Author name: Prasanna

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.7 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.7

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.6 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.6

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.5 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.5

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.4

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.3

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

HBSE 8th Class History How, When and Where Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

History Chapter 1 Class 8 HBSE Question 1.
State whether true or false :
(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods: Hindu, Muslim, Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True.

LETS DISCUSS

Class 8 Chapter 1 History HBSE Question 2.
What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
Answer:
(a) James Mill divided history on the basis of religion of the rulers of the times. However, a variety of faiths existed simultaneously in these periods.

(b) Mill, through his periodisation suggested that British rule could civilize India. He was of opinion that the British should conquer all the territories in India to ensure the enlightenment as if India was not capable of progress without British help.

Chapter 1 History Class 8 HBSE Question 3.
Why did the British preserve documents?
Answer:
The British preserved official documents because they liked to have permanent record of every instruction, plan, policy, agreement. They believed that things could be properly studied and debated once we had such records.

8th Class History Chapter 1 HBSE Question 4.
How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
Answer:
Usually the newspaper reports are not biased. These reports explain the fact as it was. Most of the times, these do not try to manipulate the event. These represent the true story of the event with every detail. On the other hand, the official reports are usually biased. These are written as per the will of the senior officials. These reports may carry the biased view of the reporting police officer. Thus if the historians are based only on the police reports, they may become misguided.

LETS DO

History Class 8 Chapter 1 HBSE Question 5.
Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing with or how the government finds out about the number of the students, their bio-data and a brief history of their lives.
Answer:
Yes, there are many examples of surveys in world today. The administrative, botanical and market surveys help to know about the needs and aspirations of the people. The government finds out about the information of employees through the records and reports of school authorities.

HBSE 8th Class History How, When and Where Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

8 Class History Chapter 1 Question Answer HBSE Question 1.
Are official records a good source for writing colonial history? Why?
Answer:
No. This is because, most of the time, the writers of these records were biased.

History Class 8 Chapter 1 Question Answer HBSE Question 2.
Why do we divide history into different periods.
Answer:
We divide history into different periods to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear before us.

History How When And Where HBSE 8th Class Question 3.
Name any four British Governor- Generals in India.
Answer:

• Warren Hastings
• Lord Wellesley
• William Bentick
• Lord Dalhousie.

History 8th Class HBSE Question 4.
How far are dates important for study of history?
Answer:
Dates are important for study of history as we focus on a particular set of events as important. If the focus of our study changes, we begin to look at new issues and a new set of dates gains significance.

8th History Chapter 1 HBSE Question 5.
Why is the study of history divided into chapters?
Answer:
We divide the study of history into chapters because to tell some events or story in chronological order makes sense. It is also to give each chapter some coherence.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 6.
According to Mill’s telling of history, who ruled India before the British came to India?
Answer:
According to Mill’s telling of history, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 HBSE Question 7.
In what parts have historians divided Indian history?
Answer:
Historians have divided Indian history into three parts—‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’.

8th Class History 1st Chapter Question Answer Question 8.
What is colonisation?
Answer:
When the subjugation of one country by another leads to political, economic, social and cultural changes in such a way to give the control to the supreme country, it is called colonisation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is history? How has the study of history evolved over time?
Answer:
History is the study of changing patterns in society. It tells us about how things were in the past and how they have changed over the years. Over the years, history has developed and evolved. Ancient history revolved about the dates on which rulers were crowned or battles were fought. Now, history has become the study of common people, their lives and also about new ideas.

Question 2.
Write any two issues that modern day historians like to write.
Answer:

• They like to write on how people earned their livelihood.
• They like to write on what people produced and ate.

Question 3.
How did the British colonise Indian territories?
Answer:
The British colonised Indian territories by:

• establishing control over the economy and society.
• collecting revenue to meet all their expenses.
• buying the goods they wanted at low prices.
• producing crops they needed for export.

Question 4.
What were the kinds of surveys the British conducted in the early nineteenth century?
Answer:
By the early nineteeth century, the British conducted following surveys :

• Revenue surveys were conducted in the villages to know about the topography, the soil quality, the flora and the fauna, the local histories and the cropping pattern.
• Census operations were held to know the detailed records of the number of people, religions and occupations.
• Botanical surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forests surveys etc.

Question 5.
What were the purposes of surveys?
Answer:
Revenue surveys were conducted by the British to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, the cropping pattern and many other things. They all helped them in proper administration.

Question 6.
What do the official records of the British tell us?
Answer:
The official records tell us:

• What the British officials thought.
• What they were interested in.
• What they wished to preserve for posterity.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mill justified the British rule in India. How is it clear through his periodisation of history? What were the drawbacks in his classification?
Answer:
James Mill divided history of India into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British. He advocated that:

• All Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.
• During the reign of Hindus and Muslim rulers, the social life in India was domi-nated by cast taboos, religious intolerance and superstitious practices.
• India was not able to progress without British help.

There were drawbacks in his classification because:

• It ignored the significant historical developments in the society, economy or culture.
• This division ignored the rich diversity of the sub-continent.

Question 2.
What are the important sources of studying a history?
Answer:
Historians use different types of sources to study about history. They are as follows:
(a) Official records: The official records of the British administration are an important source of historical events. The records of plan, instruction, policy, agreements were kept in a written form. With the spread of printing, multiple copies of these records were printed.

(b) Surveys: The different types of surveys (like population, botanical, zoological, archaeological, anthropological, forest surveys), have been conducted from time- to-time. The survey reports help to know about the people of the past.

(c) Other sources: These sources include:

• Personal diaries.
• Accounts of pilgrims and travellers.
• Autobiographies of important people.
• Newspapers.
• Stories, poems and novels.

