HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

Multiple Choice Questions

Important Pipelines In India HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
The is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks.
(a) Earth’s crust
(b) Atmosphere
(c) Hydrosphere
(d) Space.
Answer:
(a) Earth’s crust

Minerals And Energy Resources Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 2.
Which of the following is used to make toothpaste white ?
(a) Fluoride
(b) Titanium Oxide
(c) Ilmenite
d) Bauxite.
Answer:
(b) Titanium Oxide

Important Coal Fields In India HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
Which of the following is used to reduce tooth cavities ?
(a) Fluoride
(b) Silica
(c) Mica
(d) Aluminium.
Answer:
(a) Fluoride

Minerals And Energy Resources Class 10 HBSE Question 4.
Which of the following is an example of metallic minerals ?
(a) Iron-ore
(b) Mica
(c) Coal
d) Salt.
Answer:
(a) Iron-ore

Class 10 Minerals And Energy Resources Important Questions HBSE Question 5.
Which of the following is an example of non-metallic minerals ?
(a) Coal
(b) Gold
(c) Lead
(d) Mica.
Answer:
(d) Mica.

Mineral And Energy Resources Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 6.
Which of the following is found in placer deposits ?
(a) Copper
(b) Mica
(c) Salt
(d) Gold.
Answer:
(a) Copper

Question 7.
Which of the following is a basic mineral ?
(a) Iron ore
(b) Gold
(c) Mica
(d) Bauxite.
Answer:
(a) Iron ore

Question 8.
Which of the following is the finest iron-ore with magnetic properties ?
(a) Haematite
(b) Magnetite
(c) Dolomite
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Magnetite

Question 9.
Which of the following districts of Maharashtra is the leading producer of iron ore ? ‘
(a) Ratnagiri
(b) Pune
(c) Satara
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Ratnagiri

Question 10.
Which of the following minerals is used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints ?
(a) Mica
(b) Mineral Oil
(c) Gold
(d) Manganese.
Answer:
(d) Manganese.

Question 11.
Which of the following regions of Rajasthan is the famous producer of copper ?
(a) Khetri
(b) Singhbhum
(c) Jaipur
(d) Satara.
Answer:
(a) Khetri

Question 12.
Which of the following states is the largest producer of bauxite ?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Orissa
(c) Bihar
Answer:
(b) Orissa

Question 13.
Which of the following is indispensable for electrical industry
(a) Tin
(b) Mica
(c) Gypsum
Answer:
(b) Mica

Question 14.
In which of the following types of rocks is limestone found ?
(a) Sedimentary
(b) Igneous
(c) Metamorphic
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Sedimentary

Question 15.
Which of the following is the highest quality hard coal ?
(a) Lignite
(b) Bituminous
(c) Anthracite
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Anthracite

Question 16.
Which of the following types of coal is produced by decaying plants in swamps ?
(a) Anthracite
(b) Bituminous
(c) Lignite
(d) Peat.
Answer:
(d) Peat.

Question 17.
In which of the following rock series, does coal occur in north-eastern states of India ?
(a) Tertiary
(b) Gondwana
(c) Carboniferrous
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Tertiary

Question 18.
In which of the following regions of India does the Gondwana series of coal occur ?
(a) Assam
(b) West Bengal
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Nagaland.
Answer:
(b) West Bengal

Question 19.
Which of the following states is the oldest oil producing state of India ?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Assam
(d) Bihar.
Answer:
(c) Assam

Question 20.
In which of the following industries is natural gas used as a raw material ?
(a) Textile Industry
(b) Jute Industry
(c) Petro-chemical Industry
(d) Salt Industry.
Answer:
(c) Petro-chemical Industry

Question 21.
Which of the following is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions ?
(a) Petroleum
(b) Coal
(c) Hydro Power
(d) Natural Gas.
Answer:
(d) Natural Gas.

