Author name: Bhagya

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Improvement in Food Resources Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Improvement in Food Resources

→ There are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and mineral salts in our food.

→ We get food from plants and animals.

→ Green and white revolutions contributed to increase foodgrain production.

→ Sustainable systems are needed to increase the production of foodgrain.

→ For sustained livelihood, it is necessary to undertake mixed farming, intercropping and integrated farming systems.

→ There are thirteen nutrients which are essential for crops. Of these, six are required in large quantities and are known as macro-nutrients. Whereas seven nutrients are required in small quantities and are known as micro-nutrients.

→ Mixed cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.

→ Now growing of two or more crops in definite row patterns is known as intercropping.

→ Varietal improvement is required for higher yield, good quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, shortening the maturity duration, wider adaptability and desirable agronomic characteristics. Compost or vermicompost and green manure are organic manures.

→ Fertilizers are prepared by chemical reactions.

→ Crop protection is also the helping factor in increasing the crop production.

→ Livestock management is called animal husbandry.

→ Farm animals require proper care and management such as shelter, feeding, breeding and disease control. This is called animal husbandry.

→ Poultry farming is done to raise domestic fowls. Poultry production includes egg production and broiler production for poultry meat.

→ To enhance poultry production, cross breeding is done between Indian and exotic breeds for variety improvement. ,

→ Fish may be obtained from marine resources as well as inland resources.

→ Marine fish capture is done by fishing nets guided by echo-sounders and satellites.

→ Composite fish culture system is commonly used for fish farming.

→ Bee-keeping is done to collect honey and wax.

→ Macro-nutrients: Which nutrients are required in large quantities, are called macro-nutrients. (These are six in number.)

→ Micro-nutrients: Which nutrients are required in small quantities, are called micro-nutrients. (These are seven in number.)

→ Manure: From which matters plants get nutrients, are called manure.

→ Compost: Which matters are prepared by the decomposition of biological wastes, are called compost.

→ Vermi-compost: Which compost is made by using earthworms, is called vermi-compost.

→ Green manure: Manure which is made by the decomposition of green plants, is called green manure.

→ Fertilizer: Manure which is manufactured by artificial processes is called fertilizer.

→ Irrigation: To provide the required water to crops is called irrigation.

→ Soil erosion: To cut or flow away of the upper surface of earth is called soil erosion.

→ Mixed cropping: Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land is called mixed cropping.

→ Intercropping: Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern is called intercropping.

→ Crop rotation: The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is known as crop rotation.

→ Weeds: Weeds are unwanted plants in the cultivated field.

→ Insect pests: Insects which prove harm to the crops are known as insect pests.

→ Pesticides: Chemicals which are used to destroy the pests are called pesticides.

→ Animal husbandry: Management of livestock is called animal husbandry.

→ Milch animals (dairy animals): Milk producing female animals are Called milch animals.

→ Draught animals: The animals used for farm labour are called draught animals.

→ Dairy Animals: Milk-producing animals are called dairy animals.

→ Poultry farming: Chickens, quails and geese are domesticated for egg production and chicken meat is called poultry farming.

→ Layers: Egg-producing hens are called layers.

→ Broilers: Meat-producing chickens are called broilers.

→ Fish farming: Farming for the utilization of shell fish such as prawns and molluscs is called fish farming.

→ Bee-keeping: To collect honey and wax is called bee-keeping.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Natural Resources Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Natural Resources

→ Air, water, soil, minerals, living organisms all are natural resources.

→ The air that covers the whole earth like a blanket is called atmosphere.

→ Air is a mixture of many gases, water vapours, soil particles, etc.

→ Temperature on the surface of moon ranges from: 190°C to 110°C.

→ Blowing air is called wind or breeze.

→ During the day, the direction of the wind is from the sea to the land and at night, opposite to it,

→ Rain is the form of water vapours present in the atmosphere.

→ An increase in the content of harmful substances present in air is called air pollution.

→ Life of organism is dependent on water.

→ Addition of undesirable materials in water is called water pollution.

→ Soil is the huge storehouse of minerals.

→ Ground water is also called mineral water.

→ Various nutrients are used again and again in a cycle fashion, this leads to a certain balance between the various components of the biosphere.

→ Pollution of air, water and soil affect the quality of life and harm the biodiversities.

→ We need to conserve our natural resources and use them in a sustainable manner.

