Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources Notes
Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources
Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Notes HBSE
→ Summary Of The Lesson
→ Water Resource
- Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion of it accounts for fresh water that can be put to use.
- This freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off, and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.
- All water moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is a renewable resource. Water Scarcity
- Water is a renewable resource, despite this, a large portion of the world faces water scarcity.
- 97-5 per cent of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as oceans and only 2-5 per cent as freshwater.
- Nearly 70 per cent of freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the mountainous regions of the world, while a little less than 30 per cent is stored as groundwater in the world’s aquifers.
- By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions having absolute water scarcity.
- There is sufficient water in Israel with only 25 cm of annual rainfall, while with 114 cm of annual rainfall, India faces water scarcity due to improper water management.
- There has been a growing concern that even if there is ample water to meet the needs of the people, much of it is polluted by domestic and industrial waste, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
- The growth of population, agricultural modernisation, urbanisation and industrialisation have adversely affected the rivers in India.
Notes On Water Resources HBSE 10th Class
→ Water Resource Management
- The need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources.
- Archaeological and historical records show that since ancient times, we have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation.
- During the time of king Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
- In the lltli century Bhopal lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built.
- Sultan Iltutmisli built the Hauz Khas tank in Delhi in the 14th century to supply water to Siri fort area.
→ Multi-Purpose River Projects
- Today, the multipurpose river-valley projects, like Bhakra-Nangal, Hirakund and Damodar valley etc., are few major water conservation projects.
- The first Prime minister of India, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, proudly proclaimed the dams as the “Temples of Modem India”.Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many new social ‘ movements like the ‘Narmada Hachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc.
- Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to the large-scale displacement of local communities.
→ Rainwater Harvesting
- In hilly and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
- Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water.
- 6 In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil, like the ‘Khadins’ in .Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
- In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan (Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer), almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas to store drinking water.
- In Western Part of Rajasthan, roofltop rainwater harvesting is declining due to the perennial Rajasthan Canal (Indira Gandhi Canal).
- Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong and Meghalaya,
- Today, in Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent.
- Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory for all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
Water Resources Class 10 Notes HBSE
Important Terms
1. Fresh Water: Saltless water is called fresh water.
2. Surface runoff: Water found accumulated on the surface of the earthen depressions Bowing through rivers, streams, or frozen in the form
of ice caps and snow fields.
3. Ground Water: Groundwater means the water which exists below the ground surface in the zone of saturation and can be extracted through a well or any other means or emerges as springs and base flow in streams and rivers.
4. Hydrological Cycle: Hydrological cycle is the circulation of water within the earth’s hydrosphere in different forms, i.e. the liquid, solid and gaseous phases. It also refers to the continuous exchange of water between the ocean-atmosphere, land surface, sub-surface and living organisms.
5. Resource: All the useful elements of the environment that satisfy our basic needs are called resources.
6. Globe: A model of the earth is called a globe.
7. Ocean: A big storage place of saline water.
8. Aquifer: A saturated geological unit (e.g. sands, gravels and fractured rock) that can yield water to the wells at a sufficient rate to support the wells.
9. Water Scarcity: Shortage of water as compared to its demand is known as water scarcity,
10. Water Exploitation: Wastage of large amount of water.
11. Agriculture: The science and art of cultivation of the soil, raising crops and rearing animals.
12. Earthquake: It is an endogenetic-based force that moves the earth and is harmful for nature and life.
13. MNCs: It stands for multinational companies/corporations or offices of a single company in more than one country.
14. Hydraulic Structure: All dams, lakes, canals, wells and ponds etc. in which rainwater is collected.
15. Hydro-electricity: It is the power that is generated with the help of running water.
16. Dam: It is a barrier across a body of flowing water.
17. Multipurpose Project: A multi-purpose project or river-valley project serves a number of purposes simultaneously, such as irrigation, flood control, generating hydroelectricity and tourism, e.g. the Bhakra Nangal Dam.
18. Floods: It is a heavy rain condition during which rivers overflow.
19. Drought: It is a condition emerging during less rainfall conditions which cause lack of water for human beings’ land vegetation.
20. Rainwater Harvesting: It is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater, by constructing
structures such as percolating pits, check dams, etc.
21. Guls or Kuls: Diversion channels in the Himalayan region.
22. Irrigation: An artifical means of watering the standing crops is called irrigation.
23. Tankas: Underground tanks to store water.
24. Palar Pani: Purest form of rainwater is known as Palar Pani.
25. Perennial Canals: Canals that have water all the year around.