer:
Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and Central India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
For the tribals, market and commerce often meant debt and poverty. Do you agree?
Answer:
Tribal groups needed to buy and sell goods in order to be able to get the goods that were not produced within the locality. Traders came around with things for sale, and sold the goods at high prices. Moneylenders gave loans with which the tribals met their cash needs, according to what they earned. But the interest charged on the loans was usually very high. So for the tribals, market and commerce often met debt and poverty.

Question 2.
Why were forest villages established?
Answer:
Forest villages were established to ensure a regular supply of cheap labour. Colonial officials had decided that they would give jhum cultivators small patches of land in the forests and allow them to cultivate these on the condition that those who lived in the village would have to provide labour to the Forest Department and look after the forests.

Question 3.
What was the trading relationship between the Santhals and the silk traders?
Answer:
The traders dealing in silk sent in their agents who gave loans to the tribal people called Santhals and collected the cocoons. The growers were paid?13,?” 4 for a thousand cocoons. These were then exported to Burdwan or Gaya where they were sold at five times the price. Many tribal groups saw the market and the traders as their main enemies.

Question 4.
What steps were taken by Birsa to reform tribal society?
Answer:
Birsa’s movement was aimed at reforming tribal society.

• He urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor.
• He asked them to clean their villages.
• He asked them to stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
• He also turned against missionaries and Hindu landlords. He saw them as outside forces that were ruining the Munda way of life.

Question 5.
How did the Birsa Movement spread?
Answer:

• In 1895, Birsa urged the followers to recover their glorious past and this attracted people towards the movement.
• After being released in 1897, he began touring the villages to gather support.
• He used traditional symbols and language to rouse people, urging them to destroy “Ravane” (dikus and the Europeans) and establishing a kingdom under his leadership.

Question 6.
What actions were taken by the followers of Birsa Movement against the British?
Answer:

• Birsa’s followers began targeting the symbols of diku and European power.
• They attacked police stations and churches.
• They raided the property of money-lenders and zamindars.
• They raised the white flag as a symbol of Birsa Raj.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
From where did the forest people get their supplies of rice and other grains?
Answer:
The following were the ways in which the forest people got their supplies of rice and other grains :

• They exchanged goods – getting what they needed in return for their valuable forest produces.
• Sometimes, they bought goods with the small amount of earnings they had.
• Some of them did odd jobs in the villages, carrying loads or building roads.
• Some others laboured in the fields of peasants and farmers.
• When supplies of forest produce shrank, tribal people had to increasingly wander around in search of work as labourers.

Question 2.
How did the tribal groups live in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
1. Some were Jhum cultivators :
(a) Jhum cultivation was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. They burnt the vegetation in the land to clear it for cultivation.
→ They spread the ash of burnt vegetation, which contained potash, to fertilise the soil. They cultivated on that soil and once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field.

2. Some were hunters and gatherers : Some tribal groups, for example, the Khonds lived by hunting animals and gathering forest produce. The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of kusum and palash flowers to colour their clothes and leather.

3. Some herded animals : Many tribal groups like pastoralists lived by herding and rearing animals. When the grass in one place was exhausted, they moved to another area.

4. Some took to settled cultivation : Many tribal groups had begun settling down even before the nineteenth century and cultivating their fields in one place year after year, instead of moving from place-to-place.

Question 3.
In what ways was the Birsa movement important?
Answer:
This movement was important in the following two ways:
(i) It forced the colonial government to intorduce land laws in favour of the tribal people so that the dikus could not easily take over tribal lands.

(ii) It showed once again that the tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice. They were able to express their anger against the exploitative and oppressive colonial rule.

Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Fallow : A field left uncultivated for a while so that soil recovers its fertililty.
• Sal: A tree of Indian forests.
• Mahua : A flower that is eaten or used to make alcohol.
• Bewar: A term used in Madhya Pradesh for shifting cultivation.
• Sleeper: The horizontal planks of wood on which railway lines are laid.
• Vaishnav : Worshippers of Vishnu.
• Mundas : A tribal group that lived in Chhotanagpur region of Jharkhand
• Jhum: Shifting cultivation.
• Begar : Forced labour.
• Ulugan : Movement by the Mundas.
• Dikus: Outsiders.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital

HBSE 8th Class History Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Textbook Questions and Answers

LETS RECALL

Colonialism And The City The Story Of An Imperial Capital HBSE 8th Class Question 1.
State whether true or false :
(a) In the Western world, modern cities grew with industrialisation.
(b) Surat and Machlipatnam developed in the nineteenth century.
(c) In the twentieth century, the majority of Indians lived in cities.
(d) After 1857 no worship was allowed in the Jama Masjid for five years.
(e) More money was spent on cleaning Old Delhi than New Delhi.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) True
(c) False.

