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Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

• The activities which are undertaken with the objective to earn money are called Economic activities.
• Some of these activities produce goods and others produce services.
• Activities are classified in various groups which are known as sectors.
• Major sectors of economic activities are-
  1. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sector
  2. Organised and Unorganised Sector
  3. Public and Private Sector.

Chapter 2 Economics Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors

• When we produce some goods by exploiting natural resources, it is called an activity of the primary sector. For example- cotton cultivation, dairy products, fishing, forestry, mining, etc.
• Primary sector is also called agriculture and related sector.
• Secondary sector covers all activities, in which, natural products are changed into other forms, through ways of manufacturing, that we associate with industrial activity, e.g. getting cotton fibre from the plant, spin yarn and weave cloth, making sugar or gur from sugar cane.
• It is also called industrial sector.
• Tertiary sector is different from the above two. These are activities that help in the development of primary and secondary sector, e.g. transport, storage, banking, communication, business etc.
• Tertiary sector is also called service sector. It includes some essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods. For example, teachers, lawyers, doctors, washermen, barbers etc.
• Computer and information technology such as software, industry, internet cafe, ATM booths call centres.

Class 10th Economics Chapter 2 Notes HBSE

→ Comparing the Three Sectors

• The various production activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, produce a large number of goods and services and employ a large number of people.
• Goods and services are of two types –
  (i) Final Goods and Services
  (ii) Intermediate Goods and Services.
• Final Goods and services are directly consumed by the consumers and are not meant for futher production or processing.
• Intermediate Goods and services are used for further production or processing.
• The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is the sum of the value of all final goods and services produced in all the three sectors in a particular year.
• It shows the total production in a country.
• The task of estimating the GDP in India is undertaken by the Central Government Ministry.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Notes HBSE

→ Historical Change in Sectors

• Primary sector was most important sector in initial stages of development.
• With new methods of farming surplus food was produced. People started working in industries and secondary sector gained importance.
• This led to emergence of different services like transport, banking, health, education. At present tertiary sector is most important in terms of production and employment. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
• Total GDP in India was above Rs 500,000 crore in 1973-74 with dominance of primary sector. But in 2013-14, after a gap of 40 years, the GDP is above Rs 5,500,000 crore with tertiary sector as dominant sector in India.

Class 10 Economic Chapter 2 Notes HBSE

→ Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector

• Tertiary sector has replaced the primary sector as largest producing sector. The reasons for this are-
• Demands for basic services like hospitals, educational institutions, postal services, police station, banks, insurance companies, administrative offices, defence, etc have increased.
• Greater development in Primary and Secondary Sectors has induced demand for service sector growth like transport, trade, storage, etc.
• With the rise in income, certain services are demanded like tourism, shopping, private hospitals, professional training, etc. which enhanced services sector.
• Due to globalisation, certain new services have entered Indian market like information technology and communication technology which have become important and essential.
• However, not all of the service sector is growing equally.
• Services that employ highly skilled and educated people are growing. But large part of service sector that employs small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport person is not growing efficiently.

→ Where are most of the People employed?

• The secondary and tertiary sectors have not created enough jobs. Therefore people have to depend upon agriculture.
• More than half of working population are engaged in primary activities, mainly agriculture.
• Therefore, more people work than actually needed so everyone works less than their capacity and also earns less.
• This is called underemployment or disguised unemployment.
• Under employment also occurs in urban areas. There are thousands of casual workers like plumbers, painters, repairmen, who seek for daily employment in the towns and cities.

Sectors Of Indian Economy Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ How to Create more Employment?

• It is essential to create more employment opportunities and reduce unemployment in agricultural sector. This can be done by following ways-
  (i) Creating employment in construction of dams and canals, making or betterment of rural roads, developing storage facilities, etc.
  (ii) Banks can provide loan to small farmers for buying seeds, fertilisers, equipments, pumpsets, constructing wells for irrigation. This enables them to grow two or more crops thereby increasing their earnings.
  (iii) Setting up small industries in semi-rural areas like rice mill, dal mill, honey collection centres, cold storage, food processing industries, etc.
  (iv) Creating jobs in health and education sector by opening more dispensaries, schools in rural areas alongwith encouraging tourism.
• According to NITI Aayog (National Institution For Transforming India) education sector has potential of generating 20 lakh jobs and tourism sector has potential of generating more than 35 lakh jobs.
• The central government in India made a law implementing the Right to Work in about 625 districts of India. It is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005).
• Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work in rural areas are guaranted 100 days of employment in a year by the government.
• If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowance to the people.
• The types of work that would in future help to increase the production from land will be given preference under the act.

→ Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised

• On the basis of the working conditions or how people are employed, economic activities are divided into organised and unorganised.
• Organised sector covers enterprises or places of work where workers are given regular employment.
• Workers in the organised sector enjoy security of employment. They are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employee.
• Unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are unregistered and do not follow governmental rules and regulations.
• In this sector workers get lower wages and are not given facilities like paid holidays or paid leave due to sickness, etc. Working conditions are poor and there is no job security so employment is irregular.

→ How to Protect Workers in the Unorganised Sector

• There are many groups of vulnerable people who need protection in the unorganised sector. People are often exploited, paid low, have irregular jobs and face social discrimination.
• They can be protected in following ways:
  (i) Nearly 80 per cent of rural households in India are in small and marginal farmer category. They can be supported through adequate facility for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage and marketing outlets.
• (ii) In urban areas, the small-scale industries can be protected by government’s support for procuring raw materials and marketing of output. Sectors in terms of Ownership:

→ Public and Private Sectors

• On the basis of ownership there are two sectors of the economy-public sector and private sector.
• In the public sector, government owns most of the assets and provides all the services, therefore it is also called state sector or government sector.
• Indian Railways, Bharat Heavy electricals Limited, etc.
• In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of individuals or private companies, e.g. Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), TISCO, etc. Motive of private sector is to earn profits.
• There are a large number of activities which are essential for the people, and the government must spend on these. Providing health and education facilities for all is one example.
• The public sector has welfare motive so it provides essential goods and services at cheap prices to the poor people while the private sector has profit in mind.

→ Important Terms

1. Sector-A group of particular economic activities is called a sector, c.g. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary sectors.

2. Primary Sector Activities-When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources, it is called activities of the primary sector. For example-agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry etc.

3. Secondary Sector Activities-The secondary sector covers all activities, in which, natural products are changed into other forms, through ways of manufacturing. For example- to make cloth from cotton, sugar from sugar cane etc.

4. Manufacturing-Manufacturing, literally means, to make by hand. It involves a full array of production, from handicrafts to moulding iron and steel, and stamping out plastic toys, to assembling delicate computer components or space vehicles.

5. Tertiary Sector Activities-It includes all service-providing trades. For example-transportation, communication, trade, education, health and management etc.

6. Information Technology-It is a technique of sending, getting and collecting information, in which computer, database and modem are used. In this, information is edited rapidly, errorlessly and efficiently.

7. Software Industries-Industries that provide, develop and maintain computer operating systems.

8. Call Centres-Offices that provide customer services functions.

9. Basic Services-Services required by all citizens like elementary education, healthcare, water supply and sanitation, etc.

10. Occupation-Activity performed by human beings for the purpose of supporting themselves by earning income.

11. Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.)-The total value of final goods and services, produced in a particular year, within a country. It includes the contribution of all sectors (primary, secondary and tertiary) of the economy.

12. Employment-It is a situation, where all the able-bodied persons, who are willing to work, are engaged in some productive activity, to earn income.

13. Transport-The action of carrying persons and goods from one place to another is called transport.

14. Trade-The voluntary exchange of goods and services is called Trade.

15. Unemployment-It is a situation where able-bodied persons are willing to work at prevalent wages, but are not able to get work.