Question 22.
Which of the following is found in the Monazite sand in Kerala ?
(a) Uranium
(b) Coal
(c) Thorium
(d) Gold.
Answer:
(c) Thorium

Question 23.
For effective use of which of the following energy are Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer known in India :
(a) Wind Energy
(b) Tidal Energy
(c) Atomic Energy
(d) Hydro Power.
Answer:
(a) Wind Energy

Question 24.
Which of the following is produced by shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste, for domestic consumption in rural areas ?
(a) Solar Energy
(b) Biogas
(c) Natural Gas
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Biogas

Question 25.
Which of the following regions of India provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy ?
(a) Gulf of Kuchchh
(b) Thar Desert
(c) Sunderbans
(d) Jharkhand.
Answer:
(a) Gulf of Kuchchh

Question 26.
What refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth ?
(a) Tidal Energy
(b) Geothermal Energy
(c) Solar Energy
(d) Atomic Energy.
Answer:
(b) Geothermal Energy

Fill in the blanks

1. Various …………… are ………….. from these minerals after proper refinement.
Answer:
metals, extracted.

2. Minerals are usually found in ……………..
Answer:

3. In ………….. rocks a number of minerals occur in ………….. or ………….
Answer:
sedimentary, beds, layers.

4. …………. is the basic mineral and the …………….. of industrial development.
Answer:
Iron ore, backbone.

5. …………… is the largest bauxite producing state in India.
Answer:
Odisha.

6. ………….. is a mineral made up of a series of ……………… or ……………
Answer:
Mica, plates, leaves.

7. Energy is required for all ……………
Answer:
activities.

8. Energy …………… is energy …………….
Answer:
saved, produced.

Match The following

Match Column A with Column B :

Column A Mineral Name/Energy	Column B Major Productive State/Region
1. Bauxite	(a) Himachal Pradesh
2. Manganese	(b) Mumbai High
3. Copper	(c) Madhya Pradesh
4. Petroleum	(d) Karnataka
5. Geothermol Energy	(e) Rajasthan

Answer:

Column A Mineral Name/Energy	Column B Major Productive State/Region
1. Bauxite	(d) Karnataka
2. Manganese	(c) Madhya Pradesh
3. Copper	(e) Rajasthan
4. Petroleum	(b) Mumbai High
5. Geothermol Energy	(a) Himachal Pradesh

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many minerals have been identified till now?
Answer:
Approximately over 2000.

Question 2.
Which properties of minerals are used by geologists to classify the minerals?
Answer:
Geologists use colour, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density to classify the minerals.

Question 3.
Where are minerals found?
Answer:
Minerals are found in ores.

Question 4.
What is an Ore?
Answer:
Ore is the raw material extracted from the earth, mixed with soil and other impurities.

Question 5.
Name the types of minerals found on the general and commercial basis?.
Answer:

• Metallic minerals
• Non-metallic minerals
• Energy minerals.

Question 6.
What are metallic minerals?
Answer:
Minerals that contain metal parts are called metallic minerals.

Question 7.
Give four examples of metallic minerals?
Answer:

• Iron-ore
• Manganese
• Copper
• Bauxite.

Question 8.
Define ferrous minerals.
Answer:
These are minerals which contain iron.

Question 9.
Define non-ferrous minerals.
Answer:
Minerals devoid of iron contents are called non-ferrous minerals.

Question 10.
What are non-metallic minerals?
Answer:
Minerals that do not contain any metal part are called non-metallic minerals.

Question 11.
Give four examples of non-metallic minerals.
Answer:

• Mica
• Salt
• Granite
• Marble.

Question 12.
What are energy minerals?
OR
Why is energy needed?
Answer:
Minerals which are used as fuel are called energy minerals such as coal, petroleum and natural gas; and energy is needed to cook / to provide light and heat.

Question 13.
Give some examples of those minerals which are formed as a result of evaporation in arid regions.
Answer:

• Gypsum
• Potash
• Salt
• Sodium.

Question 14.
What are placer deposits?
Answer:
Some minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floor and at the base of hills, these are called placer deposits.

Question 15.
What is rat-hole mining?
Answer:
Coal-mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee done by family members, in the form of narrow tunnel is called Rat-hole mining.

Question 16.
What is the most important mineral nowadays?
Answer:
Iron.

Question 17.
Name the major iron-ore belts in India.
Answer:

• Orissa-Jharkhand belt,
• Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt,
• Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt,
• Maharashtra-Goa Belt.

Question 18.
Through which port is iron-ore exported to Japan and South Korea?
Answer:
Vishakapatnam Port.

