Author name: Prasanna

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Conic Sections Ex 11.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Conic Sections Ex 11.3

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Conic Sections Ex 11.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Conic Sections Ex 11.2

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Conic Sections Ex 11.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Conic Sections Ex 11.1

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Miscellaneous Exercise Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Miscellaneous Exercise

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Ex 10.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Ex 10.3

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Ex 10.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Ex 10.2

Haryana State Board HBSE 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Ex 10.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 11th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Straight Lines Ex 10.1

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

HBSE 10th Class Civics Challenges to Democracy Intext Questions and Answers

Cartoon based Question (Page 103)

Challenges to Democracy Solutions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Each of these cartoons represents a challenge to democracy. Please describe what that challenge is. Also place it in one of the three categories mentioned in the first section.
Answer:
1. Mubarak Re-elected: This represents the influence of the rich and powerful people in the election, the basic procedure of democracy.
Challenge – Foundational challenge.

2. Waiting for Democracy: This represents the existence of non-democratic regimes in the world. It tries to show that democracy does not come by the use of bullet.
Challenge- Foundational challenge.

3. Liberal Gender Equality: This represents that in principle we talk about gender equality, but in practice male dominance is observed in democracy.
Challenge – Challenge of expansion.

4. Campaign Money : This represents how money is used to influence decision¬making in a democracy by the rich and powerful people.
Challenge- Strengthening of democracy.

Table-based Questions (Pages 104, 105)

Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy Civics HBSE 10th Class Question 2.
Complete the table given below:
Answer:

HBSE 10th Class Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy Question 3.
Now, that you have noted down all these challenges, let us group these together into some broad categories. Given below are some spheres or sites of democratic politics. You may place against each of these the specific challenges that you noted for one or more countries or cartoons in the previous section. In addition to that, write one item for India for each of these spheres. In case you find that some challenges do not fit into any of the categories given below, you can create new categories and put some items under them.
Answer:
Constitutional Design:

• Creating awareness among the citizens for secularism.
• Creating awareness among the citizens for gender equality.
• Making new policies and programmes for their upliftment.
• India-provision for uniform personal laws relating to family.

Democratic Rights:

• Recalling all political leaders from exile.
• Release of Ang san Suu Kyi.
• Changing the form of government to a democracy.

Working of Institutions:

• Establishing civilian control over all governmental institutions.
• Formulating policies for running the government.
• Handing over power from the army to the elected representativos.
• India : control over police brutality.

Elections:

• Holding the first multi-party elections.
• Holding a general election involving all political parties.
• Ensuring a free and fair multi-party election. .
• Holding free and fair elections for setting up a Constituent Assembly to draft the Constitution.
• India : increase scope of local institutions and state governments.

Federalism:
Setting up an effective administration in the country.

Decentralisation:

• Decentralization of power to the provinces/regions.
• India increases the scope of local institutions and state governments.

Accommodation of:
Holding negotiations between various ethnic groups.

Diversity:

• Holding negotiations between majority and minority groups.
• Negotiation8 between linguistic groups.
• Allowing the genuine demands.
• Negotiations between different groups and the government.
• India : resolving disputes in reservation quotas for minorities.

Political Organisations:

• Removing the ban on solidarity.
• Putting pressure on the US in the UN by adopting a
• resolution in the General Assembly.
• Other nations individually pressuring the US outside the UN.
• India:setting up the Lokpal.

Peace-keeping Measures:

• Taking back martial law.
• Implementing trust building measures.
• Stopping the violence.
• Maoists to surrender arms.
• India: stopping violence in Maoist affected areas.

Negotiating Disputes:

• Negoiations with the MNCs, who are threatening to leave.
• India : negotiating various boundary disputes.

Question 4.
Let us group these again, this time by the nature of these challenges as per the classification suggested in the first section. For each of these categories, find at least one example from India as well. (Page 107)
Answer:
1. Foundational challenge – Case and context of the following:
Chile. Poland. Myanmar. China, Saudi Arabia, Nepal.
Example from India : The problem of North-Eastern states and Jammu & Kashmir,

2. Challenge of expansion – Case and context of the following:
Ghana, Mexico, Iraq, Yugoslavia, Ireland.
Example from India: Giving more power and resources to the local government.

3. Challenge of deepening – Case and context of the following:
US, Guantanamo Bay, Belgium, Pakistan
Example from India: Giving more power to the Election Commission.

Question 5.
Now let us think only about India. Think of all the challenges that democracy faces in contemporary India. List those five that should be addressed first of all. The listing should be in order of priority, i.e. the challenge you find most important or pressing should be mentioned at number 1. and so on. Give one example of that challenge and your reasons for assigning it the priority. (Page 107)
Answer:

Question 6.
Any other problem of your choice. (Page 109)
Answer:
Challenge: Generally, it has been observed that the teachers in colleges run their private tuitions. As and when their class is over, they leave the college and spend their time in earning money. Instead of teaching the students well in the class, they suggest them to join their coaching centres. This has led to a tendency among the students to bunk their classes. This has greatly affected the quality of education.

Reform Proposals :
Government should make it compulsory for the teachers to stay in the colleges, till these are closed for that day. The university officials should make surprise visits to check the teachers’ attendence, and if found absent during their classes, they should be heavily penalised. There should be provision of ‘Best Teacher Award’. The students will select one teacher from each subject, every year, from their colleges.