Class 8 Chapter 6 HBSE Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The first structure to successfully use the dome was called the __________.
(b) The two architects who designed New Delhi and Shahjahanabad were __________ and __________.
(c) The British saw overcrowded spaces as __________.
(d) In 1888 an extension scheme called the __________ was devised.
Answer:
(a) minar
(b) Edward Lutyens, Henry Baker
(c) black areas
(d) Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme

Class 8 History Chapter 6 Colonialism And The City Question Answer HBSE Question 3.
Identify three differences in the city design of New Delhi and Shahjahanabad.
Answer:

Colonialism And The City HBSE 8th Class Question 4.
Who lived in the “White” areas in cities such as Madras?
Answer:
British and Europeans lived in the “White” areas in cities (Bombay and Calcutta also) such as Madras (now Chennai).

LETS DISCUSS

Question 5.
What is meant by de-urbanisation?
Answer:
Decline and decay of the cities is called deurbanisation. For example, in the late eighteenth century, many towns manufacturing specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. Also, earlier centres of regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged.

Question 6.
Why did the British choose to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi although it was not the capital?
Answer:
Following causes were responsible to choose by the British to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi although it was not the capital of the British India:
(a) The British were fully aware of the symbolic importance of Delhi. During the Revolt of 1857, the British had realised that the Mughal emperor was still important to the people and they saw him as their leader. It was, therefore, important to celebrate British power with pomp and show in the city, the Mughal emperors had earlier ruled.

(b) In 1911, when King George V was crowned in England, a Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the occasion. The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced at this Durbar.

Question 7.
How did the Old City of Delhi change under British rule?
Answer:

• Delhi was captured by the British in 1803 after defeating the Marathas. The modern city of Delhi developed after 1911, when it became the capital of British India. .
• When the British recaptured Delhi in September 1857, they ravaged and plundered the whole city.
• The area around the Red Fort was, completely cleared for security purpose.
• The gardens of the royal palace were shut down.
• Several places were razed and barracks were built in their place for the British troops to stay.
• The Zinat-al-Masjid was converted into a bakery.
• One-third of the monuments in Delhi were demolished and the canals were filled up.
• Railway tracks were laid down, and thus, the city expanded beyond the huge walls.

Question 8.
How did the partition affect life in Delhi?
Answer:
The following changes could be seen in Delhi after Partition:
(i) As a result of Partition of India in 1947, there was a mass transfer of people from both India and Pakistan. It resulted in an increase in population of Delhi, change of job and culture of the city and its people.

(ii) The riots followed the partition, thousands of people in Delhi were killed, their homes looted and burned.

(iii) The refugees who came from Pakistan occupied the empty houses of Shahjahanabad. Many refugees came to Delhi from Punjab.

(iv) As most of the migrants were from Punjab, the Urdu based culture of Delhi was replaced by the new culture of Punjab and other native places of migrants.

(v) New shops and stalls were set-up to meet the demands. New colonies of Lajpat Nagar and Tilak Nagar were formed at this time.

(vi) Old Delhi also witnessed the extinction of Havelis.

LETS DO

Question 9.
Find out the history of the town you live in or any town nearby. Check when and how it grew, and how it has changed over the years. You could look at the history of the bazaars, the buildings, cultural institutions and settlements.
Answer:
I am Shivaji Dhawle. I am living in Mumbai (previously called Bombay). I am giving the brief history and stages of its development below:

Architecture in Bombay:
(а) Joining of islands: Bombay was initially seven islands. As the population grew, the island were joined to create more space and the gradually changed into one big city. Bombay was the commercial capital of colonial India. As the premier part on the western coast it was the centre of international trade.

(b) As Bombay’s economy grew, from the mid¬nineteenth century there was a need to expand railways and shipping and develop the administrative structure. Many new buildings, were constructed at this time. These buildings reflected the culture and confidence of the rulers.