Question 19.
Name the largest manganese producer state of India.iCBSE 2017, Delhi Board)
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh. It accounted for 27 per cent of the country’s total production in 2015-16. ‘

Question 20.
Which mineral is mined at Singhbhum and Khetri?
Answer:
Copper.

Question 21.
Name the metal that is extracted from Bauxite.
Answer:
Aluminium.

Question 22.
Where are the bauxite deposits of India mostly found? ‘
Answer:
India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.

Question 23.
Name the largest bauxite-producing state in India in 2015-16.
Answer:
Orissa, with 49 per cent of the country’s total production, in 2015-16.

Question 24.
Which metal is made up of a series of plates or leaves?
Answer:
Mica.

Question 25.
Name the mica-producing states of India.
Answer:

• Jharkhand
• Andhra Pradesh
• Rajasthan.

Question 26.
Which Belt of which state of India produces mica the most ?
Answer:
Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica.

Question 27.
Why is mica used in electrical and electronic industries?
Answer:
Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is used in electrical and electronic industries.

Question 28.
Why are heavy industries and Thermal Power stations located near the coalfields?
Answer:
Because coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.

Question 29.
Which state of India produces limestone the most?
Answer:
Rajasthan.

Question 30.
Give any four examples of conventional sources of energy.
Answer:

• Wood
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas.

Question 31.
Name the four varieties of coal?
Answer:

• Anthracite
• Bituminous
• Lignite
• Peat.

Question 32.
Give reason why Mumbai High is famous?
Answer:
Mumbai High is the largest and major mineral oil producing region in India.

Question 33.
Wliy is natural gas considered an eco-friendly fuel?
Answer:
Natural gas is considered an eco-friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions.

Question 34.
In which industries is natural gas used as key material?
Answer:
(i) Power industry
(ii) Fertilisers industry.

Question 35.
Give any four examples of non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer:

• Nuclear energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Tidal energy.

Question 36.
In which state is Rawatbhata nuclear energy plant located ?
Answer:
Rajasthan.

Question 37.
Where are monazite sands mostly found?
Answer:
Kerala.

Question 38.
Which country now ranks as a wind superpower?
Answer:
India.

Question 39.
What is Biogas?
Answer:
Biogas is an energy-producing gas obtained by decompositio of shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste.

Question 40.
What is Tidal Energy?
Answer:
Tidal energy is energy produced by using oceanic tides.

Question 41.
Where have the two experimental projects been set-up in India to harness geo¬thermal energy?
Answer:
(i) Parvati Valley near Manikarn (Himachal Pradesh)
(ii) Puga Valley (Ladakh).

Short Answer Type Questions-I

Question 1.
How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
Answer:
In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in beds or layers.They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Some minerals like gypsum, potash etc. are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions. Other examples are coal and sodium salt.

Question 2.
How do minerals occur in the form of alluvial deposits?
Answer:
Some minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and at the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and
generally contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Example—gold, silver, tin and platinum.

Question 3.
Which minerals occur in oceans?
Answer:
The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, are also rich in manganese nodules.

Question 4.
What are the different forms of iron-ore?
Answer:
There are four forms of iron-ore found :

• Hematite
• Magnetite
• Siderite
• Limonite.
• Among these four, the Hematite and Magnetite are the most important.

(i) Magnetite:
It is the finest iron-ore with a very high content of iron-up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, valuable for the electrical industry.

(ii) Hematite:
It is the most important industrial iron-ore, containing 50-60 per cent iron.

Question 5.
Describe the uses of manganese. Also give its distributed across India.
Answer:
Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferromanganese alloy. It is also used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. The largest manganese-producing state is Madhya Pradesh, followed by Odisha and Maharashtra.

Question 6.
Write the uses and distribution of copper in India. (Raj. Bo; 2017
Answer:
Copper is an alloy mineral. Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, it is used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. Most of the copper mines are located in Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh, Singbhum in Jharkhand and Khetri in Rajasthan.

Question 7.
Explain the uses of bauxite and also give its distribution in India.
Answer:
Bauxite is a source of aluminium, and is a useful light metal. It is used in aircraft manufacturing and in electrical goods, in the absence of copper. India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India, with 49 per cent of the country’s total production, in 2015-16.

Question 8.
Explain the distribution of mica in India.
Answer:
Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chotanagpur Plateau.
Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica.
Ajmer in Rajasthan and Nellore belt of Andhra Pradesh are two major mica producing regions.