Source-Based Questions

Reports to the Home Department;
In 1946 the colonial government in India was trying to put down a mutiny that broke out on the ships of the Royal Indian Navy. Here is a sample of the kind of reports the Home Department got from the different dockyards:

→ Bombay: Arrangements have been made for the Army to takeover ships and establish¬ment. Royal Navy ships are remaining outside the harbour.

→ Karachi : 301 mutineers are under arrest and a few more strongly suspected are to be arrested … All establishments … are under military guard.

→ Vizagapatnam : The position is completely under control and no violence has occurred. Military guards have been placed on ships and establishments. No further trouble is expected except that a few men may refuse to work.

Read the source given above and answer the following questions :
Question 1.
Where did the mutiny break out?
Answer:
The mutiny broke out on the ships of the Royal Indian Navy.

Question 2.
What arrangements were made at Bombay dockyard?
Answer:
Arrangements were made for the army to take over ships and establishment.

Question 3.
Where the position was under control and no violence had occured?
Answer:
Vizagapatnam.

Question 4.
Who had submitted the report?
Answer:
Director of Intelligence, HQ India Command Situation.

Picture-Based Questions

Question I.
Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What event Is shown in the picture?
Answer:
The rebels of 1857.

Question 2.
Where are such images found?
Answer:
Such images are found in several illustrated books produced bythe British after the 1857 rebellion.

How, When and Where Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Historians : Those scholars who study different sources related with past and prepare details. They also study causes and effects of different events, revolutions, movements and different aspects of life.
• Advertisement: The public announcement in newspaper, legal notice.
• Chronology : The science or method of computing dates.
• Topography : The detailed description on a map.
• Calligraphist: A person who is specialised in the art of beautiful writing.
• Governor-General: Administrative head of the British rule in India.
• Taboos: Something that explains ‘Do Nots’.
• Tehsildar : A local administrative officer that kept record of revenue during the British rule in India.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

HBSE 8th Class History From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Textbook Questions and Answers

From Trade To Territory The Company Establishes Power HBSE 8th Class Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:
(i) (b)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (d)
(iv) (e)
(v) (c)

The Company Establishes Power HBSE 8th Class Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of _________.
(b) Haidar Mi and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of _________.
(c) Dalhoiisie implemented the Doctrine of _________.
(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the _________.
Answer:
(a) Piassey
(b) Mysore
(c) Lapse
(d) north

8th Class History Chapter 2 Question Answer HBSE Question 3.
State whether true or false:
(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
(b) The English East India Company was the only European Company that traded with India.
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

LETS DISCUSS

History Chapter 2 Class 8 HBSE Question 4.
What attracted European trading companies to India?
Answer:
There was a great demand of Indian goods in European countries such as cotton and silk. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand. These dungs could be purchased at low priees in India and could be sold at very high prices. Hence European trading companies came to India to gain profits.

From Trade To Territory Class 8 Solutions HBSE Question 5.
What were the areas of conflict between the Nawabs of Bengal and the East India Company?
Answer:
Following were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company:
1. (i) The nawabs refused to grant concessions to die Company.
(ii) They demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade.
(iii) They denied Company the right for mint coins stopped it from extending its fortification.
(iv) The nawabs accused the Company of not paying taxes and writing disrespectful letters.

2. On the other hand, the Company also accused the nawabs in the following ways:
(i) The local officials of the Nawab were 1 ruining the trade of the Company by making unjust demands.
(ii) The Company had to pay excessive duties.
(iii) The Company is not permitted to enlarge settlement and rebuild its forts.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 HBSE Question 6.
How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?
Answer:
The assumption of Diwani benefited the East India Company in the following ways:

• The Diwani allowed the Company to use vast revenue resources of Bengal.
• The outflow of gold and silver which the Company imported to buy goods in India was stopped.
• The revenue from Bengal now could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain
• Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

From Trade To Territory Question Answers HBSE 8th Class Question 7.
Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.
Answer:
The following were the features of . system of Subsidiary Alliance given by Lord Wellesley:
(a) The Indian rulers accepting the Subsidiary Alliance would neither enter into alliance with any other power, nor would they declare war against any power without the permission of English.

(b) The Indian rulers accepting this system were to agree to the stationing of the British contingent force for whose maintenance they would pay a subsidy.

(c) He would allow a British resident to stay in his state.

(d) He would not employ any Europeans other than the English and if there was already any, he would dismiss them.

(e) In return for acknowledging the British company as the paramount power, the company undertook to protect him from the external dangers and internal disorders.

8th Class Social Science 2nd Chapter Question Answer HBSE Question 8.
In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?
Answer:
(i) The British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies-Bengal, Madras and Bombay. The supreme head of the administration was the Governor- General.

(ii) From 1773, each district was to have two courts – a criminal court (faujdari adalat) and a civil court (diwani adalat). Muslims and Hindu Pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.

(iii) In 1775, eleven Pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws.

(iv) By 1778, a code of Muslim laws also compiled for the benefit of European judges.

(v) Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Cotut was established. A court of appeal—the Sadar Nizamat Adalat was also set-up at Calcutta.

(vi) The main role of the collector in Indian district was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law mid order in Ms district with the help of judges, police officers and darogas.

8 Class History Chapter 2 HBSE Question 9.
Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.
Answer:
The following were the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army:
(i) The English Company though recruited Indian soldiers in the army but they were never allowed to acquire any higher post.

(ii) The cavalry dominated the army and the Mughafstate did not feel the need to have a large professionally trained infantry. The English Company’s soldiers were however armed with muskets and match* locks.