16. Underemployment-It is a situation, where people work at a job, which is below their capacity, skill and education.

17. Disguised Unemployment-It is a type of hidden unemployment, where people seem to be working, but they do not contribute to actual
production.

18. NITI Aayog-National Institution for Transforming India, NITI Aayog was formed on 1st January 2015. It aims to foster India’s economic
development to transform India.

19. Right to Work-Right to work states that people have a right to work, they have free choice of employment in just and favourable conditions and also have protection against unemployment.

20. Enterprise-A business activity or an economic endeavour.

21. MNREGA-Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Its main aim is to provide 100 days assured employment to all needy and unemployed people. If they are unable to provide employment, then they would provide unemployment allowances.

22. Organised Sector-Organised sector covers those enterprises where the terms of employment are regular and they have assured work.

23. Unorganised Sector-Small and scattered units, which are out of control of the government, come under the unorganised sector.

24. Public Sector-In this, the government owns most of the assets of the company.

25. Private Sector-In this, the ownership of assets is in hands of private individuals or companies.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Development

• Development is also known as progress. Its idea has always been with us.
• Each person has his own aspirations and desires about what he would like to do and how he would like to spend his life.
• Development implies an all round progress of a country ensuring to its citizens, freedom, participative involvement, economic equality, security, life with dignity and good standard of living.

Class 10th Economics Chapter 1 Notes HBSE

→ What Development Promises – Different People, Different Goals

• People have different goals due to which development is sometimes contrasting and conflicting.
• For example, industrialists want big dams for their electricity requirement, but dams displace local community, submerge forestland and destroy whole ecological setup. So, local people want small check dams or tanks.
• This shows the two aspects of development-
  (i) Different persons have different developmental goals
  (ii) Development for one may not be development for another.
• It may even be destructive for the other.

→ Incomed and other Goals

• Income is considered as the most important component of development at it can buy material goods and services.
• Apart from income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc.
• This is because the quality of our life depends on material things like money, facilities and non-material things like good working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, job security, etc.
• For development, people look at a mix of goals including both economic development and better quality of life.

→ National Development

• The individuals have different goals and their idea of national development is also likely to be different. Their goals can also be conflicting.
• Under national development, priority is given to those goals which benefit the largest number of people.
• To choose a fair and just path that benefits a large number of people is required for national development.

Chapter 1 Development HBSE 10th Class

→ How to Compare Different Countries or States

• To make a comparison among various countries, their national income and per capita income is considered as a base point.
• National Income is the income of all the residents of the country over a period of time and is also known as Total Income.
• National Income is a significant criterion of economic development. Countries with higher income are considered more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that the human beings need.
• However, National Income is not a suitable measure to make a comparison between two countries because each country has a different population and it will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
• Per capita income is a good measure to make a comparison between two countries.The average income is also called per capita income. Per capita income is calculated by this formula
  
• capita income was used in classifying the countries, in World Development Report, 2017, brought out by the World Bank.
• In the year 2017, countries with per capita income of US $ 12056 per annum and above are called rich countries, and those with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
• According to this classification, India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US $ 1820 per annum.

Development Chapter 1 HBSE 10th Class

→ Income and Other Criteria

• The other criteria of comparing two states or countries are- their Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Literacy Rate, Net Attendance Ratio, Human Development Index, available facilities etc.
• Development of a country should be judged on the basis of other attributes besides income.
• To understand this, a comparative analysis of three states. Haryana, Kerala and Bihar is given below.
  

  State	Infant mortality Rate per 1,000 live births (2017)	Literacy Rate (%)	Net attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage (age 14 and 15 years)	2013-14 Per capita Income for 2015-16 (in ?)
  Haryana	30	82	61	1,80,174
  Kerala	10	94	83	1,63,475
  Bihar	35	62	43	34,409

• From the comparative table given above, various aspects of development can be concluded as follows:
  (i) Infront Mortality Rate (IMR) is the lowest in Kerala and highest in Bihar. High IMR implies that healthcare facility is poor and high per capita Income does not guarantee better healthcare facilities.
  (ii) Literacy rate is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar.
  (iii) Net attendance ratio is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar.
  (iv) Per capita income is highest in Haryana and lowest in Bihar. This indicates that employment status and scope of earning is quite less in Bihar.
• These aspects indicate that per capita Income is not the best criteria to decide development. However, other basic facilities and quality of life
• also matter much and must be property counted to estimate true development.

→ Public Facilities

• More income can buy more facilities but there are other things needed to live well such as clean air, polution free environment, unadulterated medicines, protection from infectious diseases, etc.
• Public facilities are provided by the government for the betterment of the community or for collective benefit.
• States where adequate public facilities are provided, have more progress. Due to good basic health and educational facilities, Kerala has low Infant mortality Rate and high literacy rate.
• In states where there is good Public Distribution System (PDS), the health and nutritional status of people is better.

→ Body Mass Index

• Body Mass Index (BMI) is an international standard used to determine whether an adult person is undernourished or not.
• It we divide the weight of a person by the square of his/her height, we get a ratio which is called BMI.
• The BMI is an important way to understand the level of nutrition a person takes.

→ Human Development Report

• Human Development Report published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is one of the best methods to measure development.
• This UNDP report compares countries based on three criteria, namely-
  (i) living Standard (Per capita Income)
  (ii) llealth Status (Life expectancy)
  (iii) Educational levels of the people (Literacy rate and years of schooling.
• India occupies 13th rank in HDI 2018. The Human Development Index (HDI) considers public health, education, poverty level, inequality and environmental aspects to measure human development.

→ Sustainability of Development

• Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
• Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources, but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of these resources.
• Another aspect of development is the rapid development is using up natural resources at a faster rate. This is not sustainable for future generations.
• Non-renewable resources are getting exhausted fast. These resources cannot be replenished and there is a limited stock only.
• Renewable resources like groundwater are overused. It happens when groundwater is used more than what is replenished by rain. Sustainable development is a way to reduce this overuse.
• In India, nearly one-third of the country is overusing its groundwater reserves.
• Such over use is particularly found in agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh hard rock plateau areas of central and south India. Exhaustion of natural resources : according to world energy review, June 2018, the total reserves of the crude oil stock in the world is going to last just for 50 years as countries are fast using up the oil reserves.

→ Important Term

1. Development-Development is a process, in which, per capita income increases and poverty, inequality, illiteracy and suffering reduce, i.e. the economic level of people improves and the living standard raises.

2. Dam-A dam is a barrier across the flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow of water.

3. Check Dam-It is a structure built across a river or estuary in order to restrain water.

4. Material Goods-These are items that consumers can purchase, sell or trade.

5. National Development-Economic, social and political development of any country is called National Developm ’

6. Multinational Company-Those companies, which have control and ownership of production in more than one country.

7. Developed Countries-Countries, which have higher per capita income qpd high living standard.

8. Income of a Country-It means income of all the residents of the country.

9. Economic Development-Economic development is a long-term and continuous process, in which, national income and per capita income
increases.

10. Average Income-The average income is the total income of the country, divided by its total population. It is also called per capita income.

11. National Income-It is the sum of all final goods and services produced in a country, during a given period of time.

12. World Bank-An International Bank, established in 1944. The aim of this bank is to provide financial and technical help to poor, resource-less and underdeveloped countries.

13. Economy-A group of various systems and organisations, which provides livelihood to the people.

14. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)-Indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year, as a proportion of 1,000 live children born in the same year.

15. Literacy Rate-Measures the proportion of literate population in the age group of 7 and above. In other words, this is the total percentage of the population of an area, at a particular time, aged seven years or above, who can read and write with understanding.

16. Net Attendance Ratio-The total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school, as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

17. Public Distribution System (PDS)-It is the system through which the government distributes essential subsidised commodities, like food and non-food items to the poor consumers at a reasonable price, through a network of ration shops.