Question 9.
What is limestone? Where it is found?
Answer:
Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates, or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.

Question 10.
Mention the uses of limestone. Name any 5 states which are the major producers of limestone.
Answer:
(i) Limestone is the basic raw material for cement industry and essential for smelting iron-ore in the blast furnace.
(ii) The major limestone producing states are — Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Question 11.
Describe the importance of coal as a source of energy.
Answer:
Coal is the most available and widely used source of energy :

• It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry, as well as for domestic needs.
• It is used as a raw material in the making of coal tar and coal gas.
• In railways and industries, it is used as fuel to run steam engines.
• Coking coal is also essential for smelting iron-ore in blast furnaces.

Question 12.
Write the importance of HVJ Natural Gas Pipeline?
Answer:
HVJ (Hazira-Vijaypur-Jagdishpur) Natural Gas Pipeline is 1700 km long. It joins Hazira with Jagdishpur through Vijaypur. It links Mumbai High, Bassien with fertiliser, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.

Question 13.
What are the different methods to generate electricity?
Answer:
Electricity is generated by two procedures:
(i) By running water which drives hydro-turbines to generate hydro-electricity.
(ii) By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, to drive turbines to produce thermal power.

Question 14.
What is gobar gas or biogas? State its three uses.
Answer:
Biogas is an energy gas which is produced from the organic waste such as farm waste, shrubs, animal and human waste.

•  It is a non-conventional source of energy.
• It has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, cattle dung, coal and charcoal.
• It does not cause any pollution.

Question 15.
Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Give any four reasons.
Answer:
Solar energy is rapidly becoming popular in rural areas because of the following reasons :

• It is a non-conventional source of energy.
• It can be used to sterlise milk cAnswer:
• It has reduced the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung-cakes.
• It is a pollution-free source of energy.

Question 16.
How can we save energy ?
Answer:
We can save energy by following these:

• Citizens can do our bit by using public transport system instead of individual vehicles.
• Switching off electricity when not in use.
• Using power-saving devices.
• Using non-conventional sources of energy.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

Question 1.
‘Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives’. Explain with examples.
OR
What is the economic importance of minerals?
Answer:
Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives because of the following reasons :

• Almost everything we use, is made of minerals. Examples-Safety pin, ball pen, toothpaste, aeroplane etc.
• All capital goods and equipments are made up of minerals. Examples-Machinery, tools etc.
• All means of transportation are made up of minerals, and run on power resources derived from the earth.
• Food, that we consume, contains minerals.
• Human beings use minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities and ceremonial rites.
  Iron and coal are the two most important minerals, without which, industrial progress is not possible.

In short, all living things need minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals.

Question 2.
Define minerals. Why are they found diversely? How do geologists classify them?
Answer:
Geologists define mineral as a homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. A particular mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements, depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. Thus, these are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.

Geologists use the following properties to classify minerals:
(a) Wide range of colours
(b) hardness
(c) crystal forms
(d) lustre
(e) density.

Question 3.
How are the minerals categorised for the common and commercial purposes?
Answer:
Minerals are classified in the following categories to fulfil the common and commercial purposes :
(i) Metallic minerals : These are of three types—
(a) Ferrous Minerals : These minerals contain iron. Examples—Iron-ore, manganese, nickel and cobalt.
(b) Non-ferrous Minerals : These minerals do not contain iron. Examples—Copper, lead, zinc and bauxite.
(c) Precious Minerals : These are of great economic importance. Examples—Gold, si lver, platinum etc.
(ii) Non-Metallic Minerals : Mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone etc.
(iii) Energy Minerals : Coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Question 4.
Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Metallic Minerals:

• Minerals that do not contain any metal part are called non-metallic minerals.
• These are brittle in nature, i.e. they cannot be beaten into sh’eets.
• They are non-ductile.
• They are bad conductors of heat and electricity, except graphite.
• Non-metals may be solid, liquid or gas.
• Examples-mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, etc.

Non-Metallie Minerals:

• Minerals that contain metal parts are called metallic minerals.
• These are malleable in nature, i.e. they can be beaten into sheets.
• They are ductile, i.e. they can be drawn into wires.
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• All metals are solid, except mercury.
• Examples-Iron-ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, and bauxite, etc.