(iii) The infantry regiments became more important under the British Company.

(iv) The soldiers of the Company were subjected to European style of training.

LETS DO

From Trade To Territory Question Answer HBSE 8th Class Question 10.
After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city, find out about toe culture, architecture and toe life of Europeansand Indians of toe city during toe colonial period.
Answer:
The main features of Calcutta city during the colonial period were os follows:
(i) Calcutta from 1750 to 1805 s The work of planning of Calcutta wot carried by different Governor-Generals. After toe Battle of Plassey Civil lines area wore developed.

(ii) Planning of Calcutta after Lord Wellesley. After Wellesleys departure, the work of town planning was carried on by Lottery Committee (1817) with the help of the government.

(iii) Role of Health and Town Planning of Calcutta t The threat of epidemics gave a further impetus to town planning.

(iv) Change in Attitude of Government for Hanning : Densely built up areas were seen as insanitary since they obstructed direct sunlight and circulation of air.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 Short Questions And Answers HBSE Question 11.
Collect pictures, stories, poems and information about any of the following-the Rani of dhansi, Mahadji Sindhia, Haidar All, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord Dalheusie or any other contemporary ruler of your region.
Answer:
Do yourself.

HBSE 8th Class History From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Class 8 History Chapter 2 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
What is Chauto?
Answer:
It is a tax levied by the Marathas from the areas outside their domain, equal to one- fourth ofthe revenue paid to the Mughal Empire.

From Trade To Territory Class 8 Worksheets With Answers HBSE Question 2.
Why could Delhi no longer function as an effective centre?
Answer:
Delhi could no longer function as an effective centre because powerful regional kingdoms emerged in various parts of India.

Chapter 2 From Trade To Territory HBSE 8th Class Question 3.
What was written in toe charter from toe Queen Elizabeth to toe East India Company in 1600?
Answer:
The charter from toe Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company in 1600 granted to Company the sole right to hade with the East.

From Trade To Territory Questions HBSE 8th Class Question 4.
How had the Portuguese reach toe western coast of India by toe time the first English ships sailed down toe west coast of Africa?
Answer:
The Portuguese had reached the western coast of India because the royal charter could not prevent other European powers from entering the Eastern markets.

From Trade To Territory Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 3.
When and where was toe first English factory set-up?
Answer:
The charter from toe Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company in 1600 granted to Company the sole right to trade with the East.

Question 4.
How had the Portuguese reach toe western coast of India by toe time the first English ships sailed down toe west coast of Africa?
Answer:
The Portuguese had reached the western coast of India because the royal charter could not prevent other European powers from entering the Eastern markets.

Question 5.
When and where was toe first English factory set-up?
Answer:
The first English factory was set-up on the banks of river Hugli in 1651.

Question 6.
What farman did the Company ask from the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb?
Answer:
The Company persuaded the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free.

Question 7.
What three things Sirajuddaulah ask the Company to do?
Answer:
Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to:

• stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion
• stop fortification
• pay the revenues.

Question 8.
What was the main reason for the defeat of the Nawab Sirajuddaulah?
Answer:
The main reason for the defeat of the Nawab was that Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders and Mir Jafar’s officers never fought the battle.

Question 9.
Name the Nawabs of Bengal who asserted their power and autonomy against the Mughals.
Answer:

• Murshid Quil Khan
• Alivardi Khan
• Sirajuddaulah.

Question 10.
Which Nawab of Bengal was defeated in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Sirajuddaulah.

Question 11.
What happened after Tipu Sultan’s death?
Answer:
After Tipu Sultan’s death :

• Mysore was placed under the former ruling dynasty of the Wodeyars.
• A subsidiary alliance was imposed on the state.

Question 12.
What did the new policy of ‘paramountcy’ state?
Answer:
The new policy of “paramountcy” stated that authority of Company was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states.

Question 13.
Who was Rayanna?
Answer:
Rayanna was a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor who revolted against the British.

Question 14.
Name the Governor-General who brought the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 15.
Name any four Kingdoms annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:

• Satara
• Sambalpur
• Udaipur
• Nagpur
• Jhansi.

Question 16.
How many Presidencies were there in the British India? Name them.
Answer:
There were three Presidencies:

• Bengal
• Madras
• Bombay.

Question 17.
Who was the first Governor- General of India?
Answer:
Warren Hastings.

Question 18.
Who was the last powerful Mughal ruler?
Answer:
Aurangzeb.

Question 19.
How did the Mughal empire become weak?
Answer:
After Aurangzeb’s death, many Mughal governors began establishing their own regional kingdoms. This weakened Mughal empire.

Question 20.
When and where was the East India Company established?
Answer:
The East India Company was established in 1600, in England.

Question 21.
What did the Charter mean?
Answer:
The Charter meant that no other trading group in England could compete with the East India Company.

Question 22.
Which western power came first to India.?
Answer:
Portuguese.

Question 23.
Who discovered the sea route to India and when?
Answer:
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India in 1498.

Question 24.
Through which route the British came to India?
Answer:
The British came to India through the Cape of Good Hope (South of Africa).

Question 25.
When was the Supreme Court established?
Answer:
The Supreme Court was established in 1773 under the provisions of Regulating Act.

Question 26.
Which new technology aided the Company to become a territorial colonial power?
Answer:
New steam technology.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was the charter issued to the East India Company by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 advantageous for the Company?
Answer:
The charter issued by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 was advantageous for the Company because :

• No other trading group in England could Compete with the East India Company.
• With this charter the Company could venture across the oceans, looking for new lands from which it could buy goods at cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices.