18. Body Mass Index (BMI)-Weight of a person divided by square of height.

19. Human Development-It is a process, which fulfils the needs and desires of people, so that they can live motivated and active life.

20. U.N.D.P.-Its full form is United Nations Development Programme. UNDP publishes Human Development Report. This report compares the countries on the basis of educational level, health status and per capita income.

21. Human Development Report-It is published by UNDP, which compares countries, on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

22. Human Development Index (H.D.I)-Helpful in comparing and understanding the level of development of countries of the world. It measures the average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development, i.e. long and healthy life, education and decent standard of living.

23. Gross Enrolment Ratio-Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school age population, corresponding to the same level of education, in a given school/year.

24. Life Expectancy-Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

25. Sustainable Development-It is that process of development, which aims at maintaining the quality of life of both, present, as well as, future generation, without destroying natural resources and environment.

26. Groundwater-The water, which exists below the ground surface in the zone of saturation and can be extracted through wells or any other means, or emerges as springs and base, flows in streams and rivers.

27. Renewable Resources-Those resources, which cf je re-used, as- wind, water, forest and energy etc.

28. Non-Renewable Resources-Those resources, which cannot be re-used and have a fixed stock on earth, as- coal, mineral oil, natural gas etc.

29. Natural Resources-Various elements or matter which exist in nature and are useful for human beings are called natural resources.

30. Crude oil-A mixture of hydrocarbons, in solid, gaseous or liquid form, found in the earth.

31. Environmental degradation-A process by which, various environmental elements like- water, air, soil etc. get polluted and lose their usefulness.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

• In this chapter, we shall discuss the challenges that democracy faces in our country and elsewhere.

Challenges To Democracy Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Thinking about Challenges

• Most of established democracies face many serious challenges all over the world.
• Democracy is the dominant form of government in the contemporary world.
• A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.
• At least one-fourth of the globe is still not under a democratic government.
• These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy.
• Most of established democracies face the challenge of expansion.
• The challenge of strengthening of democracy is faced by every democracy, in one form or another.

→ Different Contexts, Different Challenges

• Various challenges in democracy have been observed such as-foundational, the expansion and strengthening of democracy.
• These challenges have different contexts.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Notes HBSE

→ Different Types of Challenges

• Some spheres or sites of democratic politics are- constitutional design, democratic rights, working of institutions, elections, federalism, decentralization, accommodation of diversity and political organizations, etc.

→ Thinking about Political Reforms

• Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.
• The Right to Information Act is a law that helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.
• The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

→ Redefining Democracy

• Democracy is a form of government, in which the rulers are elected by the people.
• We shall want to add some qualifications in the definition of democracy such as:
  (i) The rulers elected by the citizens of country must take all the main decisions.
  (ii) Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the citizens of the country to change the current rulers.
  (iii) This choice and opportunity should be available to all the citizens of the country on an equal basis.
  (iv) The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of the Constitution and citizens’ rights.

Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy HBSE 10th Class Civics

→ Important Terms

1. Challenge: A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.

2. Challenges to Democracy: This means various problems that come while ensuring a democratic setup in a country.

3. Globe: The model of the earth is known as globe.

4. Democratic Reforms: All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges towards democracy are called ‘democratic reforms’ or ‘political reforms.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

• In this chapter, we proceed to look at the expected and actual outcomes of democracy in various respects: quality of government, economic well-being, inequality, social
• differences and conflict and finally freedom and dignity.
• Democracy has come to be accepted as the most preferred form of political system all over the world. However, the success of a democratic structure is to be judged by the successes that can be singly attributed to this system. However, there have also been disappointments associated with thîs system.

Class 10 Chapter 7 Political Science Notes HBSE

→ How do We Assess Democracy’s Outcomes ?

• Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative.
• Democracy has been considered a better form of government than other alternatives because it –
  (1) Promotes equality among citizens.
  (2) Enhances the dignity of an individual.
  (3) Improves the quality of decision-making.
  (4) Provides a method to resolve conflicts.
  (5) Allows room to correct mistakes.
• Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in its practice.
• Over a hundred countries of the world claim to practise some kind of democratic politics.

→ Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government

• The most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
• Democracy may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But, a democratic government is people’s own government, i.e. it is a legitimate government.

→ Economic Growth and Development

• The difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible.

→ Reduction of Inequality and Poverty

• Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.
• In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.
• People in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries, even for food supplies.

Class 10th Outcomes Of Democracy Notes HBSE

→ Accommodation of Social Diversity

• Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to, or suppress, internal social differences.
• Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts, is thus, a definite plus point of democratic regimes.

→ Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens

• Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.
• A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project: it transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.

→ Important Terms

1. Outcomes of Democracy: It means results of the working of democracy—its successes or failures.

2. Democracy: Democracy is formed by two Greek words, ‘demos’ and ‘kratia’. Demos means ‘people’ arid Kratia means ‘the government’. Thus, Democracy means ‘rule by the people.’ Former President of USA, Abraham Lincoln, defined democracy as- “Government of the people, by the people and for the people” It means that citizens of the country choose their representatives who would form the government. The government would work for the collective interests of the society.

Outcomes Of Democracy Class 10 Notes HBSE

3. Dignity: A sense of one’s own importance and value.

4. Dictatorship: It is a form of government in which the power is in the hands of one person or party and no opposition to the dictator is tolerated.

5. Monarchy: An autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority.

6. Accountable Government: A government that is accountable to the people.

7. Responsive Government: A government in which people have the right to know about the decisions taken by the government, and also have the right and means to examine the process of decision-making.

8. Legitimate Government: It is a government which is chosen legally by its citizens.

Class 10th Civics Chapter 7 Notes HBSE

9. Transparency: It means that a citizen can know about the process of decision¬making and can examine it also.

10. Economic Development: It refers to the growth of the country, in the way of providing better facilities and services to the individual.

11. Poverty: A situation in which a person fails to earn sufficient income to buy the means of minimum subsistence.

12. Caste Discrimination: Superiority or inferiority complex among citizens on the basis of their ethnicity or caste.

13. Right to Information Act: It is an act that empowers the people to find out what is happening in the government and to act as watchdogs of democracy.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties

• In this chapter, we shall study the role of political parties in the rise of democracies, in electoral politics, and in the making and working of the government.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Notes HBSE

→ Why Do We Need Political Parties?

• Political parties are one of the most visible institutions in a democracy; for ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties. It is important to know the nature and workings of political parties.

→ Meaning of Political Parties

• A political party is an organized group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
• Political parties reflect fundamental political divisions in society.
• A political party has three components:
  (i) The leaders
  (ii) The active members
  (iii) The followers and supporters.

→ Functions of Political Parties

• Political parties contest elections.
• Political parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose the desired ones from among them.
• Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
• Political parties form and run governments.
• The losing parties in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power.
• Political parties shape public opinion.
• Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments.

Class 10th Civics Chapter 6 Notes HBSE

→ Necessity of Political Parties

• Without political parties, every candidate in the elections will be independent. So, no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
• The rise of political parties is linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
• As societies became large and complex they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government. This need is fulfilled by the political parties.

→ How Many Parties Should We Have?

• More than 750 parties are registered with the Election Commission of India.
• In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These are called one-party systems, e.g. China.
• In some countries, power usually changes between two main parties. Such a party system is called two-party system, e.g. The United States of America (USA).
• If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coining to power either on their own strength or by alliance with others, we call it a multi-party system, e.g. India.
• We have a multi-party system because this system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.

→ National Parties

• A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states, and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha, is recognised as a national party.
• There were seven national recognised parties in the country in the year 2018:
  (i) Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest parties of the world. It was founded in 1885.
  (ii) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
  (iii) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
  (iv) Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) was founded in 1964 and believes in Marxism-Leninism.
  (v) Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed in 1925 and believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy.
  (vi) Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) was formed in 1999, following a split in the Congress party.
  (vii) All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) was formed in 1998 under the leadership of Mamata Baneijee.
• All the national parties have been allotted well-known and permanent symbols by the Election Commission of India.