Question 7.
Here is your space for writing your own definition of good democracy.
(Write your name here) …………… ‘s definition of good democracy (not more than 50 words) (Page 112)
Answer:
A good democracy is one, in which, the rulers elected by the people take major decisions under the framework of the Constitution to fulfil the wishes of the people, but if they do not fulfil their expectations, people can call them back. Features (use only as many points as you want. Try to compress it in as few points as possible)

1. Democracy should reduce differences, giving full respect to each other.
2. People should have a right to call their representatives back before time, if they do not perform well.
3. Once found guilty, the candidate should be banned from contesting elections.
4. Democracy should take care of socio-economic matters equally.
5. Democracy should provide sufficient representation to the minority and disadvantaged classes.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Development

HBSE 10th Class Economics Development Intext Questions and Answers

Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Intext Questions HBSE Question 1.
What Development Promises – Different People, Different Goals (Page No. 4)
Answer:
Let us try to imagine what development or progress is likely to mean to different persons listed in table 1.1. What are their aspirations ? You will find that some columns are partially filled. Pry to complete the table:
Table 1.1. Developmental Goals of Different Categories of Persons

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 6)

Development Chapter 1 HBSE 10th Class Question 2.
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:
Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. They seek those things and situations, which are most important to them, to fulfill their aspirations.

Chapter 1 Development Economics HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:
No, both the statements have different meanings.
(a) People have different developmental goals means, they seek things that are most important for them to fulfill their desires and aspirations.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals means, at a time, two persons or more than two persons may seek things, which are conflicting. For example, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But, this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced, such as, tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land. ,

Question 4.
Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:
Material things, i.e. money is not all that we need to live. Besides, there are many things that affect our lives, like- equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. For example, the role of our family, our friends, and our society in our lives. Another example is, if you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it, you would try to consider many things, apart from income, such as- facilities for your family, working atmosphere and opportunity to learn.

Question 5.
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words.
Answer:
Here are some of the important ideas in the section – “Income and other Goals”:

• Everybody needs more income.
• Besides income, there are some other factors that everybody requires, such as equality, freedom, security, and respect of others.
• For development, people look at a mix of goals.
• If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and in society increases.
• A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs, or run a business.
• People have mix of goals. The factor, on which our life depends, is money, but the quality of life depends on non-material things also.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 7)

Discuss the following situations:

Question 6.
Look at the picture on the right. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?
Answer:
This picture shows two categories of society –
(a) High-class society.
(b) Lowclass society.
In high-class society, people who live in high-rise buildings, need facilities of high class societies, like expensive jewellery, branded clothes, costly cars, etc. In low-class society, people who live in slums, do not have enough means to survive. They need pucca houses, water, sanitation facilities and good education for their children.

Question 7.
Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow :
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals had contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.
(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Answer:
(i) The multinational company and the local company benefited, and the people who live there are the victims of toxic wastes.
(ii) Following should be the developmental goals for this country :
(a) Proper disposal of toxic wastes.
(b) Better health services for public.
(c) Development of industries, agriculture, transportation, communications etc.
(d) Pollution awareness.

Question 8.
What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?
Answer:
Here are some of the developmental goals for our village, town or locality:

• Village, town or locality should be planned properly.
• Cemented houses should be made for people who live in slums.
• Roads and streets of the area should be clean.
• Pure and clean water should be available for people.
• Better education-imparting schools should be available for children.
• Enough employment opportunities should be available for local citizens.
• Primary health centres and hospitals should be available for people.
• Local market should be situated near to locality.
• Bus stand and railway station should be situated near to locality.
• Child marriage, child labour and caste system should be eliminated.

Question 9.
Based on data given in Table 1.2, calculate the average income for both the countries. (Page No. 9)
Table 1.2 : Comparison of two countries

(i) Will you be equally happy to live in both these countries?
Answer:
No, we will not be equally happy to live in both these countries because the distribution of income is not same in country ‘B’

(ii) Are both equally developed?
Answer:
No, both the countries are not equally developed. The distribution of income is almost same in country ‘A’, but on the other hand, four people, are poor out of five people, in country ‘B’.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 9)

Question 10.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations. Ans. Following are three examples, where an average is used for comparing situations:

• Average is used for comparing the per capita income of two countries.
• Average is used for comparing the marks of students.
• Average is used for comparing the scores of cricket players.

Question 11.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:
Average Income is an important criterion for the measurement of development. Total income is not a useful criterion, because different countries have different populations. Total income does not tell us separately about the income of each person. So, we compare the average income, which is total income of the country divided by its total population. Therefore, average income is an important criterion for measuring development,

Question 12.
Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?
Answer:
Though per capita income is an important criterion for comparing two or more societies, yet it does not show the distribution of income among different people. Therefore, distribution of income is the other property of income, which is important in comparing two or more societies.

Question 13.
Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:
No, we cannot conclude that all sections of the economy have become better. Increment of average income does not mean all sections of the economy have become better. For example, except some years, national income and average income of India is increasing continuously after independence, but while the service sector has increased very much and agriculture is having, virtually, no growth.

Question 14.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of low-income countries as per World Development Reports.
Answer:
As per WDR, 2017, those countries that earn a per capita income of US $ 955 or less, per annum, are considered as low-income countries.

Question 15.
Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
India will have to take the following steps to become a developed country :

• Higher per capita income and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rate.
• Emphasis on setting up of small-scale industries and cottage industries.
• Special emphasis on the development of agricultural sector.
• Equal distribution of resources.
• Use of local resources.
• Improvement to health and education sector.
• Extension of infrastructure, entrepreneurship, labour-intensive technique, training, loan and distribution facilities.
• Abolition of corruption.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 12)

Question 16.
Look at data in Table 1.3 and 1.4. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in literacy rate etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?
Table 1.3 : Per Capita Income of Select States

Table 1.4 : Some Comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

Answer:
No, Haryana is not ahead of Kerala in literacy rate. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India with an over more than 94% literacy rate. So, it is clear that in spite of higher income per capita, Haryana is not ahead of Kerala in terms of the literacy rate among the Indian states.