Question 5.
What are the main features of mica? Explain its uses.
Answer:
The main features of mica are :

• It is made up of a series of plates or leaves.
• It splits easily into thin sheets.
• It can be transparent.
• It can be black, green, red, yellow or brown.

Uses of Mica:

• Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor and insulating properties, mica is used in electric and electronic industries.
• It is used in manufacturing medicines.
• In the manufacturing of motors, aeroplanes, telephone wires, radio wires and bricks of blast furnaces, mica is used.

Question 6.
Perform a comparison between the two coals- the Anthracite and Bituminous coal.
Answer:
Anthracite Coal:

• It is the best quality coal.
• It causes very little pollution.
• It has more calorific value.
• It contains more percentage of carbon in it. (about 80%).
• It gives more energy.
• In India, it is found only in Jammu and Kashmir.

Bituminous Coal:

• It is a medium quality coal.
• It causes more pollution.
• It has less calorific value.
• It contains less percentage of carbon in it (about 60%-80%).
• It gives less energy.
• In India, it is found in Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh.

Question 7.
What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment?
Answer:

• The impact of mining on the health of the miners and the environment are as follows:
• The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to various pulmonary diseases.
• There are a number of risks in the life of miners, such as, collapsing of mine roof, inundation and fires in coal mines, etc.
• The water sources in the region are contaminated due to mining.
• Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land. It is released in streams and causes river pollution too.
• There is air pollution due to generation of dust in mining areas.

Question 8.
Describe the distribution of petroleum or mineral oil.
Answer:
Mineral oil, or petroleum, is the second most important source of energy. It provides fuel for light and heat. It is a lubricant for machinery and raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.

Distribution:
(i) The largest petroleum or mineral oil deposits of India are found in the offshore sea near Mumbai High (63%). It is located in the continental shelf, off the coast of Maharashtra.
(ii) Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil-fields of Assam are Digboi, Naharkatiya, Rudrasagar, Sivsagar and Moran-Hugrijan.
(iii) Gujarat produces about 18% of the total oil production of India. Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Kalol fields are the major oil fields of Gujarat.

Question 9.
What is the importance of petroleum in human lives ? How does it occur in India?
Answer:
Importance of Petroleum :

• It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
• It acts as lubricants for machinery.
• It provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
• Petroleum refineries act as a “Nodal Industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser, and numerous chemical industries.

Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault-traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is porous limestone, through which, oil may flow. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.

Question 10.
Differentiate between Hydro-electricity and Thermal electricity.
Answer:
Hydro-electricity:

• Hydro-electricity is generated by fast flowing water from turbines.
• It uses renewable sources of energy.
• It does not cause any pollution.
• These plants should be placed near the sources of energy.

Thermal electricity:

• It is generated by using fossil fuels and atomic minerals, coal, natural gas etc.
• It uses exhaustible resources of energy.
• It causes pollution.
• These plants can be set at any place.

Question 11.
Differentiate between Natural gas and Biogas.
Answer:
Natural Gas:

• It is a mixture of combustable, gaseous hydro-carbons and non-hydrocarbons, occurring frequently with petroleum, in the rocks of the earth’s crust.
• It is used as a raw material in the petro¬chemical industry.
• It is mainly used in urban areas.
• It is transported from one place to another through pipelines.

Biogas:

• Biogas is formed by the decomposition of animal and plant waste, with the help of micro-organisms, in the presence of water.
• It is used as a fuel, and for lighting homes.
• It is mainly used in rural areas.
• It is produced commercially in tanks from plant and animal manure.

Question 12.
Write a note on tidal energy.
Answer:
Ocean Tides can be used to generate electricity, for which the following processes are adopted :
(i) Floodgate dams are built across inlet.
(ii) During high tide, water enters the inlet and gets trapped, when the gate is closed.
(iii) After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe, that carries it through a power generating turbine. In India, Gulf of Khambat, Gulf of Kuchchh, Gujarat on the western coast and Gangetic Delta in Sunderbans region of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.

Question 13.
Write a note on Geo-thermal energy.
Answer:
When the magma from the interior of earth comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is released. This heat energy can successfully be tapped and converted to electrical energy. Geothermal energy exists because the earth grows progessively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient in high temperatures are found at shallow depths ground¬water, in such places, absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes very hot.