Question 2.
What type of relationship existed between the trading companies through the seventeenth and eighteenth centimes?
Answer:
The relationship that existed between the trading companies was that of rivalry and harsh competition. The only way the trading companies could flourish was by eliminating the rival competitors. Trade was carried on with arms and trading posts were protected through fortification.

Question 3.
Why were the British furious with Tipu Sultan?
Answer:
The British got furious with Tipu Sultan because :
(a) In 1785, Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom and disallowed local merchants from trading with Company.

(b) He also established a close relationship with the French in India and modernised his army with their help.
The British saw him as ambitious, arrogant and dangerous and become furious.

Question 4.
How did Tipu Sultan come to be known as the ‘Tiger of Mysore’?
Answer:
Once Tipu Sultan went hunting in the forest with a French friend, he came face-to-face with a tiger. His guns did not work and his dagger fell to the ground. He battled with the tiger unarmed until he managed to reach down and pick up the dagger. Finally, he was able to kill the tiger in the battle. After this he came to be known as the Tiger of Mysore’.

Question 5.
What was the new system of justice established in 1772?
Answer:
A new system of justice was established in 1772. Each district was to have two courts-a criminal court and a civil court. Muslims and Hindu Pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.

Question 6.
Why did the European Companies conflict with each other?
Answer:

• They were trade competitors.
• They only way the trading Companies could flourish, was by eliminating rival competitors.
• The urge to secure markets, therefore, led to fierce battles between the trading Companies.

Question 7.
How did the farman issued by Aurangzeb cause loss of revenue for Bengal?
Answer:

• Aurangzeb’s farman had granted the Company the right to trade without paying duties.
• But the Company officials who were carrying individual trade also refused to pay duty.

This caused enormous loss of revenue for Bengal.

Question 8.
What was the main reason that Sirajddaulah lost the Battle of Plassey to the British?
Answer:

• One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Zafar, one of the Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the battle.
• Clive has managed to secure his support by promising to make him Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah.

Question 9.
What facilities did the Company get through the Royal Charter?
Answer:
With this Charter :

• The Company could venture across the oceAnswer:
• The Company could look for new lands from which it could collect revenues.
• The Company could buy goods at cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did the authority of the Central Government decline after the death of Aurangzeb?
Answer:
After the death of Aurangzeb, the authority of the Central Government or Mughal administration began to decline. Following were the main causes:
→ The Mughal Emperors who came to the throne after the death of Aurangzeb were inefficient in the matters of administration.

→ Degeneration of the Mughal nobility also weakened the empire. The nobles fought to capture the office of the wazir to promote the interests of their relatives and followers.

→ Aurangzeb’s long warfare in the Deccan caused chaos and confusion in the north. It gave rise in revolts and led to the downfall of the empire.

→ Prolonged warfare of Aurangzeb caused loss of men, money and prestige of the empire. Thus he faced financial crises too.

→ The revolts of the Jats, the Sikhs, the Rajputs and the Marathas caused disintegration of the Mughal Empire.

Question 2.
How did the annexation of the Indian states by the British affect the economic life of the common people?
Answer:
The annexation of the Indian states by the British affected the economic life of the common people in the following ways:
(i) The annexation of the Indian states abolished the administrative machinery of each state. It turned out all those persons who had been parts of the administrative system.

(ii) The scope of the Indians to get high jobs in the administrative system was restricted. All this created unemployment in the higher class of society.

(iii) The learned people who worked for the state and received its patronage lost their jobs and the lands gtranted to them by the old rulers were taken away.

(iv) A number of soldiers of the armies of the Indian rulers were also thrown out of employment after their states had been conquered or had entered into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British.

(v) Many craftsmen who depended on state patronage were also ruined.

Question 3.
Discuss the Anglo-Maratha wars?
Answer:
(i) The first Anglo-Maratha war ended in 1782 with the Salbai treaty without any result.

(ii) The second war (1803-05) resulted in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

(iii) The third Anglo-Maratha war (1817-19) ended the Maratha might. The Peshwa was sent to Bithur with a pension.

Question 4.
Why did the British want to secure its north-west frontier? What did it do?
Answer:
(i) The British had devloped a fear that Russia might expand across Asia and enter India from the north-west.

(ii) This was because, the Company focused on north-west region and fought wars with Afghanistan, Sindh and Punjab.

Question 5.
Discuss the reason that led to fierce battles between the European trading Companies in India.
Answer:
(i) The European Companies were interested in buying the same things.

(ii) The fine qualities of Indian silk and cotton had a big market in Europe. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand.

(iii) Competition amongst the European companies increased the cost of these goods that reduced the profit-margin.
The only way to retain profit was to eliminate the rivals. Thus, the urge to secure market led to fierce battles between European trading Companies in India.

From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Mercantile : A business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices.
• Farman : A royal edict, a royal order.
• Puppet: Literally, a toy that you can move with strings. The term is used disapprovingly to refer to a person who is controlled by someone else.
• Injunction: Instruction.
• Subservience: Submissiveness.
• Confederacy: Alliance.
• Qazi : Ajudge.
• Mufti : A jurist of the Muslim community responsible for expounding the law that the qazi would administer.
• Impeachment: A trial by the House of Lords in England
• Dharmashastras: Sanskrit texts prescribing social rules apd codes of behaviour, composed from 500 BCE onward.
• Sawar : Men on horses.
• Musket: A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers.
• Matchlock: An early type of gun in which the powder was ignited by match.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

HBSE 8th Class History Ruling the Countryside Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling The Countryside Question Answer HBSE Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Ruling The Countryside Class 8 HBSE Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Growers of wood in Europe saw __________ as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late-eighteenth century because of __________.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of __________.
(d) The Champaran Movement was against __________.
Answer:
(a) woad
(b) industrial revolution,
(c) woad
(d) indigo planters.