(c) As a trade centre : By the end of the nineteenth century, half the imports and exports of India passed through Bombay. One important item of this trade was opium that the East India Company exported to China. Indian merchants and middlemen supplied and participated in this trade and they helped integrate.

(d) Bombay’s economy directly to Malwa, Rajasthan and Sind where opium was grown. This collaboration with the Company was profitable and led to the growth of an Indian capitalist class. Bombay’s capitalists came from diverse communities such as Parsi, Marwari, Konkani Muslim, Gujarati Bania, Bohra, Jew and Armenian.

(e) Style of Architecture of Buildings : The architectural style was usually European. This importation of European styles reflected the imperial vision in several ways. First, it expressed the British desire to create a familiar landscape in an alien country, and thus to feel at home in the colony. Second, the British felt that European styles would best symbolise their superiority, authority and power.

(f) Initially, these buildings were at odds with the traditional Indian buildings. Gradually, Indians too got used to European architecture and made it their own. The British in turn adapted some Indian styles to suit their needs.

(g) For public buildings three broad architectural styles were used. Two of these were direct imports from fashions prevalent in England. The first was called neo-classical or the new classical. Its characteristics included construction of geometrical structures fronted with lofty pillars. It was derived from a style that was originally typical of buildings in ancient Rome.

(h) Another style that was extensively used was the neo-Gothic, characterised by high-pitched roofs, pointed arches and detailed decoration. The Gothic style had its roots in buildings, especially churches, build in northern Europe during the medieval period. Indians gave money for some of these buildings. The University Hall was made with money donated by Sir Cowasjee Jehangir, a rich Parsi merchant.

(i) Towards the beginning of the twentieth century, a new hybrid architectural style developed which combined the Indian with the European. This was called Indo-Saracenic. “Indo” was shorthand for Hindu and “Saracen” was a term European used to designate Muslim.

(j) In the more “Indian” localities of Bombay traditional styles of decoration and building predominated. The lack of space in the city and crowding led to a type of building unique to Bombay, the chawl, the multi-storeyed single-room apartments with long open corridors built around a courtyard. v.
Or
I am S. Karunanidhi. I am living at Chennai (previously called Madras). A brief history of it and stages of development are given below:
(a) Coming of the English on East Coast: The Company had first set up its trading activities in the well-established port of Surat on the west coast. Subsequently the search for textiles brought British merchants to the east coast.

(b) Purchase of land for city of Madras: In 1639 they constructed a trading post in Madraspatam. This settlement was locally known as Chenapattanam. The Company had purchased the right of settlement from the local Telugu lords, the Nayaks of Kalahasti, who were eager to support trading activity in the region.

(c) Fortification of Madras and its results: Rivalry (1746-63) with the French East India Company led the British to fortify Madras and give their representatives increased political and administrative functions. With the defeat of the French in 1761, Madras become more secure and began to grow into an important commercial town. It was here that the superiority of the British and the subordinate position of the Indian merchants was most apparent.

(d) White Towns within Madras : Fort St. George became the nucleus of the White Town where most of the Europeans lived. Walls and bastions made this a distinct enclave. Colour and religion determined who was allowed to live within the fort. The Company did not permit any marriages with IndiAnswer: Other than the English, the Dutch and Portuguese were allowed to stay here because they were European and ChristiAnswer: The administrative and the judicial systems also favoured the white population. Despite being few in number the Europeans were the rulers and the development of Madras followed the needs and convenience of the minority whites in the town.

(e) Black Towns within Madras : The Black Town developed outside the Fort. It was laid out in straight lines, a characteristic of colonial towns. It was, however, demolished in the mid-1700s and the area was cleared for a security zone around the Fort. A new Black Town developed further to the north. This housed weavers, artisans, middlemen and interpreters who played a vital role in the Company’s trade.

(f) Collection of taxtation and information : For a long while they were suspicious of census operations and believed that enquiries were being conducted to impose new taxes. Upper-caste people were also unwilling to give any information regarding the women of their household. Women were supposed to remain secluded within the interior of the household and not subjected to public gaze or public enquiry.

(g) Wrong information of census officials by the hawkers and small traders: Census officials also found that people were claiming identities that they associated with higher status. For instance there were people in towns who were hawkers and went selling small articles during some seasons, while in other seasons they earned their livelihood through manual labour. Such people often told the census enumerators that they were traders, not labourers, for they regarded trade as a more respectable activity.