It then rises to the earth’s surface, and turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines to generate electricity. Apart from this, several hundred hot springs and geysers in India are also used in the generation of thermal energy. This energy is now considered to be one of the key energy sources, which can be developed as an alternate source. In India, geo-thermal energy plants are located in Manikam in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley, Ladakh.

Question 14.
Suggest some measures to conserve minerals. ‘f-BSE, outside Delhi 2020
Answer:
Some measures to conserve minerals are following :

• The minerals should be used in a planned way, so that these can be used in a judicious way.
• Wastage of minerals should be minimised.
• Modem technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.
• Export of minerals should be minimised.
• We should encourage recycling of metals.
• We should think about the use of substitutes, in order to save minerals.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where are minerals found? Describe them.
OR
What is the mode of occurrence of minerals?
Answer:
Forms of Occurrence of Minerals:
(i) Occurrence of minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks :jn igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, faults, joints or crevices. Sometimes when minerals in the liquid or molten and gaseous forms are pushed upward, due to the internal movement of the earth, after passing through the cracks, cavities, faults or joints of the igneous and metermorphic rocks, they cool down and solidify on the earth’s surface. Major metallic minerals like copper, zinc, lead and tin etc. are obtained in these types.

(ii) Occurrence of minerals in Sedimentary Rocks:
In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in beds or layers.They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Some minerals like gypsum, potash etc. are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions. Other examples are coal and sodium salt.
Examples – Coal, Gypsum, Potash Salt and Sodium Salt.

(iii) Decomposition of Surface Rocks :An important method of formation of minerals involves the decomposition of earth rocks, removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. For example – Bauxite mineral is formed in this way.

(iv) Occurrence of minerals in Alluvial Deposits:
Some minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and at the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Example—gold, silver, tin and platinum.

(v) Occurrence of minerals in Ocean Waters:
The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, are also rich in manganese nodules.

Question 2.
Explain the distribution of iron ore in India.
Answer:
The major iron ore belts in India are :
(i) Orissa-Jharkhand belt: This belt lies in Orissa and Jharkhand states. In Orissa, high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In Singbhum district of Jharkhand, haematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi.

(ii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt: This belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematities ore are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills, in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The Bailadila range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of hematite iron ore. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea through Vishakapatnam port.

(iii) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur Belt: This belt lies in Karnataka state. This belt has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudermukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. The iron-ore is transported as slurry, through a pipeline, to a port near Mangalore.

(iv) Maharashtra-Goa Belt: This belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore from this belt is exported through Marmagao port.

Question 3.
Give an account of conventional sources of energy.
Answer:
Those resources, which are used to generate power to run turbines, automobiles and machines etc. are called energy resources. Coal, petroleum, natural gas are known as conventional sources of energy. These resources have been in use by human beings since ancient times.
The main conventional sources of energy are as follows :

(i) Coal:
Coal is the main conventional source of energy. It is used in power generation, supplying energy to industries, satisfying domestic needs and commercial energy requirements. Coal is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years. Coal is found in a variety of forms like Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite and Peat. Anthracite is the highest quality of coal.
In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages –
(a) The Gondwana Series
(b) The Tertiary Series.

(a) The Gondwana Coal:
The Gondwana coal occurs over 200 million years in age. The Gondwana coal, which is metallurgical coal, is located in Damoder Valley (West Bengal- Jharkhand), Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro. These are important coal fields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.

(b) The Tertiary Series:
Tertiary coal occurs only about 55 million years in age. The major sources of tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.

(ii) Petroleum:
It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
It acts as lubricants for machinery.
It provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
Petroleum refineries act as a “Nodal Industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser, and numerous chemical industries.

Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault-traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is porous limestone, through which, oil may flow. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.

(iii) Natural Gas:
Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is obtained alongwith or without petroleum. It is used as raw material in the petro-chemical industry. Large deposits of natural gas are in Godavari-Krishna basin, along the west coast in Mumbai High and allied field. Gulf of Cambay, Andman and Nicobar islands are also important areas, having large re¬serves of natural gas.