Question 17.
Think of other examples where the collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:
Following are the examples, where the collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision:

• To make available, commodities of daily needs, at ration shops and dairy booths.
• The collective transportation system.
• Collective health services.
• Collective education.
• Collective security arrangement.
• Community hall etc.

Question 18.
Does the availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on the amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:
No, it does not depend only on the amount of money spent by the government on these facilities. Some other factors are also relevant for this, i.e. Public awareness about diseases and their causes, family income, awareness in parents for education, and public participation in health and education sectors.

Question 19.
In Tamil Nadu, 90 percent of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35 percent of rural people do so. Where would people be better off and why?
Answer:
The people who live in rural areas of Tamil Nadu will be better off than the people of West Bengal, because they are getting things of basic needs at cheaper rate, through ration shops.

Table 1.5 : Educational Achievement of Rural Population of Uttar Pradesh

consumption level is high and they are saving money to meet their other requirements. On the other hand, the people of West Bengal are spending more money to get things for basic needs, and that’s why their consumption level is low.

Activity-2 (Page No. 12)

Study Table 1.5 carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table.
Table 1.5 : Educational Achievement of Rural Population of Uttar Pradesh

(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is ………….. for rural males and for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend school but that there are who are currently not in school.

(b) It is clear from the table that ……………. % of rural girls and % of rural boys are not attending school. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high as % of rural females and % of rural males.

(c) This high level of illiteracy among …………… age group, even after more than 68 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are nowhere near realisation of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.
Answer:
(a) 76%, 54%, 15% males and 18% females,
(b) 18, 15, 13,10,
(c) 10 – 14.

Example – 1 (Page No. 14)
Groundwater in India:
“Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 meters during the past 20 years. Nearly one-third of the country is overusing its groundwater reserves. In another 25 years, 60 percent of, the country would be doing the same if the present way of using this resource continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas, and the rapidly growing urban settlements.”
(a) Why groundwater is overused?
(b) Can there be development without overuse?
Answer:
(a) Nearly 1/3 of the country is overusing ground water for their domestic use, irrigation, industries etc.
(b) Yes, there can be development without the overuse of groundwater. We should use water in a sensible way and follow methods of water conservation.

Example – 2 (Page No. 15)
Exhaustion of Natural Resources:
Look at the following data for crude oil –
Table 1.7 : Crude Oil Reserves

The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil (column 1). More importantly, it also tells us for how many years the stock of crude oil will last if people continue to extract it at the present rate. The reserves would last only 50 years more. This is for the world as a whole. However, different countries face different situations. Countries like India depend on importing oil from abroad because they do not have enough stocks of their own.

If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for everyone. There are countries like the USA which have low reserves and hence want to secure oil through military or economic power. The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of development.

(a) Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
(b) India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country looking at the above situation?
Answer:

(a) Yes, crude oil is necessary for the development process in a country. Crude oil functions like a directive power for various types of machines, equipments and transportation etc.
(b) India has to import crude oil. India may have to face following problems in coming future :

• Increase in import of crude oil in India.
• Negative or unfavourable balance of payment.
• Crisis of foreign exchange, etc.

HBSE 10th Class Economic Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The development of a country can generally be determined by :
(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all the above.
Answer:
(iv) all the above.

Question 2.
Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan
Answer:
(ii) Sri Lanka.

Question 3.
Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5,000. If the income of three families is Rs 4,000, Rs 7,000 and Rs 3,000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(i) Rs 7,500
(ii) Rs 3,000
(iii) Rs 2,000
(iv) Rs 6,000
Answer:
(iv) – Rs 6000,

Explanation:
Total income of four families = 5,000 x 4 = Rs 20,000
Total income of three families = 4,000 + 7,000 + 3,000 = Rs 14,000
Income of the fourth family = 20,000 – 14,000 = Rs 6,000

Question 4.
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer:
Per capita income or average income is the main criterion used by the World Bank, in classifying different countries. In World Development Report, 2017, the World Bank has used this criterion. The per capita income, or average income, is the total income of the country, divided by its population. According to the above report, countries with per capita income of US $ 12056 per annum and above, are called rich countries and those, with per capita income of US $ 955 or less, are called low income countries.

Limitations – The following are the limitations of this criterion:

• High per capita income is not an indicator of economic welfare.
• It does not tell us about the distribution of income.
• Other important factors including literacy rate, infont mortality rate, healthcare are ignored while classifying the countries.

Question 5.
In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:
Both, the World Bank and UNDP measure the level of development of different countries in the world, but the criteria used by them are totally different. The World Bank uses average income as the main criterion, but according to UNDP, this is an inadequate and flawed criterion. UNDP includes educational level, health status, and per capita income to compare the levels of development of various countries. UNDP uses Human Development Index as a criterion for measuring development.

Question 6.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:
Total income is not an adequate criterion to make a comparison between two or more countries, because different countries have different populations. So, total income does not tell us about the income of an average person, while average income tells us about it. That is why we use ‘Average’ or ‘Average Income’ to measure development. It is also a good and simple criterion to make a comparison between two countries.

Limitations – Average income is useful for comparison, but it does not tell us how this income is distributed among people. Though average income is useful for comparison, it also hides disparities.
For Example – Let us consider two countries ‘A’ and ‘B’. We have assumed that each country has five citizens –

Though both the countries have identical average income i.e.,₹ 10,000, country ‘A’ is more developed than country ‘B’. Country ‘A’ has an equitable distribution of income. In this country, people are neither very rich nor extremely poor. But in country ‘B’ 4 persons out of 5 are extremely poor and only one person is very rich. This shows the inequality in the distribution of income. So, we can say that average income is useful for the comparison of countries, but it is not a perfect criterion.