(h) Wrong information regarding death and illness: Similarly, the figures of mortality and disease were difficult to collect, for all deaths were not registered, and illness was not always reported, nor treated by licensed doctors. How then could cases of illness or death be accurately calculated?

Question 10.
Make a list of at least ten occupations in the city, town or village to which you belong, and find out how long they have existed. What does this tell you about the change within this area?
Answer:
List of ten occupations of a village or town:

• Agriculture
• Carpentry
• Jewellery-making
• Teaching
• Medicine and surgery
• Rearing of animals
• Blacksmith
• Trade
• Textile-designing
• Interior- decoration.

(а) Agriculture : Agriculture is the oldest occupation in the villages. The farming methods have been changed from traditional to modern. The new and improved irrigation methods, use of manures, fertilizers have been introduced.

(b) Wood-work : The latest tools, implements and machines are being used which has improved the standard of living of carpenters.

(c) Jewellery-making: Though the people have been using jewellery since ancient times, there have been drastic changes in the designs of jewellery.

(d) Teaching: The latest methods of teaching with the use of computers, CDs are being used.

(e) Medicine and surgery : Though, the patients are being treated since old, there have been advancements in this field which has reduced the death rate.

(f) Rearing of animals : The dairy farms have been developed which have electric- fittings for cattle provide them facilities.

(g) Blacksmith : With the help of latest technology, all types of grills, windows, iron-rods are being prepared, according to the needs of customers.

(h) Trade : Traders are using greater use of services like banking, transport and modern methods of business management.

(i) Textile-designing: From the traditional methods of weaving and spinning the latest methods of machine looms have increased both the quantity and quality of textile.

(j) Interior-decoration : This is the emerging field in the area of occupations. The houses are designed in still manner taking care of safety measures.

LETS IMAGINE

Imagine that you are a young man living in Shahjahanabad in 1700. Based on the description of the area in this chapter write an account of your activities during one day of your life.
Answer:
I am directed to suppose and to do the writing work as instructed in the activity work – Let’s imagine. I am a youngman of twenty years, living in Shahjahanabad in 1700.
1. Aurangzeb is our Emperor. Shahjahanabad is the capital town of the Mughal empire. It is also a trade centre.

2. I used to go to Jama Masjid daily to offer my prayer to Allah, at least two times a day. I had to go to colourful world of poetry and dance alone because it was allowed only by men. Women are not allowed to visit colourful world of poetry and dance. I had to avoid celebrations and processions because generally these led to serious conflicts. I generally enjoy Urdu/ Persian culture and poetry and participated in local festivals. I used to go five times daily to offer Namaz in Jama Masjid.

As a resident of the old city, we use to get fresh drinking water to our homes. There is an excellent drainage system also. I live in a haveli, which housed many families.

HBSE 8th Class History Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the famous poet Ghalib describe the ransacking of Delhi in 1857 ?
Answer:
Ghalib said “when the angry lions (the British) entered the town, they killed the helpless and burned houses. Hordes, of men and women, commoners and noblemen, poured out of Delhi from the three gates and took shelters in small communities and tombs outside the city.”

Question 2.
What is an imperial capital?
Answer:
Political centre (or capital) used as a central point of political activities, administration and control by any imperial power (or country) is called imperial capital. For example, (Approx, from 1757 to 1911) Calcutta was imperial capital of British India. Delhi was made imperial capital after the Royal Durbar of 1911.

Question 3.
What happened to the Delhi College in 1877?
Answer:
The Delhi College was turned into a school and shut down in 1877.

Question 4.
When was the decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi announced?
Answer:
The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced in 1911.

Question 5.
Why did the importance of Machli- patnam decline in the 17th century?
Answer:
Machlipatnam developed as an important town in the 17th century. Its importance declined by the.late 18th century as trade shifted to the new British ports of Bom bay, Madras and Calcutta.

Question 6.
What were ‘Havelis’?
Answer:
The grand mansions where the Mughal aristocracy lived in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were called Havelis.

Question 7.
Why did ‘Havelis’ begin to decline?
Answer:
Many of the Mughal amirs were unable to maintain.

Question 8.
Name the three presidency cities of India.
Answer:
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

Question 9.
When did the British gain control of Delhi?
Answer:
The Britsh gained control of Delhi in 1803 after defeating the Marathas.