LETS DISCUSS

Ruling The Countryside Drawing HBSE Class 8 Question 3.
Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
The main features of the Permanent Settlement were :

• The rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars.
• They were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently.
• It encouraged the zamindars to invest in improving the land.
• Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased the zamindar would benefit from increased production from the land.
• If any of them failed to fulfil these conditions, he was ousted from his land and the government did not hesitate in putting his zamindari to auction.

Ruling The Countryside HBSE Class 8 Question 4.
How was the Mahalwari system different from the permanent Settlement?
Answer:

For the government Mahalwari ssytem was an improvement over the Permanent settlement.

Ruling The Countryside Class 8 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 5.
Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.
Answer:
The problems created by the Munro system of fixing revenues were :
(i) Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials (Captain Alexander Read and Thomas Munro) fixed too high a revenue demand. Peasants were unable to pay, ryots fled the countryside, and villagers became deserted in several areas.

(ii) Optimistic officials had imagined that the new system would transform the peasants into rich enterprising farmers. But this did not happen.

Ruling The Countryside Question Answer HBSE Class 8 Question 6.
Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
Answer:
Ryots were reluctant to grow indigo because:
(a) The indigo system was intensely oppressive.

(b) Indigo could be cultivated only on fertile lands, and these were all already densely populated.

(c) Peasants who were initially tempted by the loans soon realised how harsh the system was. The price they got for the indigo they produced was very low and the cycle of loans never ended.

(d) The planters usually insisted that indigo be cultivated on the best soils in which peasants preferred to cultivate rice.

(e) Indigo had deep roots and it exhausted the soil rapidly. After an indigo harvest the land could not be sown with rice.

Class 8 Ruling The Countryside HBSE Question 7.
What were the circumstances which led to the evenual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?
Answer:
(i) In March 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo. As the rebellion spread, ryots refused to pay rents to the planters and attacked indigo factories armed with swords and spears, bows and arrows.

(ii) Ryotes swore they would no longer take advances to sow indigo nor be bullied by the planter’s lathiyals.

(iii) The government set-up the Indigo Commission to enquire into the system of indigo production. The Commission held the planters guilty and criticised them for the corecive methods they used with indigo cultivators.

(iv) The Indigo Commission declared that indigo production was not profitable for ryots. The Commission asked the ryots to fulfil their existing contracts but also told them that they could refuse to produce indigo in future.

LETS DO

Chapter 3 Ruling The Countryside HBSE 8th Class Question 8.
Find out more about the Champaran Movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.
Answer:
When the indigo production collapsed in Bengal, the European planters of indigo shifted their operations to Bihar. When Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa, a peasant from Bihar persuaded him to visit Champaran and see the plight of the indigo cultivators there.

Role of Mahatma Gandhi : Mahatma Gandhi’s visit in 1917 marked the beginning of the Champaran movement against the indigo planters. The European planters oppressed the peasants. Gandhiji reached Champaran in 1917 to witness the miserable conditions of the peasants. The district officials ordered him to leave Champaran but he refused to comply the orders and started the Satyagraha.

Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling The Countryside HBSE Question 9.
Look into the history of either tea or coffee plantations in India. See how the life of workers in these plantations was similar to or different from that of workers in indigo plantations.
Answer:
For self-study.

LETS IMAGINE

Imagine a conversation between a planter and a peasant who is being forced to grow indigo. What reasons would the planter give to persuade the peasant ? What problems would the peasant point out ? Enact their conversation.
Answer:
Hints : (i) Why are you forcing me to sign the contract?

(ii) Contract should be done on mutual terms and conditions. These should be useful to peasant also. I should get enough amount of money as a salary for my labour and for the work of my other family members.

(iii) I require a reasonably good house to live in. There should be a hospital for the workers. All medical facilities should be provided to the labourers. There should be a school, where my children could go to take education. My duty hours should be fixed. On every Saturday should be paid my salary as well as extra allowances for my work.

Land tax should be charged from Zamindars directly. Otherwise, I am not willing to sow indigo. If you or your agent agree with my terms I will work only for one or two crops. For next period new and more favourable terms and conditions should be settled. The cost of production should be decided and settled with mutual consultation.

HBSE 8th Class History Ruling the Countryside Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Ruling The Countryside Class 8 Solutions HBSE Question 1.
What did the Company have to do as Diwan?
Answer:
As Diwan, the Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control. Now it had to think of administering the land and organising its revenue resources.

Ruling The Countryside Images HBSE 8th Class Question 2.
When and where was the Permanent Settlement intorduced?
Answer:
Permanent Settlement was mainly introduced in the province of Bengal in 1793.

Question 3.
What were the consequences of 1770 famine in Bengal?
Answer:
In the terrible famine of 1770, ten million people were killed in Bengal. About one- third of the population was wiped out.

Question 4.
How could the zamindar benefit from Permanent Settlement?
Answer:
The revenue was kept fixed under Permanent Settlement. Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the zsamindar would benefit from increased production from the land.

Question 5.
Why did the Company try to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo?
Answer:
The Company tried to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo as the British realised that the countryside could not only yield revenue; it could also grow the crops that Europe requires.

Question 6.
Why did European cloth manu-facturers have to depend on woad?
Answer:
European cloth manufacturers had to depend on woad because only small amounts of Indian indigo reached the European market and its price was very high.