Chapter 6 Political Science Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ State Parties

• A party, that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State Party.
• Other than these seven parties, most of the major parties of the country are classified as state parties.
• Some of these parties are Samajwadi Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Janata Dal (U), Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Shiv Sena, DMK, ADMK, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, etc.

→ Challenges to Political Parties

• The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties.
• The second challenge is that most political parties do not practise open and transparent procedures for their functioning. There are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
• The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections.
• The fourth challenge is that very often, parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.

→ How can Parties be reformed?

• The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. If any MLA or MP changes parties after election, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature.
• This new law has helped to bring down defection.
• Now, it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of their property and criminal cases pending against them.
• This has made a lot of information available to the public.
• The Election Commission passed an order, making it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income tax returns.
• Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties:
• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
• It should be made compulsory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third to women candidates.
• There should be state funding of elections.
• People can put pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity, and agitations.

Civics Class 10 Chapter 6 Notes HBSE

→ Important Terms

1. Political Party: An organized group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

2. Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction.

3. Partisanship: It is marked by a tendency to take a side and an inability to take a balanced view on an issue.

4. Ruling Party: A political party that runs the government.

5. Regional Party: A political party whose political activities are limited to a region.

6. Opposition: The political party or a group of parties that is a main part of the legislature but not a part of the government. It is opposed to the government.

7. Election Commission: An independent authority provided by the Constitution, to ensure free and fair elections in the country.

8. Single-Party System: In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. This is also called the one-party system.

9. Two-Party System: A system where two parties prevail in a country.

10. Multi-Party System: A political condition, in which many parties make a bid for power and have some chance of being successful.

11. Alliance: A political condition in a multi-party system, when several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power.

Civics Chapter 6 Class 10 HBSE

12. National Party: A party that has a wide base in a large part of the country is called a national party.

13. Rightist Party: Party is rigid in its approach to the past glory of the country and supporter of ethics and morals.

14. Leftist Party: Party ideologically radical and conservative.

15. State Party: A political party whose political activities are limited to a region. It is also called a regional party.

16. Defection: Changing party allegiance from the party under which a person got elected (to a legislative body) to a different party.

17. M.P.: Member of Parliament.

18. M.L.A.: Member of Legislative Assembly.

19. Affidavit: A signed document, submitted to an office where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his/her personal information.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Notes HBSE

→ Summary Of The Lesson

→ Water Resource

• Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion of it accounts for fresh water that can be put to use.
• This freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off, and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.
• All water moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is a renewable resource. Water Scarcity
• Water is a renewable resource, despite this, a large portion of the world faces water scarcity.
• 97-5 per cent of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as oceans and only 2-5 per cent as freshwater.
• Nearly 70 per cent of freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the mountainous regions of the world, while a little less than 30 per cent is stored as groundwater in the world’s aquifers.
• By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions having absolute water scarcity.
• There is sufficient water in Israel with only 25 cm of annual rainfall, while with 114 cm of annual rainfall, India faces water scarcity due to improper water management.
• There has been a growing concern that even if there is ample water to meet the needs of the people, much of it is polluted by domestic and industrial waste, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
• The growth of population, agricultural modernisation, urbanisation and industrialisation have adversely affected the rivers in India.

Notes On Water Resources HBSE 10th Class

→ Water Resource Management

• The need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources.
• Archaeological and historical records show that since ancient times, we have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation.
• During the time of king Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
• In the lltli century Bhopal lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built.
• Sultan Iltutmisli built the Hauz Khas tank in Delhi in the 14th century to supply water to Siri fort area.

→ Multi-Purpose River Projects

• Today, the multipurpose river-valley projects, like Bhakra-Nangal, Hirakund and Damodar valley etc., are few major water conservation projects.
• The first Prime minister of India, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, proudly proclaimed the dams as the “Temples of Modem India”.Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many new social ‘ movements like the ‘Narmada Hachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc.
• Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to the large-scale displacement of local communities.

→ Rainwater Harvesting

• In hilly and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
• Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water.
• 6 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil, like the ‘Khadins’ in .Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
• In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan (Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer), almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas to store drinking water.
• In Western Part of Rajasthan, roofltop rainwater harvesting is declining due to the perennial Rajasthan Canal (Indira Gandhi Canal).
• Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong and Meghalaya,
• Today, in Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent.
• Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory for all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

Water Resources Class 10 Notes HBSE

Important Terms

1. Fresh Water: Saltless water is called fresh water.

2. Surface runoff: Water found accumulated on the surface of the earthen depressions Bowing through rivers, streams, or frozen in the form
of ice caps and snow fields.

3. Ground Water: Groundwater means the water which exists below the ground surface in the zone of saturation and can be extracted through a well or any other means or emerges as springs and base flow in streams and rivers.

4. Hydrological Cycle: Hydrological cycle is the circulation of water within the earth’s hydrosphere in different forms, i.e. the liquid, solid and gaseous phases. It also refers to the continuous exchange of water between the ocean-atmosphere, land surface, sub-surface and living organisms.

5. Resource: All the useful elements of the environment that satisfy our basic needs are called resources.

6. Globe: A model of the earth is called a globe.

7. Ocean: A big storage place of saline water.

8. Aquifer: A saturated geological unit (e.g. sands, gravels and fractured rock) that can yield water to the wells at a sufficient rate to support the wells.

9. Water Scarcity: Shortage of water as compared to its demand is known as water scarcity,

10. Water Exploitation: Wastage of large amount of water.

11. Agriculture: The science and art of cultivation of the soil, raising crops and rearing animals.

12. Earthquake: It is an endogenetic-based force that moves the earth and is harmful for nature and life.

13. MNCs: It stands for multinational companies/corporations or offices of a single company in more than one country.

14. Hydraulic Structure: All dams, lakes, canals, wells and ponds etc. in which rainwater is collected.

15. Hydro-electricity: It is the power that is generated with the help of running water.

16. Dam: It is a barrier across a body of flowing water.

17. Multipurpose Project: A multi-purpose project or river-valley project serves a number of purposes simultaneously, such as irrigation, flood control, generating hydroelectricity and tourism, e.g. the Bhakra Nangal Dam.

18. Floods: It is a heavy rain condition during which rivers overflow.

19. Drought: It is a condition emerging during less rainfall conditions which cause lack of water for human beings’ land vegetation.

20. Rainwater Harvesting: It is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater, by constructing
structures such as percolating pits, check dams, etc.

21. Guls or Kuls: Diversion channels in the Himalayan region.

22. Irrigation: An artifical means of watering the standing crops is called irrigation.

23. Tankas: Underground tanks to store water.

24. Palar Pani: Purest form of rainwater is known as Palar Pani.

25. Perennial Canals: Canals that have water all the year around.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

• We share this planet (Earth) with millions of other living beings.
• This entire habitat, where we live in has immense bio-diversity.
• Humans, along with all living organisms, form a complex web of ecological system. Flora and Fauna in India
• Forests play a key role in the ecological system, as these are also the primary producers on which all the other living beings depend.
• India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity and has nearly 8 per cent of the total number of species in the world (approximately 1.6 million).
• It is estimated that at least 10 per cent of India’s recorded wild flora, and 20 per cent of its mammals, are on the threatened list.
• Among the larger animals in India, 79 species of mammals, 44 of birds, 15 of reptiles, and 3 of amphibians are threatened. Nearly 1,500 plant species are considered endangered.
• The forest and tree cover in the country is estimated as 79.42 million hectare, which is 24.16 per cent of the total geographical area.