Question 10.
When was Delhi made the Capital of India?
Answer:
In 1911.

Question 11.
Why were the western walls of Shahjahanabad broken in 1870s?
Answer:
To establish the railway and to allow the city of expand beyond the walls.

Question 12.
What was the design of streets in the Lahore Gate improvement scheme?
Answer:
The streets followed the grid pattern and were of identical width, size and character.

Question 13.
When was the Delhi improvement trust set-up?
Answer:
In 1936.

Question 14.
What did the British do to make Delhi forget the Mughal past?
Answer:
They completely cleaned the area around the fort – Gardens, pavilions, mosques were either demolished or used for other purpose.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What steps were taken by British so that Delhi forgets its Mughal Past?
Answer:
The following steps were taken by the British so that Delhi forgets its Mughal Past:
(a) The area around the Fort was completely cleared of gardens, pavilions and mosques.
(b) Mosques were either destroyed or put to other uses. For instance, the Zinat- al-Masjid was converted into a bakery.
(c) No worship was allowed in Jama Masjid for five years.

Question 2.
How many ‘Delhis’ were there before New Delhi? What were its features related with common political role and geographical location?
Answer:
(a) Delhi has been a capital for more than a 1000 years, although with some gaps.

(b) As many as 14 capital cities were founded in a small area of about 60 square miles on the left bank of the river Jamuna (or Yamuna).

(c) The remaining of all other capital may be seen on a visit to modern city state of Delhi.

(d) The most splendid capital of all was built by the great Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Shahjahanabad was constructed in 1639. It consisted of a fort-palace (Red Fort) complex and the city adjoining.

Question 3.
Write three positive features of Shahjahanabad or Old Delhi.
Answer:
Shahjahanabad was the most splendid capital whose construction began in 1639. Its positive features were :
(а) The main streets of Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar were broad enough for royal processions to pass.

(b) It was also an important centre of Sufi culture. It had several dargahs, khanqahs and idgahs.

(c) Open squares, winding lanes, quiet cul- de-sacs and water channels were the pride of Delhi’s residents. No wonder the poet Mir Taqi Mir said, “The streets of Delhi aren’t mere streets : they are like the album of a painter.”

Question 4.
What were the negative features of living-style in Old Delhi?
Answer:
The following were the negative features of living-style in Old Delhi :
(a) Old Delhi was no ideal city and its delights were enjoyed only by some. There were sharp division between rich and poor.

(b) Havelis or mansions were interspersed with the far more numerous mud houses for the poor.

(c) The colourful world of poetry and dance was usually enjoyed only by men.

(d) Celebrations and processions often led to serious conflicts.

Question 5.
What was the idea behind the extension scheme called the Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme ?
Answer:
Lahore Gate improvement scheme was planned by Robert Clarke which pMnned:

• To draw residents away from the Old City to a new type of market square around which shops would be built.
• Streets in this redevelopment strictly followed the grid pattern, and were of identical width, size and character.
• Land was divided into regular areas for the construction of neighbourhoods.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the features of the new urban centres built by the British?
Answer:

• Many of the new urban centres like Calcutta and Madras developed around forts.
• The new cities had broad roads and large and imposing public buildings like government offices, public libraries, museum and town halls.
• Most of the British in India lived outside the old walled town where the Indians lived. The areas where the
• Indians lived were generally crowded and conditions were often unhygienic.
• The part of the city where the British lived was generally divided into the civil lines and the military cantonment.

Question 2.
What were the main features of the colonial bungalow?
Answer:

• It was a large single-storeyed structure with a pitched-roof, and usually set in one or two areas of open ground.
• It had separate living and dining rooms and bedrooms.
• It had a wide veranda running in the front, and sometimes on three sides.
• Kitchens, stables and servants quarters were in separate apace from the main house.
• The house was run by dozens of servants.
• The women of the household often sat on the verandas to supervise tailors or other tradesmen.

Question 3.
Discuss the features of new buildings made by the British in New Delhi.
Answer:
(i) The features of these buildings were borrowed from different periods of India’s imperial history. But, the overall look of these government buildings was like classical Greece.

(ii) The central dome of the Viceroy’s palace was copied from the Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi.

(iii) The red sandstones and carved screens of Jalis were borrowed from Mughal architecture.