Question 7.
Kerala, with a lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement that per capita income is not a useful criterion and should not be used to compare states. Though it has some limitations, it is the most important criterion of measuring human development. The World Bank also uses this criterion, i.e. per capita income, for measuring human development and to make a comparison of various countries. But it is true, that per capita income criterion is not an appropriate criterion. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a man needs to live well.

Averages do not give us any information about non-materialistic goods and services. Factors like literacy Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Net Attendance Ratio, are also very important for measuring overall human development. According to these factors, Kerala is better than Haryana. It can be understood by the following points:

• The literacy Rate was 94% in Kerala, as compared to 82% in Haryana (in the year 2011).
• Infant Mortality Rate in Kerala was 10, as compared to 30 in Haryana (in the year 2017).
• The net Attendance Ratio between (ages 14 and 15 years) was 83 in Kerala, as compared to 61 in Haryana (in 2013-14).

Because of these factors, Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana, in spite of its lower per capita income.

Question 8.
Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer:
The present sources of energy can be categorized into two types –

• Non-Renewable Sources – Coal, mineral oils, natural gas, electricity.
• Renewable Sources – Wind energy, solar energy, biogas, tidal energy, geothermal energy etc.

It is expected, that the world may depend on renewable sources of energy, in the coming future. The following could be the possibilities fifty years from now –
(1) Development of Atomic energy, wind energy, geothermal power, biogas and electricity.
(2) Improved chullahas.
(3) Utilisation of urban waste.
(4) Availability of alternate fuel.

Question 9.
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Or
Why is sustainability important for development? Explain.
Answer:
Sustainability is an important factor for the development of a country. The present growth, with future-oriented development, for successive generations, is termed as sustainable economic development. It is a process of development, which meets the needs of the present generation, without reducing the ability of the future generation, to meet their own needs. It is necessary for future survival.

Sustainability is important due to the following reasons:

• It ensures that the growth of the economy is continuous.
• It takes care of overall development of the economy, such as- health services and better education, etc.
• Broad level policies should be framed, for effective utilisation of non-renewable resources, such as – mineral oil, minerals etc. ‘

Question 10.
“The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer:
Our earth is rich in various natural resources like soil, wind, water, animals, forests, minerals, etc. These resources are ample to meet the needs of the present, as well as the future generations, but human beings are not satisfied because of unlimited wants. They want to get more and more, and to fulfill their needs, they overuse and exploit natural resources blindly.

The following steps can be undertaken to stop the wastage of resources :

• We should utilize natural resources sustainably and properly.
• We need to avoid reckless use of natural resources.
• We have to stop the exploitation and overuse of resources.
• Wastage of resources should also be avoided.

Question 11.
List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer:
We have observed the following examples of environmental degradation –

• Reducing groundwater level
• Forest cutting,
• Noise pollution
• Air pollution,
• Soil erosion
• Water pollution,
• Felling of trees
• Garbage dumps, etc.

Question 12.
For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
Table 1.6 : Some data regarding India and its neighbours for 2015

Answer:

Question 13.
The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI < 18.5 Kg/m²) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer:
(i) The Table shows that the nutritional level of Madhya Pradesh is lower than Kerala. Since, in Kerala, the proportion of undernourished adults is 8.5 : 10 (Male : Female), where as in Madhya Pradesh, this ratio is 28:28 respectively, which shows, that the population of Kerala is getting more nutritious food than population of Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished due to the following reasons :

• The public Distribution System (PDS) in our country is not efficient.
• Ration shopkeepers sell the food items in the open market to earn better margins.
• Ration shopkeepers sell the poor quality food items at ration shops.
• Due to so many middlemen involved in its distribution, food items do not reach the poor section of society, because this increases the price of food items that poor people cannot afford.
• Due to inequalities in the distribution of income, 1/4 population of our country is poor. They do not have enough means to buy nutritional food.

Additional Project/Activity:

Invite three different speakers to talk to you about the development of your region. Ask them all the questions that come to your mind. Discuss these ideas in groups. Each group should prepare a wall chart, giving reasons for ideas that they agree or do not agree with.
Instruction
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

HBSE 10th Class Economics Money and Credit Intext Questions and Answers

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 40)

Economics Chapter 3 Class 10 Question Answers HBSE Question 1.
How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things ?
Answer:
Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process. It is called a medium of exchange. Money has eliminated the problem of double co-incidence of wants, as in the barter system.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 2.
Can you think of some examples of goods/services being exchanged or wages being paid through barter?
Answer:
Yes, in rural areas of our country, goods/services are being exchanged or wages being paid, through barter. In rural areas, food grains are exchanged without the use of money. The peasants are given wages in the form of commodities, not in cash. This commodity may be wheat, rice, millet or any other goods.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 42)

Money and Credit Chapter 3 HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
M. Salim wants to withdraw Rs 20,000 in cash for making payments. How would he write a cheque to withdraw money?
Answer:
First of all, M. Salim would write the concerned date, on the given place, on the cheque. He would instruct the bank to pay ‘Self.’ Then, he would write ‘Twenty Thousand Rupees only’ against rupees printed on the cheque and would fill the amount and account number, in their corresponding boxes, given on the cheque. Further, M. Salim would sign on both sides of the cheque, i.e. at the place of signature and backside of the cheque and then, he would submit it on the withdrawal counter of the Bank to get cash from the cashier.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer :
After the transaction between Salim and Prem,
Salim’s balance in his bank account increases and Prem’s balance also increases.
(ii) Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance increases.
(iii) Salim’s balance in his bank account increases and Prem’s balance decreases.
Answer:
(ii) Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance increases.

Question 3.
why are demand deposits considered as money?
Answer:
Demand deposits are considered as money because people have a choice to withdraw money through cheques or withdrawal slips.