(iv) Electricity:
Electricity is very important for us. Electricity generated is mainly of two types-
(a) Hydro-electricity
(b) Thermal electricity.
(a) Hydro Electricity: It is generated by running turbines by water.
(b) Thermal Electricity: It is generated by burning coal, petroleum and natural gas.
India has a number of multi-purpose projects, like the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), Bhakra Nangal and Chambal Valley Project etc., producing hydro-electric power. India has also over 210 thermal power plants to generate thermal electricity.

Question 4.
Give an account on Non-Conventional Sources of Energy.
OR
Which are Non-Conventional Sources of Energy.
OR
Write an essay on Non-Conventional Sources of Energy.
Answer:
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy : Renewable sources of energy, which have recently been developed, like solar, wind, tidal etc., are called non-conventional sources of energy. Nuclear energy is the only non-renewable, non-conventional source of energy. These energy sources are more equitably distributed and are environment friendly. The non-conventional energy sources provide more sustained, eco-friendly and cheaper energy, after the initial cost is taken care of.

The main non-conventional sources of energy are as follows:

(i) Atomic Energy:
Powder obtained by splitting the atoms, under controlled conditions, is called Atomic Energy. It is also known as nuclear energy. Atomic Energy has emerged as a viable energy source in recent times. Important minerals used for the generation of Atomic Energy are uranium and thorium. Uranium and thorium are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan. Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmanite, in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The important Nuclear Power Projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat).

(ii) Solar Energy:
Sun rays, tapped in photovoltaic cells, can be converted into energy, which is known as solar energy. This type of energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Solar energy is generally used more in appliances like heaters, crop dryers, cookers etc. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur (Bhuj) Gujarat, where solar energy is used to sterlise milk cAnswer: The Western part of India i.e. Gujarat and Rajasthan has greater potential for the development of Solar Energy.

(iii) Wind Energy:
Wind energy is an absolutely pollution free, inexhaustible source of energy. The kinetic energy of wind through turbines, is converted into electrical energy. India has great potential of wind power. In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Lakshadeep, favourable conditions for wind energy exist. Nagarcoil (Tamil Nadu) and Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) are well known for the effective use of wind energy in our country. Wind power plant at Lamba in Kachchh (Gujarat) is the largest in Asia. Another wind power plant is located at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu.

(iv) Tidal Energy:
A particular mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements, depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. Thus, these are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.
Geologists use the following properties to classify minerals :
(a) Wide range of colours
(b) hardness
(c) crystal forms
(d) lustre
(e) density.

(v) Geo-Thermal Energy:
Minerals are classified in the following categories to fulfil the common and commercial purposes :

(i) Metallic minerals: These are of three types –
(a) Ferrous Minerals: These minerals contain iron. Examples-Iron-ore, manganese, nickel and cobalt.
(b) Non-ferrous Minerals: These minerals do not contain iron. Examples-Copper, lead, zinc and bauxite.
(c) Precious Minerals: These are of great economic importance. Examples-Gold, si lver, platinum etc.
(ii) Non-Metallic Minerals: Mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone etc.
(iii) Energy Minerals: Coal, petroleum and natural gas.

(vi) Bio-Energy:
It is also called Biogas. Bio-energy refers to energy derived from biological products which include agricultural residues, shrubs, animal and human waste, municipal, industrial and other wastes. Bio-energy is a potential source of energy conversion. It can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking. In India, Biogas plants are set up at Municipal, Co-operative and Individual levels. The plants, using cattle dung, are known as gobar gas plants, in rural India. In India, one Bio-energy plant is located at Okhla in Delhi, where municipal waste is converted into energy.

Map Work

Question 1.
On the given outline map of India, show location of the following geographical features :
(i) Vishakapatnam, Marmagao, Hazaribagh, Hazira.
(ii) Singrauli and Neyveli Coal Mines.
(iii) Bassien and Mumbai High oil field
(iv) Kaiga, Rawatbhata and Narora Nuclear Power Plants.
Answer:

Question 2.
On an outline map of India, show the following :
(i) Coal fields
(ii) Coal mines
(iii) Oil Fields
(iv) Major Natural gas reserves
(v) HVJ Natural Gas Pipeline.
Answer:

Question 3.
On an outline map of India, show the following
(i) Four fields of Manganese
(ii) Four fields of Bauxite
(iii) Four Fields of Mica.
Answer: