Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes
Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Development
- Development is also known as progress. Its idea has always been with us.
- Each person has his own aspirations and desires about what he would like to do and how he would like to spend his life.
- Development implies an all round progress of a country ensuring to its citizens, freedom, participative involvement, economic equality, security, life with dignity and good standard of living.
Class 10th Economics Chapter 1 Notes HBSE
→ What Development Promises – Different People, Different Goals
- People have different goals due to which development is sometimes contrasting and conflicting.
- For example, industrialists want big dams for their electricity requirement, but dams displace local community, submerge forestland and destroy whole ecological setup. So, local people want small check dams or tanks.
- This shows the two aspects of development-
(i) Different persons have different developmental goals
(ii) Development for one may not be development for another. - It may even be destructive for the other.
→ Incomed and other Goals
- Income is considered as the most important component of development at it can buy material goods and services.
- Apart from income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc.
- This is because the quality of our life depends on material things like money, facilities and non-material things like good working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, job security, etc.
- For development, people look at a mix of goals including both economic development and better quality of life.
→ National Development
- The individuals have different goals and their idea of national development is also likely to be different. Their goals can also be conflicting.
- Under national development, priority is given to those goals which benefit the largest number of people.
- To choose a fair and just path that benefits a large number of people is required for national development.
Chapter 1 Development HBSE 10th Class
→ How to Compare Different Countries or States
- To make a comparison among various countries, their national income and per capita income is considered as a base point.
- National Income is the income of all the residents of the country over a period of time and is also known as Total Income.
- National Income is a significant criterion of economic development. Countries with higher income are considered more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that the human beings need.
- However, National Income is not a suitable measure to make a comparison between two countries because each country has a different population and it will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
- Per capita income is a good measure to make a comparison between two countries.The average income is also called per capita income. Per capita income is calculated by this formula
- capita income was used in classifying the countries, in World Development Report, 2017, brought out by the World Bank.
- In the year 2017, countries with per capita income of US $ 12056 per annum and above are called rich countries, and those with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
- According to this classification, India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US $ 1820 per annum.
Development Chapter 1 HBSE 10th Class
→ Income and Other Criteria
- The other criteria of comparing two states or countries are- their Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Literacy Rate, Net Attendance Ratio, Human Development Index, available facilities etc.
- Development of a country should be judged on the basis of other attributes besides income.
- To understand this, a comparative analysis of three states. Haryana, Kerala and Bihar is given below.
State Infant mortality Rate per 1,000 live births (2017) Literacy Rate (%) Net attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage (age 14 and 15 years) 2013-14 Per capita Income for 2015-16 (in ?) Haryana 30 82 61 1,80,174 Kerala 10 94 83 1,63,475 Bihar 35 62 43 34,409 - From the comparative table given above, various aspects of development can be concluded as follows:
(i) Infront Mortality Rate (IMR) is the lowest in Kerala and highest in Bihar. High IMR implies that healthcare facility is poor and high per capita Income does not guarantee better healthcare facilities.
(ii) Literacy rate is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar.
(iii) Net attendance ratio is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar.
(iv) Per capita income is highest in Haryana and lowest in Bihar. This indicates that employment status and scope of earning is quite less in Bihar. - These aspects indicate that per capita Income is not the best criteria to decide development. However, other basic facilities and quality of life
- also matter much and must be property counted to estimate true development.
→ Public Facilities
- More income can buy more facilities but there are other things needed to live well such as clean air, polution free environment, unadulterated medicines, protection from infectious diseases, etc.
- Public facilities are provided by the government for the betterment of the community or for collective benefit.
- States where adequate public facilities are provided, have more progress. Due to good basic health and educational facilities, Kerala has low Infant mortality Rate and high literacy rate.
- In states where there is good Public Distribution System (PDS), the health and nutritional status of people is better.
→ Body Mass Index
- Body Mass Index (BMI) is an international standard used to determine whether an adult person is undernourished or not.
- It we divide the weight of a person by the square of his/her height, we get a ratio which is called BMI.
- The BMI is an important way to understand the level of nutrition a person takes.
→ Human Development Report
- Human Development Report published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is one of the best methods to measure development.