Notes Of Forest And Wildlife Resources HBSE 10th Class

→ Types of Species

• The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the existing plants and animal species into the following categories:
  (i) Normal Species
  (ii) Endangered Species
  (iii) Vulnerable Species
  (iv) Rare Species
  (v) Endemic Species
  (vi) Extinct Species.
• Cattle, Sal, Pine are normal species while Asiatic Cheetah, Pink head duck are extinct species.
• The world’s fastest land mammal is the cheetah (.Acinonyx Jubantus). It is a unique and specialised member of the cat family.
• The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was during the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities.
• Substantial parts of the tribal belts have been deforested by shifting cultivation (jhum), a type of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
• The Himalayan Yew (Taxus Wallachiana) is a medicinal plant found in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
• This species is under great threat due to over-exploitation.
• Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires are factors, which have led to the decline in India’s bio-diversity.
• The destruction of forest and wildlife is not just a biological issue. The biological loss is strongly correclated with the loss of cultural diversity.

Forest And Wildlife Resources Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India

• The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.
• Tiger is the key wildlife species in the faunal world.
• Trade of tiger skin and the use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially in the Asian continent, left the tiger population on the verge of extinction.
• “Project Tiger” is one of the well-publicised wildlife campaigns in the world which was launched in 1973, to protect tigers.
• Forests are classified into Reserved Forests, Protected Forests and Unclassed Forests.
• Reserved and protected forests are also refered to as permanent forests.
• Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forest while Haryana have smallest area under Permanent forest.

→ Community and Conservation

• The inhabitants of five villages in Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forests as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’.
• The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in several areas.
• In India, Joint Forest Management (JFM) involves local communities in management and restoration of degraded forests.
• The programme has been in existence formally since 1988, with Odisha passing the first resolution for Joint Forest Management.
• Local communities should also be involved in decision-making for economic development

→ Important Terms

1. Habitat: Natural home of an organism.

2. Bio-diversity: Bio-diversity itself is a combination of two words, Bio (Life) and diversity (variety). It is the sum total of all the varieties of plants, animals and micro-organisms found within a specified geographical region.

3. Ecological System: The interactions of a particular group of organisms with abiotic factors within a particular habitat, resulting in clearly defined energy flows, and material cycles on land, water and air is called an ecological system.

4. Flora: Refers to the natural vegetation of a particular region.

5. Fauna: Refers to species of all animals living in a particular area.

6. Forest: An extensive area covered by trees.

7. Normal Species: Species having normal population levels for their existence are considered normal species.

8. Endangered Species: This includes those species which are in danger of extinction, such as blackbuck, crocodile, Indian rhino, Indian wild ass, sangai, lion-tailed macaque etc.

Class 10 Forest And Wildlife Resources Notes HBSE

9. Vulnerable Species: This includes the species which are likely to be in danger of extinction in near future if the factors threatening their extinction continue to exist. Survival of these species is not assured, as their population has reduced greatly. Examples-Gangetic Dolphin, Blue Sheep and Asiatic Elephant etc.

10. Rare Species: The population of these species is very less in the world. They are confined to limited areas, or thinly scattered over a wider area. Examples: Himalayan Brown Bear, Asiatic Wild Buffalo and Hornbill etc.

11. Endemic Species: Species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical boundaries. Examples-Andaman Teal, Andaman Wild Pig, Nicobar Pigeon, Arunachali Mithun, etc.

12. Extinct Species: Species which are not found even after conducting searches in the areas where they are likely to be found. Examples-Pink Head Duck, Asiatic cheetah, etc.

13 Mangrove: A tree that stands on roots which are above the ground.

14. Shifting Cultivation (Jhum): A method of farming in which a patch of ground is cultivated for a period of few years until the soil is partly exhausted or over-run by weeds, and after which the land is left for growth of natural vegetation, while cultivation is carried on elsewhere. In due course, the original patch of land is cultivated again when the natural growth has restored fertility. Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture or Jumping.

15. National Park: A National Park is an area which is strictly reserved for the protection of wildlife and where activities such as forestry, grazing or cultivation are not allowed.

16. Wildlife Sanctuary: A wildlife sanctuary is an area, which is reserved for the conservation of animals only and operations such as harvesting of timber, collection of minor forest products, etc. are allowed so long as they do not affect the animals adversely.

17. Poaching: An illegal activity of hunting animals for their skin or horns for economic benefits.

Forest And Wildlife Resources Class 10 Notes HBSE

18. Reserved Forest: As area, notified under the provisions of Indian Forest Act or the State Forest Acts, having full degree of protection. In Reserved Forests, all activities are prohibited unless permitted.

19. Protected Forest: A11 area» notified under the provisions of Indian Forest Act or the State Forest Acts, having a limited degree of protection. In protected forests, all activities are permitted unless prohibited.

20. Unclassed Forest: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both, government and private individuals, and communities.

21. Chipko Movement: An organised resistance to the destruction of forests spread throughout India.

22. Deforestation: The process of destroying forests on a large scale.

23. Afforestation: The process of planting a large number of trees on bare land.

24. Beej Bachao Andolan: A movement launched by farmers in Tehri (Uttarakhand) against use of chemical fertilizers in foodgrain production.

25. Joint Forest Management (JFM): This programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for Joint Forest Management. This programme involves local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.

26. Waste Land: Land which is not fit for cultivation.

27. Environment: Surroundings or the condition under which a person or thing exists and develops his/her or its character. It covers both physical and cultural elements.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity

→ Summary Of The Lesson

• Apart from language and region, people have distinct identities in the form of physical appearance, gender, cast, religion, class, tribe, etc.
• In this chapter, we are going to discuss how democracy responds to social differences, divisions and inequalities and how democratic politics is affected by these social divisions.

Democracy And Diversity Notes HBSE 10th Class

→  A Story from Mexico Olympics

• A 200 meters race in the 1968 Olympics was held at Mexico City. Afterward, there was a medal ceremony.
• During the medal ceremony, two men were standing with clenched fists upraised and head bowed, they were African-American athletes named Tommie Smith and John Carlos.
• Tommie and John won gold and bronze medals respectively. They received their medals, wearing black socks, and no shoes, to represent Black poverty.
• They tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States of America (it is also called USA or US).
• The silver medalist, white Australian athlete, Peter Norman, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony, to show his support to the two Americans.
• The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by giving a political statement. Their medals were taken back and they faced a lot of criticism.
• Peter Norman also suffered, as he was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympics.
• But, they succeeded in gaining international attention for the Civil Rights Movement. San Jose State University honoured them and installed their statue in the University campus.

→ Differences, Similarities, Divisions

• These athletes were responding to social divisions and social inequalities. However, this happens even in societies that do not have racial divisions, like in Belgium and Sri Lanka.
• In the case of Belgium, people who live in different regions speak different languages.
• In the case of Sri Lanka, linguistic, as well as religious differences are there.
• Thus, social differences can take different forms in different societies.

Class 10 Chapter 3 Political Science Notes HBSE

→ Origin of Social Differences

• We belong to a community as we are bom in it. The people around us have different physical qualities.
• Some of the differences are based on our choices.
• Every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
• For example, Carlos and Smith were similar in one way, as both were African-Americans, but different from Norman, who was white. But, the similarity was that they were all athletes who stood-up against social discrimination.
• We all have more than one identity in different contexts, such as religion, caste, wealth, poverty, etc.

→ Overlapping and Cross-cutting Differences

• Social division takes place when some social difference overlaps with other differences, such as the differences between the Blacks and the Whites in the United States of America (U.S.A.).
• In India, Dalits, who are poor and landless, often face discrimination and injustice.

→ This creates social division.

• In Northern Ireland and the Netherlands, the populations are predominantly Christian but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, Catholics are poor and have suffered a lot of discrimination.
• In the Netherlands, they are equally poor or rich. As a result, Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland, but not in the Netherlands.
• Social divisions exist in most countries, whether the country is small or big. India is a vast country with many communities, and Belgium is a small country with many communities. Germany and Sweden, once highly ‘Homogeneous’, are undergoing rapid change, as other people are coming to settle there.
• Migrants bring with them their own culture. They try to form a different social community. In this sense, most of countries are multi-cultural.