Question 7.
Why did cloth dyers prefer indigo to woad as dye?
Answer:
Cloth dyers preferred indigo as a dye because indigo produced a rich colour whereas the dye from woad was pale and dull.

Question 8.
Who were Nabobs?
Answer:
In the 18th century the East India Company had given this name to its officials because they were following the life-style of the Indian customary.

Question 9.
From where was indigo produced?
Answer:
The rich blue colour or indigo was produced from a plant called indigo.

Question 10.
Who introduced mahalwari settlement?
Answer:
Holt Mackenzie.

Question 11.
Where was the Kalamkari print created?
Answer:
Kalamkari print was produced by the weavers in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 12.
Where was indigo cultivation initiated in India?
Answer:
In Bengal province.

Question 13.
What was the impact of indigo cultivation on the soil?
Answer:
Indigo plants had deep roots and it exhausted the soil. After indigo harvest, the land could not be sown with rice.

Question 14.
Why was the Indigo Commission appointed?
Answer:
The Indigo Commission was appointed to enquire into the system of indigo production.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Comment on the report of the Indigo Commission.
Answer:

• The Commission held the planters guilty of oppressive methods used against the cultivators.
• It declared that indigo production was not profitable for ryots.
• It asked the ryots to fulfil their existing contracts but refuse to grow indigo in future.

Question 2.
What problems were faced by Bengal economy?
Answer:
The problems that were faced by the Bengal economy were as under:

• Artisans were deserting villages since they were being forced to sell their goods to the Company at low prices.
• Peasants were unable to pay the dues that were being demanded from them.
• Artisanal production was in decline and agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse.

Question 3.
Why did the cultivator find the system of Permanent Settlement oppressive?
Answer:
The cultivator found the system of Permanent Settlement oppressive because the rent he paid to the zamindar was high and his right on the land was insecure. To pay the rent he had to often take a loan from the money-lender, and when he failed to pay the rent he was evicted from the land he had cultivated for generations.

Question 4.
Why were the planters reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation?
Answer:
The planters were reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation as:
(a) Nij cultivation on large scale required many ploughs and bullocks. A planter with 1000 bighas would need 2000 ploughs. Investing on purchase and maintenance of ploughs was a big problem.

(b) The supplies could not be easily got from the peasants since their ploughs and bullocks were busy on their rice fields, exactly at the time that the indigo plants needed them.

Question 5.
What were the actions taken by the peasants under the indigo rebellion of 1859-60?
Answer:
The actions taken by the peasants under indigo rebellion of 1859-60 were:

• Thousands of peasants refused to sow indigo on their land.
• The cultivators attacked the indigo factories.
• The ‘gomasthas’ or agents of the planters were beaten up in many places.
• The peasants also socially boycotted Indian workers working in European- owned plantations.

Question 6.
Why did the demand of indigo increase by the end of the eighteenth century?
Answer:

• This was because, by this time Britain began to industrialise.
• In Britain, cotton production expanded dramatically.
• This created an enormous new demand for cloth dyes.

That was why, the demand of indigo increased by the end of the eighteenth century.

Question 7.
Name two problems created by the Permanent Settlement.
Answer:

• Zamindars were now not interested in the improvement of land.
• The revenue was very high. So many zamindars were unable to pay this revenue. Thus, their zamindaris were sold off.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss how did the British East India Company becomes the Diwan?
Answer:
In order to maintain the expenses of both the administrative bodies and the army, it was necessary for the British to increase their financial resources. Apart from trade, the British now focused their attention on different sources of revenue.

During the governorship of Lord Clive in 1765, the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II granted the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company. In return, the Company was to make an annual payment of ₹ 26 lakh to him.

Question 2.
What were the three major systems of land revenue followed by the British? Write the salient features of each.
Answer:
The three major systems of land revenue followed by the British were:

• Permanent Settlement of Bengal
• Ryotwari System
• Mahalwari System

1. Permanent Settlement of Bengal:

• The zamindars were recognized as the owners or proprietors of the land.
• The zamindars could sell their lands and were also given the rights to transfer them, .
• The cultivators became tenants of the zamindars.
• The zamindars gave the government almost l/10th of the revenue collected by them from the cultivators.
• The revenue to be paid by the zamindars was fixed on a permanent basis,

(2) Ryotwari System : This system was introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay Presidencies. This system had the following features :

• The cultivators became the landowners.
• The land revenue assessment was made after the careful survey of the fields.
• The cultivators themselves deposited the land revenue.

(3) Mahalwari System: This system derives its name from the word Mahal which means a village or an estate.
The salient features of the system were :

• Collector went from village-to-village, inspecting the land, measuring the fields, and recording the customs and rights of different groups.
• The revenue was revised periodically and was not fixed,
• The village headman was responsible for collecting the revenue.

Question 3.
Discuss how the British people looked indigo cultivation as an opportunity.
Answer:

• With a remarkable growth in indigo trade, commercial agents and officials of the Company began investing in indigo production.
• Many officials resigned from the Company job and looked after their indigo business.
• Those who had no money to produce indigo could get loans from the Company and the banks.

Picture-Based Questions

Question 1.
Look at the picture and answer the following questions :

(i) What is shown in the picture?
Answer:
A weekly market in Murshidabad in Bengal.

(ii) When were these markets badly affected?
Answer:
These markets were badly affected during economic crisis. .

Question 2.
Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow :

(i) What is shown in the picture?
Answer:
The Slave Revolt in St. Domingue, August 1791.

(ii) What did the African slaves do when they rose in rebellion in 1791?
Answer:
They burnt the plantations and killed their rich planters.

(iii) When did France abolish slavery?
Answer:
France abolished slavery in 1792.