- This UNDP report compares countries based on three criteria, namely-
(i) living Standard (Per capita Income)
(ii) llealth Status (Life expectancy)
(iii) Educational levels of the people (Literacy rate and years of schooling. - India occupies 13th rank in HDI 2018. The Human Development Index (HDI) considers public health, education, poverty level, inequality and environmental aspects to measure human development.
→ Sustainability of Development
- Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
- Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources, but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of these resources.
- Another aspect of development is the rapid development is using up natural resources at a faster rate. This is not sustainable for future generations.
- Non-renewable resources are getting exhausted fast. These resources cannot be replenished and there is a limited stock only.
- Renewable resources like groundwater are overused. It happens when groundwater is used more than what is replenished by rain. Sustainable development is a way to reduce this overuse.
- In India, nearly one-third of the country is overusing its groundwater reserves.
- Such over use is particularly found in agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh hard rock plateau areas of central and south India. Exhaustion of natural resources : according to world energy review, June 2018, the total reserves of the crude oil stock in the world is going to last just for 50 years as countries are fast using up the oil reserves.
→ Important Term
1. Development-Development is a process, in which, per capita income increases and poverty, inequality, illiteracy and suffering reduce, i.e. the economic level of people improves and the living standard raises.
2. Dam-A dam is a barrier across the flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow of water.
3. Check Dam-It is a structure built across a river or estuary in order to restrain water.
4. Material Goods-These are items that consumers can purchase, sell or trade.
5. National Development-Economic, social and political development of any country is called National Developm ’
6. Multinational Company-Those companies, which have control and ownership of production in more than one country.
7. Developed Countries-Countries, which have higher per capita income qpd high living standard.
8. Income of a Country-It means income of all the residents of the country.
9. Economic Development-Economic development is a long-term and continuous process, in which, national income and per capita income
increases.
10. Average Income-The average income is the total income of the country, divided by its total population. It is also called per capita income.
11. National Income-It is the sum of all final goods and services produced in a country, during a given period of time.
12. World Bank-An International Bank, established in 1944. The aim of this bank is to provide financial and technical help to poor, resource-less and underdeveloped countries.
13. Economy-A group of various systems and organisations, which provides livelihood to the people.
14. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)-Indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year, as a proportion of 1,000 live children born in the same year.
15. Literacy Rate-Measures the proportion of literate population in the age group of 7 and above. In other words, this is the total percentage of the population of an area, at a particular time, aged seven years or above, who can read and write with understanding.
16. Net Attendance Ratio-The total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school, as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
17. Public Distribution System (PDS)-It is the system through which the government distributes essential subsidised commodities, like food and non-food items to the poor consumers at a reasonable price, through a network of ration shops.
18. Body Mass Index (BMI)-Weight of a person divided by square of height.
19. Human Development-It is a process, which fulfils the needs and desires of people, so that they can live motivated and active life.
20. U.N.D.P.-Its full form is United Nations Development Programme. UNDP publishes Human Development Report. This report compares the countries on the basis of educational level, health status and per capita income.
21. Human Development Report-It is published by UNDP, which compares countries, on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
22. Human Development Index (H.D.I)-Helpful in comparing and understanding the level of development of countries of the world. It measures the average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development, i.e. long and healthy life, education and decent standard of living.
23. Gross Enrolment Ratio-Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school age population, corresponding to the same level of education, in a given school/year.
24. Life Expectancy-Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
25. Sustainable Development-It is that process of development, which aims at maintaining the quality of life of both, present, as well as, future generation, without destroying natural resources and environment.
26. Groundwater-The water, which exists below the ground surface in the zone of saturation and can be extracted through wells or any other means, or emerges as springs and base, flows in streams and rivers.
27. Renewable Resources-Those resources, which cf je re-used, as- wind, water, forest and energy etc.
28. Non-Renewable Resources-Those resources, which cannot be re-used and have a fixed stock on earth, as- coal, mineral oil, natural gas etc.
29. Natural Resources-Various elements or matter which exist in nature and are useful for human beings are called natural resources.
30. Crude oil-A mixture of hydrocarbons, in solid, gaseous or liquid form, found in the earth.
31. Environmental degradation-A process by which, various environmental elements like- water, air, soil etc. get polluted and lose their usefulness.