(Page No. 42)

Question 1.
What do you think would happen if all the depositors went to ask for their money at the same time ?
Answer:
If all the depositors went to ask for their money at the same time, the bank will not be able to give all the depositors their money. The reason is, that, the banks would have used the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 44)

Question 1.
Fill the following table:

Answer:

Question 2.
Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years?
Answer:
If Salim continues to get orders from traders, then after 6 years, he will be in a good financial position. Then, he will have no need to take a loan and he might extend his business.

Question 3.
What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss factors pesticides, role of moneylenders, climate.
Answer:
The reasons for Swapna’s situation being risky are –
(i) Failure of crop due to either poor rainfall (Climate Problem) or attack on the crop by pests. Pesticides will reduce or eliminate the attack by pests and good rainfall will eliminate the risk due to climate.

(ii) Here the role of moneylenders is important because they charge high-interest rates and also will take away part of Swapna’s land if she defaults on loan repayment when her crop fails. This will reduce her earning power even further in the future.

A House Loan (Page No. 45)

Megha has taken a loan of Rs. 5 lakhs from the bank to purchase a house. The annual interest rate on the loan is 12 percent and the loan is to be repaid in 10 years in monthly instalments. Megha had to submit to the bank, documents showing her employment records and salary before the bank agreed to give her the loan. The bank retained as collateral the papers of the new house, which will be returned to Megha only when she repays the entire loan with interest.

Question
Fill the following details of Megha’s housing loan :

Answer:

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 45)

Question 1.
Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending ?
Answer:
Lenders ask for collateral while lending. This collateral may be land, house, jewellery, vehicle etc. If borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the collateral, to get back their money.

Question 2.
Given that a large number of people in our country are poor, does it in any way affect their capacity to borrow ?
Answer:
A large number of people in our country are poor. This affects their capacity to borrow. They do not have any collateral security to deposit with the lender. Sometimes, they do not want to borrow money because they know, that they will not be able to repay the loan.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets.
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means ………….. (low/ high) interest rate …………. (easy/tough) conditions for repayment ………… (less/more) collateral and documentation requirements.
Answer:
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means low interest rate, easy conditions for repayment, less collateral and documentation requirements.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 47)

Question 1.
List the various sources of credit in Sonpur.
Answer:
Following are the sources of credit in Sonpur :

• Village moneylenders
• Agricultural traders
• Banks
• Medium landowners.

Question 2.
Underline the various uses of credit in Sonpur in the above passage.
Answer:
The various uses of credit in Sonpur in the above passage are as follows:

• Shyamal tells that every season he needs loans for cultivation on his 1.5 acres of land.
• Arun is one of the few persons in Sonpur to receive bank loan for cultivation.
• There are several months in the year when Rama is without work and needs credit to meet the daily expenses. Expenses on sudden illness or functions in the family are also met through loan.

Question 3.
Compare the terms of credit for the small farmer, the medium farmer and the landless agricultural worker in Sonpur.
Answer:
Comparison of terms of credit for the small farmer, the medium farmer and the landless agricultural worker :

Question 4.
Why will Arun have a higher income from cultivation compared to Shyamal?
Answer:
Arun will have a higher income from cultivation, compared to Shyamal, because of the following reasons :

• Arun has 7 acres of land, while Shyamal has 1-5 acres of land.
• Arun has received a loan from bank at 8-5 per cent per annum, while Shyamal has received two loans : one, from the village moneylender at 60% per annum and other, from an agricultural trader at 36% per annum.
• Arun can repay the loan anytime, in the next three years, while Shyamal has to repay the loan within 3-4 months.
• Arun is free to sell his crop to anybody, at any price and at any time, while Shyamal has to sell his crop to the moneylender and the agricultural trader, as per his promise.
• Arun has to pay low interest, while Shyamal has to pay high interest.

Question 5.
Can everyone in Sonpur gets credit at a cheap rate ? Who are the people who can?
Answer:
No, everyone in Sonpur cannot get credit at a cheap rate.
The people who have collateral to deposit in the bank and have proper documents, can get credit from banks, at a cheap interest rate.

Question 6.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) Over the years, Rama’s debt:
(a) Will rise,
(b) Will remain constant,
(c) Will decline.
Answer:
(a) Will rise.
(ii) Arun is one of the few people in Sonpur to take a bank loan because
(a) other people in the village prefer to borrow from the moneylenders.
(b) banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide.
(c) interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the traders.
Answer:
(b) banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide.

Graph-1 (Page No. 48)

Question 1.
In Graph-1 you can see the various sources of credit for rural households in India. Is more credit coming from the formal sector or the informal sector?
Graph-1: Sources of credit for rural households in India in 2010

Answer:
Credit coming from the formal sector = 56%
Credit coming from the informal sector = 44%.
More credit is coming from formal sector.

Graph-2 (Page No. 49)

Question 2.
Of all the loans taken by urban households, what percentage was formal and what percentage was informal?

Answer:

Per cent of loans from the informal sector = \(\frac{85+53+28+10}{4}=\frac{176}{4}\) = 44 %
Percent of loans from the formal sector = \(\frac{15+47+72+90}{4}=\frac{224}{4}\) = 56%

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 50)

Question 1.
What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit?
Answer:
Following are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit:

Formal Sources:

• Formal sources include banks and co-operative societies.
• They have to follow government rules and regulations.
• RBI supervises the functing of formal sources of loans.
• They provide loan at lower interest rate.
• The purpose of formal sources is profit making, as well as public welfare.

Informal Sources:

• Informal sources include money-lenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends etc.
• Though, they also have government rules and regulations, but they are not followed.
• There is no organisation, which supervises the credit activities of lenders, in informal sector.
• They provide loan at whatever interest rate they choose.
• The purpose of informal sources is only to earn profit.