Democracy And Diversity Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Politics of Social Divisions

• Democracy means competition among various political parties. This competition tends to divide any society.
• Wherever politics is mixed with social division, the result is always conflict, violence and disintegration of the country.

→ Range of Outcomes

• Northern Ireland, the region of the United Kingdom (U.K.), has been for many years the site of an ethnopolitical conflict. The 53 percent ‘Of protestants’ were represented by ‘Unionists’, while 44 percent Roman Catholics’ were represented by ‘Nationalist Parties.
• The Catholics demanded the unification of Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland, while the Protestants wanted to remain with the U.K.
• After a lot of violence, at last a peace treaty (1998) was signed between the U.K. Government and the Nationalists.
• In contrast to Northern Ireland, the ethnopolitical conflict of Yugoslavia brought about the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
• In a democracy, political parties talk about social divisions and make different promises to different social divisions.
• Therefore, social divisions affect voting in most countries.

→ Three Determinants

• There are three factors for deciding the outcomes of politics of social divisions:
• (i) People’s perception about their identities : How people perceive their identities in singular or multiple terms. In singular, it becomes very difficult to accommodate.
• As long as people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as only Catholic or Protestant their conflict grew. Multiple identities are complementary with the national identity.
• For example, a majority of Belgians feel that they are as much Belgian as they are Dutch or German.
• (ii) Role of political leaders: How political leaders raise the demands of any community within the constitutional framework and not at the cost of another community. For example, the demand for ‘only Sinhalese’ was at the cost of the ‘Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
• (iii) Attitude of the government: How the government reacts to demands of different groups. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority communities, social divisions become less threatening for the country.

→ Conclusion on Political and Social Division

• In a democracy, the political expression of social division is very normal and can be healthy. It allows various disadvantaged social groups to express their grievances.
• A positive attitude towards diversity is not an easy task.
• People who feel deprived and discriminated against have to fight against injustice. Generally, they put their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner. They follow a democratic path and try to gain influence through elections.
• Sometimes, social differences can take the form of an unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities, sometimes, takes the path of violence.
• The path of violence cannot be justified on any grounds. However, democracy is the best way to fight for recognition, and also accommodation of diversity.

→ Important Terms

1. Democracy: A government is formed by the representatives elected by the people. In other words, Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people.

2. Clenched: To holding something tightly and firmly.

3. Civil Rights Movement: This movement was started in the U.S.A. in 1954, and continued till 1968. It aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African- Americans. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King Junior, this movement adopted non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racial discriminatory laws and practices.

4. African-American: Afro-American, Black American or Black are the term used to refer mainly to the descendants of Africans, who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century.

5. Black Power: A more militant anti-racist movement that started in the United States of America (U.S.A.) in 1966 and lasted till 1975.

6. Racism: The unfair treatment of people who belong to a different race.

7. Differences: Dissimilarity based on opinions in any field.

8. Social Division: It means division of the society on the basis of caste, race, religion, language, region, sex, etc.

9. Social Differences: These are the situations where people are discriminated against on the basis of social, economic and social inequality,.
It gives way to social division, which may be different from society to society.

10. Atheist: A person who does not believe in God or religion.

11. Discrimination: The practice of treating somebody or a particular group in society less fairly than others.

12. Overlapping Social Differences: Social differences which overlap other differences are called overlapping differences. For example, the
differences between the Blacks and the Whites became a social division in the United States of America (U.S.) because Blacks tend to be poor
and homeless and discriminated against. In our country, Dalits tend to be poor and landless.

13. Cross-cutting Differences: Social differences that cross-cut other ones. In such a situation, groups that share common interest on one issue, are likely to be on different sides on different issues.

14. Homogeneous Society: A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences.

15. Migrant: Somebody, who shifts from one region to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other
economic gains.

16. Ethno-political Conflict: Disagreement or conflict that arises between people of different races and having different political views.

17. Grievance: A wrong or hardship suffered which forms legitimate grounds of complaint.

18. Multi-cultural Community: Social community formed on the basis of different cultures is termed as multi-cultural community.
Generally, this is the result of migration.

19. Disintegration: The process of breaking into small parts.

20. Minority: Communities, which are less than half of the total population of the country.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Federalism Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

→ Summary Of The Lesson

• In modem democracies, power-sharing arrangements can take many forms. One of them is vertical division of power among different levels of government. This vertical division of power is known as ‘Federalism’.

→ What is Federalism?

• Initially, there was the unitary government in Belgium, but in 1993, Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government.
• Sri Lanka has a unitary government, but the Tamils wished to turn it into a federal government.
• Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
• A federation has two levels of government-One is the government for entire country and others at provincial or state level.
• Under the unitary system, the central government can pass on orders to the provincial or local governments. But in a federal system, the central government cannot order the state government to do something. ‘

Federalism Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Key Features of Federalism

• (i) Two or more levels or tiers of government.
  (ii) Different levels or tiers govern the same citizens.
  (iii) Each level has its own jurisdiction.
  (iv) In order to change the fundamental provisions of the constitution, the consent of both the levels is required.
  (v) The existence and authority of each level or tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
  (vi) Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of all different levels of government.
  (vii) Financial autonomy of each level is ensured.
  (viii) Federal system has dual objectives- to safeguard and promote unity of the country and to accommodate regional diversity.
• An ideal federal system has two aspects- mutual trust and agreement to live together.
• There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed-‘coming together federation’ and ‘holding together federation’.
• United States of America (USA), Switzerland and Australia are examples of ‘coming together’ federations, and India, Belgium and Spain are examples of ‘holding together’ federations.

Class 10th Federalism Notes HBSE

→ What makes India a Federal Country?

• After partition, the Constitution declared India as a Union of States. The Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism.
  Indian federalism has all the key features of Federalism.
• The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government-the Union or the Central Government, and the State Governments.
• Later, a third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities.
• These three tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction.
• The Constitution provided for a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the union government and the state governments on the basis of three lists –
  (i) Union list includes subjects of national importance. It fulfils the need of uniform policy on these matters throughout the country.
  (ii) State list contains subjects of state and local importance.
  (iii) Concurrent list includes subjects of common interest to both, the Union Government as well as the State Governments.
• Both governments can make laws on these subjects. If there is a conflict, the Union Government can make the law.
• The subjects that do not fall in these three lists, are known as ‘Residuary subjects’. The union government has the power to legislate on these subjects.
• All states in the Indian union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy a special status. States such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram enjoy special powers under certain providsions of the constitution of India (Article 371) due to their peculiar social and historical circumstances.
• Union territories like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Delhi do not have the powers of a state. The central government has special powers in administering these areas.
• The Parliament alone cannot change this power-sharing arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-thirds majority.
• Then, it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total States.
• In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.

Federalism 10th Class Notes HBSE

→ How is Federalism Practised?

• The success of federalism in India depends on the nature of democratic politics.
• The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country.
• Some States were created not on the basis of language, but to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. For example,
  Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.
• A second test for Indian Federation is the language policy.
• Hindi was identified as the official language. 21 other languages were recognised as Scheduled Languages by the constitution.
• Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more way to strengthen the federalism.
• When the ruling party at the State level was different from that of the Centre, the party that ruled at the centre tried to undermine the powers of the States.
• After 1990, many regional parties came into existence. This was the period of Coalition Government.
• This led to a new method of power sharing.

→ Linguistic Diversity in India

• According to 2011 census of India, more than 1300 distinct languages are mentioned as mother tongue. These languages were grouped under some major languages.
• The major languages include 121 languages. Of these, 22 languages are now included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

→ Decentralisation in India

• Generally, the concept of two-tier government is adopted, but in vast countries like India, the system of three-tier government is adopted.
• When the power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local governments, it is known as ‘Decentralisation’.
• In 1992, The Indian Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy (Local government), more powerful and effective.
• The results of decentralisation are seen as regular elections at local level; reserved seats in the elected bodies for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; reservation for women; State Election Commissions.
• The popular name of Rural Local Government is ‘Panchayati Raj’.
• The decision-making body or council in a village is known as ‘Gram Panchayat’.
• The group of a few Gram Panchayats is known as ‘Panchayat Samiti’ or ‘Mandal’ or ‘Block’.
• All the Panchayat Samitis in a district together constitute the Zila (district) Parishad.
• In the same way, local government bodies exist for urban as well as big cities. Municipalities are set up in towns and Municipal Corporations in big cities.

Civics Class 10 Chapter 2 Notes HBSE

→ An Experiment in Brazil

• A city, called Porto Alegre in Brazil, has carried out an extraordinary experiment in combining decentralisation with participative democracy.
• The city has set up a parallel organisation operating alongside the municipal council, enabling local inhabitants to take real decisions for their city.

→ Important Terms

1. Federalism: It is a system of government in which powers are divided between a central authority and various constituent units (States or Provinces) of the nation.

2. Federal Form of Government: Federal form of government implies a government adapted to decentralisation of power or power sharing in its levels, tiers and organs, that have easy access to each other.

3. Unitary System: It is a system of government in which either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.

4. Federal System: A federal system of government is one that divides the powers of government between the national (federal), state and local governments.

5. Jurisdiction: The area over which someone has legal authority.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes HBSE

6. Coming together Federation : It is a federation in which several independent States come together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity, they can increase their security and development.

7. Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself.

8. Holding together Federation: It is a federation in which a large country decides to divide its power between the ‘Constituent States’ and the ‘National Government’.

9. Constitution: A collection of rules and basic principles which governs a nation is called the Constitution.

10. Tier System: It is the system that signifies various levels of a government. It may be two levels (two tiers) and three levels (three tiers).

11. Unitary Government: In this form of government, Union or Central government has more powers than the state governments. All the
powers are concentrated in the central government, who gives some power to states.

12. Union List: The list given under the jurisdiction of Union Government. It includes the subjects or matters of national importance, like defence, finance, etc.

13. State List: ‘State List’ is given under the jurisdiction of State Governments. It includes the subjects or matters of state and local importance.

Federalism Chapter Notes HBSE

14. Concurrent List: Concurrent list stands for the subjects of common interest to both, the Union Government, as well as the State Government. For the Concurrent list subjects, both, the Union, as well as the State Governments can make laws.

15. Residuary Subjects: Not listed in any of three lists, i.e. Union list, State list and Concurrent list.

16. Union Territories: Areas under direct rule of Central or Union government.

17. Linguistic States: India is a multilingual country where people speak different languages. After independence, some states were created on the basis of the languages people used to speak. These are known as linguistic states.

18. Language Policy: It is the safeguard to the preservation of languages. Under this policy, besides Hindi, 21 other languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the constitution.

19. Coalition Government: A government formed by the coming together of at least two political parties. The partners in a coalition form a political alliance and adopt a common programme.

20. Autonomy: Power given to a region or territory to govern itself independently.

21. Scheduled Languages: Languages which are listed in the list or schedule of the Constitution are known as the scheduled languages.

22. Non-Scheduled Languages: Apart from scheduled languages, the languages which are not listed in the schedule of the Constitution are known as the non-schedule languages.

Notes Of Federalism HBSE Civics 2

23. Local Government: Besides the Central and State governments, another lower level of government has been set up in India to look after and administer the local problems of the areas, which is known as local government.

24. Decentralisation: When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government, it is called decentralisation.

25. Panchayati Raj: A system of government in which Gram Panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has three levels-Gram (Village), Tehsil (Block), and Zila (District).

26. Panchayat Samiti: It is a local government body at the tehsil or taluka level in India, which is a link between Gram Panchayat and Zila Parishad.

27. Gram Sabha: The bodies for the supervision of Gram Panchayats.

28. Mayor: The Chairperson of the municipal corporation is known as the Mayor.

29. Regionalism: A strong feeling of pride or loyalty in a particular region, with a desire of more power to govern themselves.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Developmen Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

• Resource: Meaning and Development
• Resources are technologically accessible, economically feasible, culturally acceptable and are limited in quantity.
• The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interactive relationship between nature, technology and institutions.
• Resources are free gifts of nature and very useful elements of environment.

→ Types of Resources

On the basis of origin, exhaustibility, ownership and status of development, resources can be classified in the following ways-
(a) On the basis of origin:
(i) Biotic
(ii) Abiotic

(b) On the basis of exhaustibility:
(i) Renewable
(ii) Non-Renewable

Sslc Geography Chapter 1 Notes HBSE

(c) On the basis of ownership:
(i) Individual
(ii) Community
(iii) National
(iv) International

(d) On the basis of status of development:
(i) Potential
(ii) Developed
(iii) Stock and Reserves.

→ Development of Resources

• Resources are compulsory for human survival, as well as for maintaining the quality, of life.
• Human beings use resources indiscriminately and this has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. Sustainable Development
• In June, 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth Summit, which was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development, at the global level.
• Agenda 21 is the declaration signed by more than 100 heads of states, in Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992, held in Brazil. It aims at the achievement of global sustainable development.

→ Resource Planning

• Resource planning is a widely-accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
• India has made concrete efforts to achieve the goals of resource planning, right from the First Five Year Plan.
• India has various types of relief features, such as mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. Land Resources
• Land use is determined by physical factors, such as-topography, climate, soil types and human factors, such as—population density,
• technical capability, culture and traditions, etc.
• Continuous use of land, over a long period of time, without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation which is a serious problem. Soil as a Resource
• Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is a mixture of natural biotic material and minerals.
• Soil takes millions of years to form a few centimetres in depth.
• India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types.
• These have contributed to the development of various types of soil which are following:
  (i) Alluvial Soil
  (ii) Black Soil
  (iii) Red and Yellow Soil
  (iv) Laterite Soil
  (v) Arid Soil
  (vi) Forest Soil.
• Soil erosion is a very serious problem. It happens because of the denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down.
  Types of soil erosion:
  (i) Wind erosion
  (ii) Sheet erosion
  (iii) Gully erosion.
• Contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping and shelter belts are such methods, through which soil can be conserved.

10 Class Geography Chapter 1 Notes HBSE

→ Important Terms

1. Resources: All the useful elements of environment that satisfy our basic needs are called resources.

2. Biotic Resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life, such as- human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.

3. Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example rocks and metals etc.

4. Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as
renewable or replenishable resources. For example, solar and wind energy.

5. Non-Renewable Resources: These are the resources that once used, cannot be replenished. For example, coal, petroleum, minerals like copper and iron-ore.

6. Natural Resources: Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals are called natural resources. Natural resources are free gifts of nature.

7. Man-made Resources: These are the resources that are created by human beings, with the help of machines.

8. Potential Resources: Those resources which are regionally available, but not yet utilised. Example — Wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

9. Developed Resources: All those resources which are surveyed. Their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.

10. Stock: The materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy the human needs, but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock.

11. Sustainable Development: Sustainable development means that development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the interests of future generations.

12. Resource Planning: ft is a widely-accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.

13. Resource Conservation: Conservation of resources means the judicial and planned use of resources. Thus, we get benefitted from them for a long time.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes HBSE

14. Fallow Land: A land that is left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year for increasing its fertility is known as fallow land.

15. Waste Land: Land which is not suitable for cultivation is known as waste land.

16. Net Sown Area: Area, sown once in a year is known as the net sown area.

17. Pasture: Grassland which is used for providing food for animals.

18. Gross Cropped Area : Area sown more than once in an agricultural year, plus net sown area, is known as gross cropped area.