→ Greenhouse effect creates warming in the atmosphere.

→ Ozone layer is called protective envelope of atmosphere.

→ Nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria by converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates.

→ Natural resources: Useful substances found in nature are called natural resources.

→ Air: Gaseous envelope of gases around the surface of earth is called air.

→ Biosphere: A circle around the earth within the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and lithosphere make the possible by interact each-other, is known as biosphere.

→ Winds: Blowing air is called wind or breeze.

→ Rain: Falling of water from clouds in the form of water droplets on earth is called rain.

→ Air pollution: An increase in the harmful substances present in air is called air pollution.

→ Water pollution: Addition of harmful substances in water is called water pollution.

→ Soil: The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust is called soil.

→ Humus: Substance remains after the decomposition of dead decaying organisms is called humus.

→ Topsoil: The uppermost layer of earth which is made by the mixing of soil particles, humus and organisms is called topsoil.

→ Soil erosion: Cutting or flowing away of upper surface of earth is called soil erosion.

→ Water-cycle: Natural balance made by the exchange of various forms of water in nature is called water-cycle.

→ Nitrogen fixation: Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates by bacteria is called nitrogen fixation.

→ Photosynthesis: The process of making starch by the green plants is called photosynthesis.

→ Greenhouse effect: After absorbing the infrared radiations of sun by carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere and to majce the atmosphere warm is called greenhouse effect.

→ Ozone layer: The layer of ozone in the atmosphere which absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun is called ozone layer.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Why Do We Fall Ill Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Why Do We Fall Ill

→ Health is a state of being well enough to function well physically, mentally and socially.

→ Health of all living beings is based upon environment.

→ Social environment has a vital importance for a person for individual health.

→ Community hygiene also influences individual health.

→ Balanced diet and healthy habits too are the factors to affect health.

→ The wordly meaning of ‘disease’ is ‘disturbed-rest’, ‘uncomfort’ or ‘discomfort’.

→ Short termed diseases are called as ‘acute diseases’ and long termed diseases are called as ‘chronic diseases’.

→ The causes of spreading a disease are called as ‘disease factors’.

→ Diseases are of two types: communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases. Communicable factors can be different with regard to different classes of living beings. They can be unicellular micro-organisms or multicellular.

→ The treatment of a disease is done on the basis of its factors and the class of Bacteria or Bacilli. Communicable factors are spread through water, air, physical contact, disease agents or pathogens. Prevention is better than cure.

→ Communicable diseases can be cured by public health cleanliness methods, that mitigate communicable factors.

→ Through vaccination communicable diseases can be cured.

→ It is quite essential to allocate public cleanliness and vaccination facility to all in order to cure communicable diseases more effectively.

→ Tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, small-pox, polio etc., vaccine is already available for each of these diseases.

→ The vaccination for hepatitis ‘A’ is also available.

→ Vaccine for small pox was discovered by an english physician, Edward Jenner who obtained it from the blisters of the cowpox.

→ Health: Health is the metabolic balanced stage of a person with respect to social, psychological (mental) or physical life.

→ Disease: Occurrence of discontinuity in health is disease in itself or occurrence of any disorder in any part of the body due to any reason is called as disease.

→ Symptoms: Symptoms is what, that alarms is regarding any physical fault or disorder.

→ Acute diseases: Diseases having short-termed life are called as acute diseases.

→ Chronic diseases: Diseases that run last longer or throughout life are called as chronic diseases.

→ Factors of diseases: The cause of disease is known as disease factor.

→ Communicable diseases: Diseases that spread through any type of contact are called as communicable diseases.

→ Non-communicable diseases: Diseases that may occur due to any other reason instead of physical contact are called as non-communicable diseases.

→ Antibiotics: All such substances that are prepared from a microbe (living body) are harmful for other microbes (living bodies) are called as antibiotics.

→ Sexually transmitted diseases: Diseases that spread through sexual contact are called as sexually transmitted diseases.

→ Diseases-agents or Pathogens: Those organisms that carry harmful bacteria from a sufferer or patient and take it to other healthy person are called as pathogens or vector.

→ Water borne diseases: Water borne diseases are called as water borne diseases.

→ Vaccination: It is that process in which substance (vaccine) is injected into a healthy person so that antibodies might produce.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 12 Sound Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 12 Sound

→ Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.

→ Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

→ Sound needs a material medium to travel.