Question 2.
Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all ?
Answer:
Credit should be available for all at reasonable rates. Higher cost of borrowing, means, a large part of the earnings of the borrower is used to repay the loan. That’s why, borrowers have less income left for themselves. In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean, that, the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower. This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap. Also, people who might wish to start an enterprise by borrowing, may not do so, because of the high cost of borrowing.

For these reasons, banks and co-operative societies need to lend more. This would lead to higher incomes and many people could borrow cheaply for a variety of needs. They could grow crops, do business, set-up small-scale industries etc. They could set up new industries, or trade in goods. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for a country’s development.

Question 3.
Should there be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India, that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult?
Answer:
Yes, there should be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India, that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders. But, its task would be quite difficult because informal lenders are not registered with government-affiliated, or any other institution. The informal sector of lending money is very wide. Besides, informal lenders have personal relations with borrowers, to get information about such lenders and taking actions against them, would be quite difficult.

Question 4.
Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households compared to the poorer households?
Answer:
The share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households, compared to the poorer households, because they are more educated than rural people. They are more aware than rural or poor people, about the facilities provided by the government and they know, that banks provide loans at a lower rate of interest. Besides, the rich have collateral security to deposit in the bank against the loan and have proper documents, while the poor do not have such things.

HBSE 10th Class Economic Money and Credit Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.
Answer:
Yes, it is true that in situations with high risks, credit might create many problems for the borrower, in spite of solving his problems. The credit helps people to increase their earnings, but in some situations, it pushes people into a debt trap. If people are not able to repay the loan, then they have to sell their assets or land, to repay the loan, and if they take the further loans, then they are caught in the hand of debt. Then, the situation of borrowers may be worse off than before.

Question 2.
How does money solve the problem of double co-incidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.
Answer:
Double coincidence of wants is the most difficult problem of the barter systems. Double co-incidence refers that goods in possession of two different persons must be useful for each other and needed by each other. If wants do not exactly between the two, no exchange will take place. Money solves the problem of coincidence. It acts as an intermediate in the exchange process.

Example – Amit has a spare pair of shoes and wants to buy some wheat and sell shoes. So, it is very difficult for Amit to find such a person who wants his shoes and agrees to solve his problem. Only money is accepted as a medium of exchange, commonly. Now, Amit sells the spare pair of shoes in the market and gets money. After that, he can buy wheat with this money. So, money has solved the problem of double co-incidence of wants.

Question 3.
How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?
Answer:
Banks obtain money from those people who have surplus money, by opening their accounts in the bank and paying them interest on their deposits. On the other hand, banks provide loans to those people who are in need of money. They use a major portion of deposits to extend loans. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they earn on deposits. The difference between charged and paid interest is the main source of income for banks. In this way, banks mediate between those, who have surplus money (depositor), and those, who need money (borrower).

Question 4.
Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
Answer:
If we look at a 10 rupee note, we see the following things written on the top –
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
Guaranteed By The Central Government
I promise to pay the bearer the sum of ten rupees.

This means, that the Reserve Bank of India has a right to issue currency notes, on behalf of the Central Government of India. The currency is guaranteed by the Central Government, i. e. the use of a ten rupee note as a mode of payment is legal as per Indian laws, which cannot be refused by anyone, as a mode of payment. Reserve Bank of India promises to pay rupees 10 in every situation to the bearer, who has a ten rupee note. This creates trust in people.

Question 5.
Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer:
Formal sources of credit in India are banks and cooperative societies. Following are the reasons which show the need to expand formal sources of credit in India –

• Formal sources of credit save people from moneylenders, traders and employers, who want to trap their borrowers in indebtedness.
• Everyone can get loans from banks at a cheaper interest rate, in comparison to informal sources of credit.
• Bank loan with lower interest rate increases the earnings of the borrower and they can easily repay their loan.
• These loans help borrowers to improve their living standards.

Question 6.
What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
OR
Explain the role of self-help groups in the rural economy.
Answer:
SHGs stand for Self-Help Groups. The basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor is to provide credit facilities at a cheaper rate and also without much documentation process. SHGs organise rural poor, particularly, women, usually belonging to one neighbourhood. A typical SHG has 15-20 members who meet and save regularly. This saving may be ₹ 25, ₹ 100, or more than ₹ 100 per member. Members can take small loans from these SHGs.

The group charges very nominal interest on these loans. Most of the important decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by the group members. If the savings of these groups are regular, they become eligible for availing loan from the bank. The loan is sanctioned in the name of group and is meant to create self-employment opportunities. The basic idea behind these SHGs, is to make people financially strong and self-dependent.

Question 7.
What are the reasons why banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Answer:
Following are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers :

• Borrowers do not have any collateral to deposit in the bank as a security.
• Borrowers do not furnish proper documents.
• Borrowers are already caught in the hand of debt.
• Borrowers are not in a position to repay the loan in the given time.

Question 8.
In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?
Answer:
The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans, such as banks and cooperative societies. The RBI monitors the banks, in actually maintaining cash balance. RBI sees that the banks give loans, not just to businessmen and traders, but also to small cultivators, small-scale industries, small borrowers etc. Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI, regarding how much they are lending, at what interest rate, to whom etc.

This is necessary so as to maintain equality of who receives the loans, as the aim is that all industries should grow. Even small-scale industries should be given the advantage of loans. As a result, the country’s economy will also grow. This monitoring also ensures that banks do not loan more money than they are supposed to, as such an action can creates a crisis situation.

Question 9.
Analyse the role of credit for development.
OR
Explain the role of credit for economic development.
OR
Describe the importance of formal sources of credit in economic development.
Answer:
Credit plays an important role in the development of a country. Both, people and nations, require credit for various economic activities. The credit helps industrialists in meeting working expenses and in production, in time. Therefore, their earnings increase. Various people take credit for various purposes like agriculture, business, establishing small-scale industries or goods trade. Thus, we can see that cheap and affordable credit is very beneficial for the development of any country.