19. Land Degradation: Rendering the land unfit for cultivation is called land degradation.

20. Shelter Belts: Rows of trees, which are planted in between the crops are known as shelter belts.

21. Soil: The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust which is loose, fragmented and useful for growing plants and crops is called soil.

22. Soil Profile: It is the vertical section of soil from the ground surface to the parent rock.

23. Bangar: It has been classified as older alluvium and contains higher concentration of nodules. It is a less fertile soil.

24. Khadar: Classified as new alluvium, and is more sandy and free from Kankar nodules.

25. Soil Erosion: The removal of soil by the forces of nature, particularly wind and water.

26. Bad-Land: The land unfit for cultivation is known as bad-land.

27. Ravines: This is the land which turns unsuitable for cultivation due to soil erosion.

28. Sheet Erosion: When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water, it is called sheet erosion.

29. Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels, which are known as gullies.

30. Gully Erosion: Gully erosion takes place when running water cuts deep ravines in the absence of vegetation. This type of erosion makes the soil unfit for cultivation.

31. Wind Er osion: Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land. This is known as wind erosion.

32. Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour ploughing.

33. Leaching: Leaching is a process by which the nutrients in the soil are washed down by heavy rains.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing Notes

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing

→ Summary Of The Lesson

• Power sharing among the three organs of state viz, legislature, executive and judiciary is most important for the proper functioning of democracy.
• To understand how democracies handle demands for power sharing, the form of power sharing in Belgium and Sri Lanka are discussed in this chapter.

→ Belgium and Sri Lanka

• Belgium is a small country in Europe. Area-wise, it is smaller than the state of Haryana.
• Its population is about half the population of Haryana.
• It shares borders with France, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
• Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent people live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch while 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.

Power Sharing Notes HBSE 10th Class

→ 1 per cent of people speak German.

• The capital of Belgium is Brussels, where 80 percent of people speak French, while 20 percent speak Dutch.
• Tension grew between ‘Dutch-speaking’ and ‘French-speaking’ communities during the 1950s and 1960s, especially in capital city, Brussels.
• Brussels presented a special problem that the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.
• Sri Lanka 1 an island nation with a diverse population having mainly, Sinhala speakers (74 per ceñt) and Tamil speakers (18 per cent).
• Tamils are divided into two groups- ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ and ‘Indian Tamils’.
• Most of the Sinhalas are Buddhist, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims.
• In Belgium, the Dutch Community and in Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese Community could take advantage of their majority, by imposing their will on other communities.

Power Sharing Class 10 Notes HBSE

→ Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

• In 1948, Sri Lanka became an independent country.
• Sinhala community adopted Majoritarian measures to secure dominance over the government.
• The Act of 1956 declared Sinhala as the only official language.
• Tamils felt that the government was discriminating and ignoring their interests.
• Sri Lankan Tamils established parties and demanded the following :
  (a) Tamil as an official language.
  (b) Regional autonomy.
  (c) Equal opportunities in the field of education and jobs.
• Gradually, in 1980s many political organizations were formed and the demand for an independent Tamil-Eelam (state) was raised.
• The relations between the Sinhalese and the Tamils became so strained that a civil war broke out.
  Accommodation in Belgium
• Between 1970 and 1993, the Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times, in order to remove regional differences and cultural diversities.
• They made various arrangements, as-
  (a) The number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government.
  (b) To pass some special laws, the majority of each linguistic group is essential.
  (c) The state governments are not subordinate to the central government.
  (d) Both the communities have equal representation in the separate Government of Brussels.
  (e) Apart from the central and state governments, there is also a third kind of government, i.e. ‘community government’.
• Though the Belgian model is very complicated, yet it has worked well and helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.
• Belgium and Sri Lanka, both are democracies, yet they dealt with the question of power sharing differently.
• Why is Power Sharing Desirable?
• Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict among social groups.
• Power sharing ensures the stability of the political order. It is a very essential element for the spirit of democracy.

Class 10 Power Sharing Notes HBSE

→ Forms of Power-Sharing

• In a democracy, people are the source of all political power. People rule themselves through institutions of self-government.
• In a good democratic government, everyone has a role in the shaping of public policies. So, in a democracy, political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible.
• The most common forms of power sharing in modern democracies are as given below-
  (a) Power sharing among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This arrangement is also known as a system of ‘checks and balances’.
  (b) Power sharing among central and provincial governments is called ‘federal division of power’.
  (c) Power sharing among different social groups, such as religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
  (d) Power sharing among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. It can be seen in the form of competition among various parties and groups. It can also be seen in the form of alliances.

→ Important Terms

1. Power Sharing: The division of power between different tiers of government, different organs, or different communities in a country, in order to ensure smooth running of the government and to check that all powers are not concentrated within one hand.

2. Democracy: A government formed by the representatives, who are directly elected by the people.

3. Legislature: A deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make, change or repeal the laws of a country or state.

Notes Of Chapter Power Sharing HBSE 10th Class

4. Executive: The part of government that has sole authority and reponsibility for the daily administration of the state. The executive branch
executes the law.

5. Judiciary: It is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. It also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes.

6. Ethnic: A social division based on similarities of physical type, or of culture, or both. They may not be of the same religion or nationality.

7. Flemish: Of or relating to Flanders, its people or their language, i.e. Dutch-speaking people.

8. Minority Community: A group of people, whose number in the total population of a country is less than one half.

9. Island Nation: A country which is surrounded by water is known as an island nation.

10. Sri Lankan Tamils: Tamil natives of Sri Lanka are called Sri Lankan Tamils. They consitute 13 per cent of the population and are concentrated in the Northern and Eastern part of Sri Lanka.

11. Indian Tamils: The Tamilians, whose forefathers came from India as plantation work¬ers during colonial rule, and settled in Sri Lanka, are called Indian Tamils. They consitute 5 per cent of the population.

12. Majoritarianism: A belief, that the majority community should be able to rule over a country, in whatever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

Chapter 1 Civics Class 10 Notes HBSE

13. Constitution: A set of rules and basic principles which governs a nation is called constitution.

14. Political Party: A group of persons who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

15. Regional Autonomy: Decentralization of governance to constituent regions.

16. Civil war: A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like war.

17. Refugee: One who flees for shelter is called a refugee.

18. Unilateral: Decisions taken without the agreement of the people.

19. Civic strife: Conflict and fighting between groups of the same country.

20. Tyranny: Oppressive or cruel rule, use of power and excessive control.

21. Prudential: Based on prudence, or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential decisions are usually contrasted with those decisions which are based purely on moral considerations.

22. Legitimate Government: A Legitimate Government is one where, citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

23. Horizontal Distribution of Power: Power is shared among different organs of government, i.e. legislative, executive and judiciary.

24. Checks and balances: A system in which each organ of the government checks the others. It results in a balance of power among various institutions and ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power or control.

25. Federal Government: It is based upon division of power between central government and state governments. Though states have control over their own affairs, yet centre has overall control over these units.

26. Vertical Division of Power: Distribution of power between higher and lower levels of government, i.e. between central and state governments.

27. Community Government: A type of government which is elected by the people belonging to one language community.

28. Reserved Constituencies: Some of the constituencies are reserved for the SCs (Scheduled Castes) and the STs (Scheduled Tribes), where only the weaker sections can contest elections.

Class 10 Chapter Power Sharing Notes HBSE

29. Pressure Groups: Pressure groups are those organisations that attempt to influence the policies of the government to safeguard their own interests.

30. Ideologies: The body of doctrines, myths, beliefs, etc that guides an individual, social movement or large group.

31. Alliance: A group of countries or political parties united together, formally to achieve similar objectives.

32. Coalition Government: A government formed by the alliance of two or more political parties.