→ Sound travels as longitudinal waves through liquid medium.

→ In sound propagation, it is the energy of sound that travels and not the particles of the medium.

→ Sound cannot travel in vacuum.

→ Sound travels as successive compressions and rarefactions in the medium.

→ The change in density from one maximum value to the minimum value and again to the maximum value makes one complete oscillation.

→ The distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions is called the wavelength, λ (lambda).

→ Time taken by the wave for one complete oscillation of the density or pressure of the medium is called the time period (T).

→ SI unit of frequency of sound is hertz (Hz).

→ The number of complete oscillations per unit time is called the frequency (v), v = \(\frac{1}{T}\).

→ The relation among velocity of sound (v), frequency (v) and wavelength (X ) is, v = A.v

→ The speed of sound depends primarily on the nature and the temperature of the transmitting medium.

→ The amount of sound passing each second through unit area is called the intensity of sound.

→ According to law of reflection of sound, The direction in which the sound is incident and reflected make equal angles with the normal to the reflecting surface and the three lie in the same plane.

→ For hearing a distinct sound, the time interval between the original sound and the reflected one must be at least 0.1 s.

→ The reflection of sound is used in megaphones, horns, trumpets and shehnais.

→ Sound properties such as pitch, loudness and quality are determined by the corresponding wave properties.

→ The amount of sound energy passing each second through unit area is called the intensity of sound.

→ The audible range of hearing for average human beings is in the frequency range of 20 Hz-20 kHz.

→ Sound waves with frequencies below the audible range are termed “infrasonic” and those above the audible range are termed “ultrasonic”.

→ Ultrasound has many medical and industrial applications.

→ The SONAR technique is used to determine the depth of the sea and to locate under water hills, valleys, submarines, icebergs, sunken ship, etc.

→ The expanded form of SONAR is Sound Navigation and Ranging.

→ Ultrasonic waves form the image of the heart which is called “echocardiography.’’

→ Ultrasonography is used for examination of the foetus during pregnancy to detect congenial defects and growth abnormalities.

→ Sound: Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.

→ Mechanical Waves: The characterstics waves produced by the motion of the particles of the medium is called mechanical waves.

→ Compression: A region of high pressure is called compression.

→ Rarefaction: A region of low pressure is called rarefaction.

→ Longitudinal Wave: When the individual particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation of the disturbance, is called longitudinal wave.

→ Transverse Wave: When the individual particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, is called transverse wave.

→ Time Period: The time taken by two consecutive compressions or rarefactions to cross a fixed point is called the time period of the wave.

→ Pitch: How the brain interprets the frequency of an emitted sound is called the pitch.

→ Amplitute: The magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium on either side of the mean value.

→ Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions is called wavelength.

→ Velocity of Sound: The distance which a point on wave travels per unit time is called velocity of sound.

→ Intensity of Sound: The amount of sound passing each second throw unit area is called the intensity of sound.

→ Reflection of Sound: When the sound returns back in the same medium after reflection is called reflection of sound.

→ Echo: The reflected sound is called echo.

→ Reverberation: The repeated reflection that results in the persistence of sound is called reverberation.

→ Ultrasonic Sound: Frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sound or ultrasound.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Work and Energy Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 11 Work and Energy

→ All living beings need energy for livelihood.

→ We get energy from food.

→ Green plants get energy from sunlight.

→ Two conditions are compulsory for doing work:
(a) A force should act on an object.
(b) The object must be displaced.

→ Work has only magnitude not direction.

→ Work done is negative when the force acts opposite to the direction of displacement.

→ Work done is positive when the force is in the direction of displacement.

→ Sun is the largest natural source of energy for us.

→ We can also get energy from the nucleus of atoms, internal parts of the earth and tides.

→ The unit of work and energy is joule. (1 kilojoule = 1000 J)

→ The kinetic energy of an object increases with its speed.

→ The units of power used in daily life: kilowatt and magawatt.
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watt (W)

→ One horse power is equal to 746 watt.

→ The heat energy of the sun is the result of the energy released by the nuclear reactions between its inner part and on its surface.

→ The kinetic energy of water is converted into electric energy by hydro electric apparatus.

→ Fossil fuel is made of the remains of plants and animals.

→ The energy in fossil fuels is used to obtain electricity, temperature and mechanical energy.

→ When a body falls from height, its potential energy is transferred into kinetic energy.