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Mahal s In British revenue records mahal is a revenue estate which may be a village or a group of villages.
• Plantation: A large farm operated by a planter employing various forms of forced labour. Plantations are associated with the production of coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, tea and cotton.
• Bigha: A unit of measurement of land. Before British rule, the size of this area varied. In Bengal, the British standardised it to about one-third of an acre.
• Permanent Settlement: It was a system of revenue collection introduced in Bengal and Bihar by Cornwallis in 1793.
• Ryotwari System : The system of land revenue which was introduced in Madras and Bombay Presidencies.
  Slave s A person who is owned by someone else, i.e., the slave owner.
• Civil Servants: Officials recruited for administration of the territories and affairs of the English East India Company in India.
• Taluqdar : Taluqdar literally means “one who holds a taluq or a connection”.
• Jotedars : In some areas, village headmen were known as Jotedars. They were rich peasants having acquired vast area of land.
• Vat: A fermenting or storage vessel.

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.2

Haryana State Board HBSE 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.1

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Industries Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Industries

HBSE 8th Class Geography Industries Textbook Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY

Chapter 5 Industries Class 8 HBSE Question 1.
Give some examples of agro based industries.
Answer:
Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Industries Question Answer HBSE Question 2.
Find out the inputs, outputs and processes involved in the manufacture of a leather shoe.
Answer:
Inputs : Raw materials like leather, labour, cost of land, transport, infrastructure.
Processes : Activities to convert hide into tough leather, spinning, printing.
Outputs : Leather shoes.

Class 8 Industries Question Answer HBSE Question 3.
Trace the journey of your shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe.
Answer:
The shirt which we use is made up of cotton. Cotton is grown in the fields. Cotton buds are plucked and cotton is separated. Cotton seeds also separated and then it is processed for spinning. It is done by hand dr looms. Now machines are used which are run by power. After spinning the weaving process starts and cotton cloth is ready for making shirt which is used by us. In this process power, labour and capital in big amount is used.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Industries HBSE Question 4.
What inputs in quantity are required to manufacture one tonne of steel?
Answer:
It requires 8 tonne of coal, 4 tonnes of iron ore and one tonne of lime stone.

LET’S DO

Industries Class 8 HBSE Geography Question 5.
On the outline map of India locate the places that supply raw material to TISCO.

Answer:
The raw material with their source required for TISCO:

• Iron-ore : From Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• Limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• Water is supplied from Kharkai and Subarnrekha rivers.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 HBSE Question 6.
On the outline map of the world mark the places which provide raw material to cotton textile industry of Osaka.

Answer:
The main raw material of cotton textile industry is cotton. For Osaka textile industry cotton is imported from India, USA and Egypt.

Geography Chapter 5 Class 8 HBSE Question 7.
Bangalore has some important public sectors and research institutions. Find out the full forms of the organisations listed below
BEL, BHEL, HAL, NAL, DRDO, ISRO, ITI, nSc, NCBS, and UAS.
Answer:
BEL – Bharat Electrical Ltd.
BHEL – Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited.
HAL – Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
NAL – National Aeronautics Ltd.
DRDO – Defence Reaserch and Development Organisation
ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation
ITI – Industrial Training Institute
IISc – Indian Institute Of Science
NCBS – National Centre for Biological Science
UAS – University Administration and Services
BEL, BHEL, HAL, NAL, DRDO, ISRO, ITI, nSc, NCBS, and UAS.

Question 8.
Collect different types of cloth pieces from the tailor’s shop and classify them under cotton, silk, synthetic and woollen. Find out the raw materials used in their manufacturing.
Answer:

• Cotton – From agriculture
• Silk – Silk worm
• Synthetic – Petroleum products
• Woollen – Sheep

EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Answer:
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extracton of minerals and provision of services.

(ii) What are the main factors which influence the location of an industry ?
Answer:
The factors affecting the location of an industry are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, capital, transport and market.

(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modem industry and why?
Answer:
Iron and steel is often referred as the backbone of modem industry. Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools or machines of this metal. Ships, trains, tracks are made largely with steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings have steel framework.

(iv) Why cotton textile industry expanded rapidly in Mumbai ?
Answer:
The warm, moist climate, port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of cotton textile industry in Mumbai.

(v) What are the similarities between information technology (IT) industry in Bangalore and California?
Answer:

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Silicon Valley is located in
(a) Bangalore
(b) California
(c) Ahmedabad
Answer:
(b) California.

(ii) Which one of the following industries is known as sunrise industry?
(a) Iron and steel industry
(b) Cotton textile
(c) Information technology
Answer:
(c) Information technology.

(iii) Which one of the following is a ‘natural fibre’?
(a) Nylon
(b) Jute
(c) Acrylic
Answer:
(b) Jute.

Question 3.
Distinguish between the following:
(i) Agro-based and mineral-based industry.
(ii) Public sector and joint sector industry.
Answer:
(i)

(ii)

Question 4.
Give two examples of the following in the space provided.
(i) Raw materials: __________ and __________
(ii) End products : __________ and __________
(iii) Tertiary activities : __________ and __________
(iv) Agro-based industries: __________ and __________
(v) Cotton industries : __________ and __________
(vi) Co-operatives : __________ and __________
Answer:
(i) Iron ore, cotton.
(ii) Baskets, Handicrafts.
(iii) Commerce, Banking.
(iv) Food processing, Vegetable oil.
(v) Basket weaving, Pottery
(vi) Amul, Mother Dairy.