Question 10.
Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Answer:
On the following basis, Manav will decide, whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender:
(i) Rate of Interest: First of all, Manav will make a comparison between the rates of interest of both, the bank and the moneylender. Manav will prefer to take the loan from one, that offers a lower rate of interest.
(ii) Conditions for loan: Manav considers the terms and conditions for the loan of both – the bank, and the moneylender.

Manav will prefer the one that offers:
(a) easy terms and conditions,
(b) easy and affordable instalments,
(c) less paperwork, etc.
Manav would decide to take loan from the bank as it offers- a low rate of interest, simple terms and conditions, less paperwork, easy instalments etc.

Question 11.
In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for. cultivation.
(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?
(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
(c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmer?
(d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Answer:
(a) Banks might not be willing to lend to small farmers because they do not have collateral, as security, to deposit in the bank and appropriate documents. Some farmers are already caught in the hand of debt. Besides, some farmers do not repay their loans in time, due to the uncertainty of crops.

(b) The other sources, from which the small farmers can borrow, are – moneylenders, land-owners, traders, friends, relatives, self-help groups etc.

(c) The terms of credit can be unfavourable for small farmers. For example – a person takes a loan on a high rate of interest from informal sources like landlords, moneylenders etc., on behalf of the security of his land. At the end, if he or she is unable to pay the loan, due to a bad harvest, then the landlord or moneylender can sell his land to get his money back. In this situation, the loan pushes the farmers into a debt trap.

(d) Small farmers can get cheap credit from banks, co-operative societies and self-help groups and their rate of interest is also lower than the other sources of credit. The farmers can repay the loan easily after 4 or .5 years, or as decided before.

• costs of borrowing increase the debt burden.
• issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
• Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on
• is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks :

(i) Majority of the credit needs of the …………… households are met from informal sources.
(ii) …………… costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.
(iii) ………….. issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on ………….
(v) …………… is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Answer:
(i) Poor
(ii) High
(iii) Reserve Bank of India
(iv) deposits
(v) Collateral.

Question 13.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) In an SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by-
(a) Bank
(b) Members
(c) Non-government organisations
Answer:
(b) Members.

(ii) Formal sources of credit do not include –
(a) Banks
(b) Co-operatives
(c) Employers.
Answer:
(c) Employers.

Additional Project/Activity

(i) The following table shows people in a variety of occupations in urban areas. What are the purposes for which the following people might need loans? Fill in the column

(ii) Classify the people into two groups based on whom you think might get a bank loan and those who might not. What is the criterion that you have used for classification?
Answer:
(i)

Answer:
(ii)

For classification, I have used following criterion:
(i) Proper documents,
(ii) Collateral for deposit in the bank against the loan.

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

HBSE 10th Class Civics Outcomes of Democracy Intext Questions and Answers

Cartoon-based Question (Page 91)

Outcomes Of Democracy Solutions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Can you think of what and how the government knows about you and your family (for example ration cards and voter identity cards)? What are the sources of information for you about the government?
Answer:
(i) The government knows about me and my family in the following ways :
(a) Every ten years, the government conducts a census. In this census, there are records of each adult member of the family, along with his/her sex, age, and education.
(b) There is a provision for registering birth, marriage, and death of the family members with the government institutions.
(ii) The source of information for us about the government are newspapers, electronic media and political leaders. They all provide us with information about the policies and decisions adopted by the government.

Cartoon-based Question (Page 93)

Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy Civics HBSE 10th Class Question 2.
Cartoon on this page and the next three pages tell us about the disparities between the rich and poor. Should the gains of economic growth be evenly distributed? How can the poor get a voice for a better share in a nation? What can the poor countries do to receive a greater share in the world’s wealth?
Answer:

1. Yes, of course, the gains of economic growth should be evenly distributed among
2. the citizens of a country, so as to reduce the economic inequality.
3. It is possible only when this deprived group is given the right to participate in the decision-making process.
4. They should get united to fight for this cause, only then they will be able to get their share.

Plus Box-based Question (Page 94)

HBSE 10th Class Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy Question 3.
What would be your verdict on democracy if you had to base it purely on economic performance of democratic regimes in terms of growth and equal distribution?
Answer:
If we base our verdict on economic performance of democratic regimes, we see that average dictatorial regimes have had a slightly better record of economic growth. But, when we compare their records only in poor countries, there is virtually no difference. However, democracy has many other positive results therefore, I will go with democracy.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 95)

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the majority. The poor are in majority. So democracy must be a rule of the poor. How can this not be the case?
Answer:
Democracy is a rule of majority which means that rule by majority views, not the population. In case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form majority so it is not true to say that democracy must be rule of the poor. Any person either rich or poor, can participate in the making of government. If poor people make their separate party, they can also rule the country.

Munni and Unni’s Question (Page 96)

Question 5.
All you are saying is that democracy ensures that people do not break each other’s head. This is not harmony. Should we be happy about it?
Answer:
When a democracy tries to accommodate social diversity, it does not mean that it ensures that people do not break each other’s head. Democracy usually develops a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflict among different groups. In fact, democracy gives us mechanisms to negotiate them.

Let Us Revise based Question (Page 97)

Question 6.
The two images depict two different kinds of effects democratic politics can have on social divisions. Take one example for each image and write a paragraph each on the outcome of democratic politics in both situations.
Answer:
(i) When Democratic politics makes race, religion, caste or any other existing social division as its base, it further divides the society and gives an impetus to conflict. This is not healthy for democracy itself.