(iv) The assert the British importance, the Viceroy’s palace was built at a place higher than that of Shah Jahan’s Jama Masjid.

Question 4.
Discuss the features of colonial bungalow.
Answer:

• These bungalows were meant for one nuclear family.
• The colonial bungalow was a large single storeyed structure usually set in one or two acres of open ground.
• It had separate living rooms, diningrooms and bedrooms.
• It had a wide veranda running in the front and sometimes on three sides.
• Kitchens, stables and servant’s quarters were in a separate space from the main house.

Source-Based Questions

Source 1
“Dillijo ek shahr tha alam mein intikhab… ”
By 1739, Delhi had been sacked by Nadir Shah and plundered many times. Expressing the sorrow of those who witnessed the decline of the city, the eighteenth-century Urdu poet Mir Taqi Mir, said :

Dilli jo ek shahr tha alam mein intikhab,… Ham rahnewale hain usi ujre dayar ke (7 belong to the same ruined territory of Delhi, which was once a supreme city in the world)

Read the source given above and answer the following questions:
Question 1.
Who was Nadir Shah ? Who was the Mughal ruler when he plundered Delhi?
Answer:
Nadir Shah was an invader, who attacked India and its capital Delhi in 1739. He plundered Hindustan and Delhi for many days. At that time Mohammad Shah was the Mughal ruler.

Question 2.
How did the poet express his sorrow about the imperial capital of India?
Answer:
Poet Mir Taqi Mir said that we are living in the decayed, destroyed and declined city of India. No doubt once Delhi was a supreme city in the world, but it had been changed in ruins by Nadir Shah in 1739.

Source 2
“There was once a city of this name”
Ghalib lamented the changes that were occurring and wrote sadly about the past that was lost. He wrote :
What can I write? The life of Delhi depends on the Fort, Chandni Chowk, the daily gatherings at the Jamuna Bridge and the Annual Gulfaroshan. When all these … things are no longer there, how can Delhi live? Yes, there was once a city of this name in the dominions of India.

Read the source given above and answer the following questions:
Question 1.
What changes are talked about in the source above?
Answer:
The changes in the life of Delhi are talked about in the source.

Question 2.
Who has lamented such changes?
Answer:
Ghalib.

Question 3.
What is Gulfaroshan?
Answer:
A festival of flowers.

Question 4.
What tilings could no longer be seen in Delhi?
Answer:
The things like Chandni Chowk, the daily gatherings at the Jamuna Bridge, and the Annual Gulfaroshan could no longer be seen in Delhi.

Source 3
The vision of New Delhi This is how Viceroy Hardinge explained the choice of Delhi as capital :
The change would strike the imagination of the people of India …. and would be accepted by all as the assertion of an unfaltering determination to maintain British rule in India.
The architect Herbert Baker believed :
The New Capital must be the sculptural monument of the good government and unity which India, for the first time in its history, has enjoyed under British rule. British rule in India is not a mere veneer of government and culture. It is a new civilisation in growth, a blend of the best elements of East and West….
It is to this great fact that the architec-ture of Delhi should bear testimony.
(2 October 1912)
Read the source given above and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Who believed that the choice of New Delhi as capital was a determin¬ation to maintain British rule in India?
Answer:
Viceroy Hardinge.

Question 2.
Who was architect of New Delhi?
Answer:
Herbert Baker.

Question 3.
Write the good points that the architect of New Delhi believed about it.
Answer:
(a) The New Delhi must be the creator of monument of the good government, i.e. the British Government in India.

(b) India would feel united as a nation, for the first time under the British rule.

Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Presidency: For administrative purposes, colonial India was divided into three “Presidencies” (Bombay, Madras and Bengal), which developed from the East India Company’s “factories” (tradingposts) at Surat, Madras and Calcutta.
• Urbanisation : The process by which more and more people begin to reside in towns and cities.
• Dargah : The tomb of a Sufi saint.
• Khanqah : A sufi lodge, often used as a rest house for travellers and a place where people come to discuss spiritual matters, get the blessings of saints, and hear sufi music.
• Idgah : An open prayer place of Muslims primarily meant for Id prayers.
• Cul-de-sac : Street with a dead end.
• Gulfaroshan : A festival of flowers.
• Renaissance: Literally, rebirth of art and learning. It is a term often used to describe a time when there is great creative activity.
• Amir : A nobleman.

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