→ The kinetic energy of a body of mass m moving with velocity v, is equal to ½mv²

→ The gravitational potential energy of a body of mass m lifted to a height h from the surface of earth is equal to mgh.

→ Work: When the force is applied on an object it moves in the direction of force, it is said to be work done.

→ Energy: The capacity of doing work is called energy.

→ Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy = ½ mv².

→ Potential Energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its position or change in shape is called potential energy. Potential energy = mgh.

→ Mechanical Energy: The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of an object is called mechanical energy.

→ Joule: Work done is said to be one joule when a force of 1 newton acting on an object and object is displaced through 1 m in the direction of force.

→ Displacement: The minimum distance between two position of an moving object is known as displacement.

→ Escape Velocity: That minimum velocity with this an object gone upward through the gravitational force of earth is term as escape velocity.

→ Power: The rate of doing work is called power. Its SI unit is watt. (1 watt = 1 joule/1 second).

→ Law of Conservation of Energy: According to law of conservation of energy, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be transferred from one form to another.

→ Gravitational Potential Energy: The gravitational potential energy of an object at a point above the ground is defined as the work done in raising it from the ground to that point against gravity.

→ Elastic Potential Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to change in its shape is called elastic potential energy as in stretched rubberband.

→ One Kilowatt Hour Energy: The energy used in one hour at the rate of 1 kW is called 1 kWh.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Gravitation Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 10 Gravitation

→ The fall of an apple from a tree and motion of moon is due to gravitational force.

→ Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law to define gravitational force.

→ Sir Isaac Newton was bom in 1642.

→ A body moving with velocity v in a circular track of radius r is directed towards the centre of earth with an acceleration of \(\frac{v^2}{r}\)

→ The force of gravity decreases with altitude. It also varies on the surface of the earth, decreasing from poles to the equator.

→ The value of universal gravitational constant G is 6.673 × 10^-11 Nm²/kg².

→ According to Newton, the motion of planets is due to that gravitational force which sun imposes on them.

→ The centre of gravity of objects having regular shape and same density lies on their geometrical centre.

→ The force of attraction of earth on an object is directed towards its (earth) centre.

→ The weight of an object is equal to the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity.

→ The weight of an object can be different at different places, but mass remains constant.

→ All objects experience a force of buoyancy when they are immersed in a fluid.

→ Objects having density less than that of the liquid in which they are immersed, float on the surface of the liquid. If the density of the object is more than the density of the liquid in which it is immersed, then it sinks in the liquid.

→ The value of acceleration due to gravity of earth is 9.8 ms^-2.

→ The maximum horizontal distance covered by a projectile is called range.

→ Weight of an object always acts in vertical direction.

→ The weight of an object on moon is \(\frac{1}{6}\) th times in comparison to that of earth.

→ SI unit of thrust is newton (N).

→ SI unit of pressure is newton per metre square (Nm^-2). In honour of scientist Blaise Pascal, the SI unit of pressure is called pascal, denoted as Pa.

→ The relative density of an object is the ratio of its density and density of water.

→ All objects experience a bouyant force when immersed in fluid (liquid or gas).

→ SI unit of density is kilogram per metre cube (kgm^-3).

→ The density of the sample of a substance helps in the measurement of its purity.

→ The relative density of gold is 19.3.

→ Relative density has no unit because it is a ratio.

→ Gravitational Force: Any two particles of the universe attract each other with a force which is called gravitational force.

→ Force of Gravity: The gravitational force applied by earth is called force of gravity.

→ Centripetal Force: The acceleration which maintains the circular motion is always directed towards the centre of circle, which is called centripetal force.

→ According to Law of Gravitation: Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This law is applicable to all objects anywhere in universe. Such type of law is called universal law.

→ Centre of Gravity: The force of gravity on a body can be considered to active on a point in body. This point is called the centre of gravity of the body.

→ Weight: The weight of the body is that force by which the earth attracts that body.

→ Projectile: A particle thrown at any angle from vertical is called projectile. Its path is curved which is called parabolic path or parabola.

→ Mass: The mass of a body is the measure of its inertia.

→ Thrust: The force acting perpendicular to the surface of the body is called thrust.

→ Pressure: The trust exerted per unit area is called pressure. That is, pressure = \(\frac{\text { thrust }}{\text { area }}\)

→ According to the Principle of Archimedes’: When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

→ Buoyant Force: When a body is immersed in a fluid, a force is exerted by the fluid on body in upward direction which is called buoyant force.

→ Density: The mass per unit volume is called density.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

→ Force is a vector quantity.

→ Galileo was bom on 15th February, 1564 at Pisa in Italy.

→ First law of motion is also called law of inertia.

→ SI unit of momentum is kg ms^-1.

→ The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the force applied on the body.

→ The acceleration produced in a body is proportional to the force applied on that.

→ Momentum is a vector quantity.

→ By second law of motion, we get a method to measure the applied force on body.

→ Force is obtained by multiplying the acceleration produced in a body and the mass of body.

→ In an isolated system, the total momentum remains conserved.

→ Frictional force always opposes the motion of body.

→ All solid bodies offer friction on the bodies moving on them.

→ All liquid and gaseous surfaces offer friction on bodies moving on or through them. –

→ When a body slides on other body, the friction between them is called sliding friction.

→ The friction in the bodies, which move on rollers is called rolling friction.

→ The friction depends upon the smoothness or roughness of two surfaces which are in contact.

→ Sliding friction is always much more than rolling friction for a given body.

→ Undesirable effects of friction can be controlled in some extent.

→ Those meteor, which reaches on the surface of earth is called meteorite.

→ Ball-bearings are used in machines to reduce friction.

→ Force: Force is that external factor, which changes or tends to change the position of body.

→ First Law of Motion: An object continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

→ Inertia: The natural tendency of objects to resist a change in their state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia.

→ Mass: The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg).

→ Second Law of Motion: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.

→ One Newton: One newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1 ms^-2 in a body of mass 1 kg.

→ Third Law of Motion: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies.

→ Balanced Forces: When two or more forces acting on a body have zero resultant, then such forces are called balanced forces.

→ Unbalanced Forces: When the resultant of two or more forces acting on a body is not zero, such forces are called unbalanced forces.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Motion Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Motion

→ The change in position is a motion.

→ The motion may be defined in terms of distance covered or displacement.

→ All living things, whether they are plants or animals, do some type of motion.

→ It is easy to describe the motion of animals as compared to plants.

→ Any external factor is required for the movement of non-living things.

→ Distance is a scalar quantity.

→ Displacement is a vector quantity.

→ SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms^-1). Other units are centimetre per second (cms-1) and kilometre per hour (kmh^-1).

→ If an object covers a distance s in time t, then its speed (v) will be:
v = \(\frac{s}{t}\)

→ The speed of sound in air is 346 ms^-1.

→ If the acceleration is in the direction of velocity, then it is taken as +ve, and if it is in the opposite direction to that of the velocity, then it is taken as -ve.

→ The SI unit of acceleration is metre per second square (ms^-2).

→ The motion of a freely falling body is an example of uniformly accelerated motion.

→ In distance-time graph, the time is taken on X-axis and distance is taken on Y-axis.

→ For a uniform speed, the graph of the distance covered with respect to time is a straight line.

→ The change in the velocity of a body with time, moving in a straight line is shown by velocity-time graph.

→ In velocity-time graph, the time is taken on X-axis and velocity is taken on Y-axis.

→ The motion of a body moving with uniform acceleration may be defined by three equations. These are:

• v = u + at
• s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at²
• 2as = v² – u²

→ If an athelete takes a time, t seconds to move around a circular path of radius r, then velocity

→ Speed: The distance travelled by the body per unit time is known as its speed.

→ Velocity: The displacement per unit time is known as the velocity of the body.

→ Distance: The actual path travelled by any body is known as distance.

→ Displacement: The shortest distance between the initial and final position of the body is called displacement.

→ Origin Point: We require a reference point to show the position of any body, which is called origin point.

→ Uniform Motion: Motion of a body is said to be uniform, if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.

→ Non-uniform Motion: Motion of a body is said to be non-uniform, if it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time.

→ Average Speed: The ratio of the total distance travelled by any body to the total time.
∴ Average speed v = \(\frac{\text { Total distance travelled }(s)}{\text { Total time }(t)}\)

→ Average Velocity: If the velocity of any body changes equally, then the arithmetic mean of initial and final velocity is known as average velocity.
∴ Average velocity (v_av) = \(\frac{\text { Initial velocity }(\mathrm{u})+\text { Final velocity }(\mathrm{v})}{2}/latex]

→ Acceleration: The time rate of change of velocity of a moving body is called acceleration.
Change in velocity (v – u)
∴ Acceleration (a) = [latex]\frac{\text { Change in velocity }(\mathrm{v}-\mathrm{u})}{\text { Time taken }(\mathrm{t})}\)
Time taken (t)

→ Uniform Acceleration: A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration, if there is equal change in velocity in equal interval of time.

→ Non-uniform Acceleration: If the velocity of any body changes non-uniformly, then that is known as non-uniform acceleration.

→ Uniform Circular Motion: When a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

→ Oil our earth there are present about 10 crore different types of plants and animals, out of these about 17 lakhs different types of species have been classified.

→ The organisms are classified on the basis of similarities, dissimilarities and inter-relationships among them.

→ The branch of science which deals with classification of organisms is called systematics (Taxonomy). This word is given by D. Candoili.

→ The classification of organisms make their study convenient.

→ Carolus Linnaeus is known as the father of Taxonomy. He developed system of binomial nomenclature.

→ In Binomial system of Nomenclature the name of each organism is composed of two components, first one generic name (genus) and second one specific name (species).

→ The various levels/series in classification are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genera and species.

→ The living world has been divided into two groups. Animal kingdom and Plant kingdom.

→ Classification of organisms in five kingdoms are based on the following criteria:

• Cell-structure: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
• Complexity of organisms (unicellular or multicellular). Multicellular organisms has complexity body structure.
• Presence of cell wall and capacity of self (auto) nutrition.

→ All living organisms are divided on the above mentioned bases into five kingdoms:

• Monera
• Protista.
• Fungi.
• Plantae
• Animalia.

→ The classification of living organisms is related to their evolution.

→ Plantae and animalia are further divided into subdivisions on the basis of increasing complexity of body organisation.

→ Plants are divided into five groups: Thallophyta. Brvophyta. Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

→ Animals are divided into ten groups: Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata and Vertebrata.

→ Biodiversity: Biodiversity is the diversity of all life forms.

→ Classification: The method of arranging organisms into groups on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities is called classification.

→ Evolution: An accumulation of changes in the body design of organisms and which allow the
organisms possessing them to survive better is called evolution.

→ Megadiversity Zone: Maximum diversity in organisms is found between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn on the earth. This part of earth is known as megadiversity zone.

→ Monera: Unicellular prokaryotic organism in which cell wall is found, is called Monera.

→ Protista: Unicellular eukaryotic organisms are called protista.

→ Fungi: The heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms which obtain their food from decaying organic material are called fungi.

→ Plantae: The organisms of multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls and autotrophs are called plantae.

→ Animalia: The organisms of multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls are called animalia.

→ Thallophyta: They have a structure known as thallus.

→ Bryophyta: These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.

→ Cryptogams: Non-seed-bearing plants are called cryptogams.

→ Gymnosperms: Plants with naked seeds are called gymnosperms.

→ Angiosperms: Plants having covered seeds are called angiosperms.

→ Vertebrates: The animals with backbone are called vertebrates. .

→ Invertebrates: The animals without backbone are called invertebrates.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Tissues Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Tissues

→ Cell division is essential for the development and growth of a living being.

→ In single celled or unicellular creatures all living activities are performed by a single cell.

→ In multicellular organisms groups of different cells perform different functions, it is called as labour division.

→ Groups of cells with identical structure and performing similar functions is called as tissues.

→ Plants and animals are living beings with different characteristics.

→ In plants and animals on the basis of structure and functions different tissues are found.

→ In plants, there are two types of tissues:

• Meristematic tissues
• Permanent tissues.

→ Meristematic tissues are found at the apex and at the root tips of the plant. .

→ Permanent tissues are also made up of meristematic tissues.

→ Simple tissues are of three types: Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

→ Sclerenchyma (strong tissues) provides strength to the parts of the plant.

→ Strong tissues further converts in protective tissues.

→ Stomata (air-pores) help in exchanging of gases and evaporation.

→ Xylem and phloem tissues are the examples of complex tissues.

→ Xylem and phloem are conducting tissues.

→ Epithelial tissues are covering or protective animal tissues.

→ Muscular tissues are mainly of three types:

• striated muscles (skeletal or voluntary),
• unstriated muscles (involuntary or smooth muscles)
• cardiac muscles.

→ Blood and bones are the type of connective tissues.

→ Blood is a fluid tissue.

→ Bone is hard while, cartilage keeps flexibility.

→ Brain, spinal cord and nerves, all are nervous tissues.

→ Permanent tissues do not have the ability of division.

→ The unit of nervous tissue is neuron. It is a messenger.

→ In meristematic tissues, division occurs constantly.

→ Tissue: The group of cells originating from the common point having same structure and function is called tissue.

→ Meristematic tissues: The tissues having the ability to divide are called as meristematic tissues.

→ Differentiation: The activity conducted by the tissues to take a permanent shape and size to perform special functions is called differentiation.

→ Permanent tissues: Those meristematic tissues that lose the ability of division and become tissues are called as permanent tissues.

→ Simple tissues: Tissues formed of only one types of cells are called as simple tissues.

→ Complex tissues: The group of cells with different structures and functions are called as complex tissues.

→ Protective tissues: The tissues protecting the body of plants are called as protective tissues.

→ Phloem: Living transporting tissues is called phloem.

→ Epithelial tissues: The covering tissues in animals is called epithelial tissue.

→ Muscular tissue: The structures that form muscles, are called muscular tissue.

→ Connective tissues: Tissues that perform the function to interlink different organs in the body or provide supporting function are called as connective tissues.

→ Nervous tissues: The tissues that transmit feelings or impulses (messages) from one place to another are called nervous tissues.

Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life Notes.

Haryana Board 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

→ The structural and functional unit of living organisms is called a cell.

→ Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.

→ A cell can be seen under a microscope.

→ Amoeba and paramoecium are unicellular organisms.

→ Multicellular organisms evolved from unicellular organisms.

→ Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria in 1674 through a microscope.

→ Robert Brown found the nucleus of the cell in 1831.

→ J.E. Purkinje discovered protoplasm in 1839.

→ M.J. Schleiden (1838) and T. Schwann (1839) put forward the cell theory.

→ Virchow further expanded the cell theory in 1855.

→ The complex structural organisation of the cell was studied after the invention of electron microscope in 1940.

→ Division of labour is found in multicellular organisms.

→ All animal cells have plasma membrane.

→ Plant cells have cell wall.

→ Plasma membrane shows diffusion.

→ Osmosis is a kind of diffusion.

→ Nucleus controls the activities of the cell.

→ The indistinct nucleus in bacteria is called nucleoid.

→ The fluid enclosed by plasma membrane is called cytoplasm.

→ Cytoplasm and nucleus together constitute a protoplasm.

→ Endoplasmic reticulum is a large network of membrane-bound tubes.

→ Camillo Golgi described the Golgi apparatus.

→ Lysosome disposes off the waste products of the cell.

→ Mitochondria is the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell.

→ Plastids are found only in the plant cells.

→ Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents.

→ Cell: Cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms.

→ Unicellular organisms: The organisms whose body is formed of only one cell is called unicellular organisms.

→ Multicellular organisms: The organisms formed of many cells grouped together are called multicellular organisms.

→ Division of labour: Different parts of the human body perform different functions, this is called division of labour.

→ Plasma membrane: The outer covering of the cell, which is made up of lipids and protein, and covers the cell from outside is called plasma membrane.

→ Osmosis: The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.

→ Absorption: The absorption of minerals and water by the cells is called absorption.

→ Endocytosis: The procurement of food and other substances from outer environment in unicellular organisms is called endocytosis.

→ Nucleus: The circular structure in the centre of the cell, which controls the activities of the cell, is called nucleus.

→ Nucleoid: The indistinct nuclear region in the cell is called nucleoid.

→ Prokaryotic cells: Cells having no cell organelles and with only one chromosome are called prokaryotic cells.

→ Eukaryotic cells: Cells having cell organelles and more than one chromosome are called eukaryotic cells.

→ Cytoplasm: The fluid enclosed by the cell membrane is called cytoplasm.

→ Protoplasm: Cytoplasm and nucleus together constitute protoplasm.

→ Endoplasmic Reticulum: It is a large network of membrane-bound tubes.

→ Golgi Apparatus: It is a system of membrane-bound vesicles arranged almost parallel to each other in stacks.

→ Lysosome: Powerful digestive enzymes which are enclosed by a membrane constitute a lysosome.

→ Mitochondria: The cell organelles which produce energy are called mitochondria.

→ Vacuoles: Storage sacs for solid or liquid substances are called vacuoles.