(ii) On the contrary, when the existing divisions are minimised through democratic means on the basis of moral and prudential reasons, it leads to the solidarity of the country. It also contributes in the development of each and every class of the society. It makes an environment where all sections of society can grow and prosper together.

HBSE 10th Class Civics Outcomes of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
OR
Is democracy accountable, responsive and legitimate government ? Give reasons in
Answer:
Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government in the following ways :
1. Democracy is an accountable government because it is answerable to the people or to the parliament. In a democratic government, people elect their representatives who form government and if they don’t work according to the wishes of the people, the people have the right to change them. For example: Government of India is answerable to the Parliament.

2. Democratic government is responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. The government takes decisions and forms policies which are acceptable to the people. Under this, whenever possible and necessary, citizens can participate in decision-making.

3. A legitimate government is formed by the norms provided by the Constitution of the country. A democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always clean, but, it is the people’s own government.

Question 2.
What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Answer:
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But, we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome because it is able to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts. But, a democracy must fulfill two conditions in order to achieve this outcome

(i) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply ruled by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority, so that governments function to represent the general view. The majority and minority opinions are not permanent.

(ii) It is also necessary that rule by the majority does not become rule by the majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point in time.

Question 3.
Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions :
(i) Industrialised countries can afford democracy, but the poor need dictatorship to become rich.
(ii) Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.
(iii) Governments in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health, education, and spend more on industries and infrastructure.
(iv) In democracy, all citizens have one vote, which means, that there is absence of any domination and conflict.
Answer:
(i) I oppose this assertion because the economic development of a country does not depend only on democracy. Democracy is just a form of government. The economic development depends on several factors, like the population of the country, its natural resources, literacy rate, co-operation from citizens and help from other countries.

(ii) I oppose the assertion, because the Minimum Wages Act enacted by the Indian government and other policies which regulate the basic price at which agricultural producers and small industries sell their goods, have helped increase the per capita income of the country, thereby making its citizens more prosperous.

(iii) I oppose this assertion, because developing human resource is as important as developing industry and infrastructure. The government in poor countries should maintain a balance between investment on poverty reduction, food, clothing, health education, and on industries and infrastructure.

(iv) I oppose the assertain. This is not true as conflict can be eliminated in an ideal situation. In real democracies, though every person has one vote, there are divisions among the people. These divisions lead to conflict.

Question 4.
Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also suggest policy/ institutional mechanisms to deepen democracy in the given situations:
(i) Following a High Court directive, a temple in Odisha that had separate entry doors for dalits and non-dalits, allowed entry for all from the same door.
(ii) A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different states of India.
(hi) Following allegation of killing of three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by Jammu & Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.
Answer:
(i) The biggest challenge, in this case, is to eliminate the inequalities that are based on caste. Legal; action must be taken against such people who indulge in such practices of discrimination. They should be severely punished as our constitution declares any discrimination based on caste as a crime punishable by law.

(ii) A large number of farmers are committing suicides in different states of India because of the economic inequalities that still exist in our country. Farmers, sometimes, are unable to repay their loans due to losses in their crops that may have happened because of the weather conditions. In such situation, farmers who get overburdened by the large debts sometimes take extreme steps like committing suicide. The government should provide these farmers with subsidies which will help them to earn profits and have a satisfactory level of earning.

(iii) Here, the challenge to democracy is to control the power of the police and other authorities. To check such challenges in a democratic government, the law should be amended, so that, the police do not take law and order in their hands and should have a reasonable behaviour towards the civilians.

Suggestions:
(a) Police force should be well-informed regarding the identity of civilians and terrorists.
(b) The working of police force should be made transparent.

Question 5.
In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is correct democracies have successfully eliminated :
(A) conflicts among people.
(B) economic inequalities among people.
(C) differences of opinion about how marginalised sections are to be treated.
(D) the idea of political inequality.
Answer:
(D) the idea of political inequality.

Question 6.
In the context of assessing democracy which among the following is odd one out. Democracies need to ensure :
(A) free and fair elections.
(B) dignity of the individual.
(C) majority rule.
(D) equal treatment before law.
Answer:
(C) majority rule.

Question 7.
Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that :
(A) democracy and development go together.
(B) inequalities exist in democracies.
(C) inequalities do not exist under dictatorship.
(D) dictatorship is better than democracy.
Answer:
(B) inequalities exist in democracies.

Question 8.
Read the passage below:
Nannu is a daily wage earner. He lives in Welcome Mazdoor Colony, a slum habitation in East Delhi. He lost his ration card and applied for a duplicate one in January 2004. He made several rounds to the local Food & Civil Supplies office for the next three months. But the clerks and officials would not even look at him, leave alone do his job or bother to tell him the status of his application. Ultimately, he filed an application under the Right to Information Act asking for the daily progress made on his application, names of the officials who were supposed to act on his application and what action would be taken against these officials for their inaction. Within a week of filing application under the Right to Information Act, he was visited by an inspector from the Food Department, who informed him that the card had been made and he could collect it from the office. When Nannu went to collect his card next day, he was given a very warm treatment by the Food & Supply Officer (FSO), who is the head of a Circle. The FSO offered him tea and requested him to withdraw his application under the Right to Information, since his work had already been done. What does Nannu’s example show? What impact did Nannu’s action have on officials? Ask your parents their experiences when they approach government officials to attend to their problems.
Answer:

• Nannu’s example shows that Right to Information Act is a very important and useful law which forces the government officials and heads of the departments to take action in time.
• The official in food and civil supplies department addressed the issues promptly and also accorded a warm welcome to Nannu at the office.
• My parents had mixed experiences about the government officials when they approached them for their problems. Some officers took prompt actions and were very helpful. But in some cases, they faced difficult situations where the officials were very reluctant to do the needful.