ACTIVITY

Question 5.
Activity
How to identify a location for establishing an industry?
Divide your class into groups. Each group is a Board of Directors faced with the problem of choosing a suitable site for an iron and steel plant Developen Dweep. A team of technical experts have submitted a report with notes and a map. The team considered access to iron-ore, coal, water and limestone as well as the main market, sources of labour and port facilities. The team has suggested two sites, X and Y. The Board of Directors have to take the final decision of where to locate the steel plant.

• Read the report submitted by the team.
• Study the map to find out the distances of the resources from each site.
• Give each resource a “weight” from 1 to 10, according to its importance. The greater the ‘pull’ of the factor on the industry, the higher the, weight from 1 to 10.
• Complete the table.
• The site with the lowest total should be the most satisfactory site.
• Remember each group of directors can decide differently.

REPORT

Factors/Resources affecting the location of a proposed Iron and Steel Plant on Developen Dweep.
Iron-ore : This is a very large deposit of low grade iron-ore. Long distance transportation of the ore would be uneconomic.

→ Coal : The only coalfield contains rich deposits of high grade coal. Transportation of the coal is by railway, which is relatively cheap.

→ Limestone : This is widely available over the island, but the purest deposits are in the Chuna Mountains.

→ Water: Both the tributaries of river Neel carry sufficient water to supply a large iron and steel plant in all seasons. The sea water, because of its high salt content is unsuitable.

→ Market : It is expected that the chief market for the plant’s products will be the engineering works of Rajdhanipur. Transport costs for the products mainly small steel bars and light steel plates would be relatively low.

→ Labour Supply : This will have to be recruited mainly from the unskilled workers in the 3 fishing villages of Hii, Rah and Sing. It is expected that most workers will commute daily from their present homes.

→ Port Facilities : These are at present minimal. There is a good, deep natural harbour at port Paschimpur developed to import metal alloys.

the larger the pull, the higher the weighting.

HBSE 8th Class Geography Industries Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On what bases industries can be classified?
Answer:
Industries can be classified on the following bases : (a) raw materials, (b) size, (c) ownership.

Question 2.
Classify the industries on the basis of ownership.
Answer:
Private sector, state owned or public sectors, joint sector and co-operative sector.

Question 3.
Name the major industrial regions of the world.
Answer:

• Eastern North America
• Western and Central Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Asia.

Question 4.
Why do industrial accidents or disaster occur?
Answer:
Industrial accidents occur mainly due to technical failure or irresponsibile handling of hazardous material.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain how products of mineral based industries feed other industries.
Answer:
Iron made from iron-ore is the product of mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of various products such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

Question 2.
What is the difference between private sector and public sector industries?
Answer:
Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government.

Question 3.
Write the difference between joint sector and co-operative sector industries.
Answer:
1. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
2. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

Question 4.
Name the major industrial regions of India.
Answer:

• Mumbai Pune Cluster
• Bangalore Tamil Nadu region
• Hugli region
• Ahmedabad Baroda region
• Chottanagpur Industrial belt
• Visakhapatnam Guntur belt,
• Gurgaon Delhi Meerut region
• Kollam Thiruvananthapuram region.

Question 5.
What was the cause of industrial diaster which occurred in Bhopal on December 3,1984?
Answer:
The industrial disaster in Bhopal on 3 December, 1984 occurred due to the leakage of high poisonous Methyl Isocynate (MIC) gas alongwith Hydrogen Cyanide and other reactive products.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was Sakchi (Jamshedpur) chosen to set up the steel plant TISCO? Give reason.
Answer:
Sakchi was chosen to set-up steel plant (TISCO) for various reasons:

• It was close to the iron-ore, coal and manganese deposits. TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields and iron-ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured suffficient water supply.
• Kolkata provided a large market.
• Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

Question 2.
Describe the locational advantages of Pittsburgh Steel City in the United States America.
Answer:
Locational advantages of Pittsburgh steel city :

• Coal is available locally.
• Iron-ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
• The world’s best route: the famous Great Lakes waterway is available for shipping ore cheaply
• Train carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area.
• The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

Question 3.
Describe the favourable locational factors that were responsible for the development of the textile industry in Ahmedabad.
Answer:

• Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area. This ensures easy availability of raw material.
• The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
• The flat terrain is suitable for the establishment of the mills.
• The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semiskilled labour
• There are well developed road and railway network.
• Nearby Mumbai port facilities import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.

Question 4.
‘Ahmedabad’ is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area’. Write its advantages.
Answer:

• Location of Ahmedabad ensures easy availability of raw material.
• The humid climate there is ideal for textile processes.
• The plain area and easy availability of land helps establish mills.
• Gujarat and Maharashtra provide for skilled and semi-skilled labour.
• Easy access to market is provided through transportation by well-developed roads and railway network.

MAP-TIME

On an outline map of the world, mark 5 major iron-ore producing areas.
Answer:
Industries Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Industry: It is an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services.
• Agro Based Industries: These industries use plant and animal based products as their raw material. For example, Food processing, cotton textile industries.
• Mineral Based Industries : These industries use mineral ores as their raw materials. For example, Iron-Steel Industry,
• Marine Based Industries: These industries use products from seas and oceans as raw materials. For example, Industries processing sea food.
• Forest Based Industries: These industries utilise forest produce as raw materials. For example, Industries associated with pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals.
• Small Scale Industries : They use lesser amount of capital and technology.
• Large Scale Industries: They are industries that use larger capital and technology to produce large volumes of products.
• Private Sector Industries: These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
• Joint Sector Industries: These are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Maruti Udyog Ltd.
• Co-operative Sector Industries : These industries are owned and co-operated by producers suppliers, workers, or both. For example, Amul, Mother Dairy.
• IT Industry: It deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.