HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Multiple Choice Questions

Agriculture Important Questions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Agriculture is a ………….. in India.
(a) Primary activity
(b) Secondary activity
(c) Tertiary activity
(d) Non-economic activity.
Answer:
(a) Primary activity

Agriculture Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 2.
Type of agriculture that is practised on the small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour:
(a) Primitive subsistence farming
(b) Commercial farming
(c) Plantation agriculture
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Primitive subsistence farming

Class 10 Agriculture Important Questions HBSE Question 3.
Which of the following conditions is not favourable for primitive subsistence farming?
(a) Fertility of soil
(b) Monsoon
(c) Favourable atmosphere
(d) Sufficient capital.
Answer:
(d) Sufficient capital.

Sst Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Important Questions HBSE Question 4.
‘Slash and burn’ agriculture is known as in north-eastern states :
(a) Jhumming
(b) Podu
(c) Valre
(d) Khil.
Answer:
(a) Jhumming

Geography Ch 4 Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 5.
Through which of the following names the ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is known, in Mexico and central America ?
(a) Ladang
(b) Milpa
(c) Jhumm
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Milpa

Important Questions For Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 HBSE Question 6.
Which of the following types of agriculture is done in densely populated areas ?
(a) Intensive subsistence farming
(b) Primitive subsistence farming
(c) Plantation agriculture
(d) Commercial agriculture.
Answer:
(a) Intensive subsistence farming

Agriculture Chapter Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 7.
Which of the following crops is a commercial crop of Punjab and Haryana ?
(a) Bajra
(b) Wheat
(c) Jowar
(d) Millet.
Answer:
(b) Wheat

Class 10 Chapter 4 Geography Important Questions HBSE Question 8.
Which of the following is a Rabi crop ?
(a) Rice
(b) Maize
(c) Wheat
(d) Cotton.
Answer:
(c) Wheat

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Important Questions HBSE Question 9.
The crops sown in the summer between the Rabi and Kharif season are known as :
(a) Rabi
(b) Kharif
(c) Zaid
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Zaid

Class 10 Geography Chapter Agriculture Important Questions HBSE Question 10.
Which of the following countries is the second largest producer of rice ?
(a) USA
(b) China
(c) Russia
(d) India
Answer:
(d) India

Agriculture Class 10 Important Questions And Answers HBSE Question 11.
Which is the second most important cereal crop of India :
(a) Wheat
(b) Rice
(c) Maize
(d) Bajra.
Answer:
(a) Wheat

Chapter 4 Geography Class 10 Important Questions HBSE Question 12.
Which of the following is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production ?
(a) Jowar
(b) Bajra
(c) Wheat
(d) Rangi
Answer:
(a) Jowar

Important Questions Of Ch Agriculture Class 10 HBSE Question 13.
Which of the following states is the largest producer of jowar ?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Assam
(d) Punjab
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Extra Questions HBSE Question 14.
The largest bajra producing state of India is :
(a) Karnataka
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
(b) Rajasthan

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Question Answer HBSE  Question 15.
The largest producer and consumer of the pulses in the world is ……………
(a) Russia
(b) India
(c) China
Answer:
(b) India

Question 16.
In which of the following crop production does India rank first in the world ?
(a) Oil seeds
(b) Wheat
(c) Rice
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Oil seeds

Question 17.
Which of the following crops is grown as a Kharif crop in North India and Rabi crop in South India ?
(a) Sesamum
(b) Wheat
(c) Bajra
(d) Ragi.
Answer:
(a) Sesamum

Question 18.
Which of the following is the largest producer of groundnut ?
(a) Karnataka
(b) Gujarat
(c) Assam
(d) Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
(b) Gujarat

Question 19.
Which of the following is a leading tea producing state of India ?
(a) Assam
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
(a) Assam

Question 20.
Which of the following crops is initially cultivated on the Baba Budan Hills ?
(a) Tea
(b) Coffee
(c) Rubber
(d) Jute.
Answer:
(b) Coffee

Question 21.
Which of the following is an equatorial crop ?
(a) Tea
(b) Coffee
(c) Rubber
(d) Jute.
Answer:
(c) Rubber

Question 22.
Which of the following is not a fibre crop ?
(a) Cotton
(b) Jute
(c) Hemp
(d) Rubber.
Answer:
(d) Rubber.

Question 23.
Which country is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant ?
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Bhutan
(d) Japan.
Answer:
(a) India

Question 24.
Which of the following crops is known as golden fibre ?
(a) Wheat
(b) Cotton
(c) Jute
(d) Tea.
Answer:
(c) Jute

Fill in the blanks

1. India is an ……………. important country.
Answer:
agriculturally.

2. Agriculture is an age-old ………… activity in our country.
Answer:
economic.

3. ………….. subsistence agriculture is practised on small ………… of land.
Answer:
primitive, patches.

4. ………….. is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.
Answer: Rice.
5. Bajra grows well on …………… soils and shallow ………… soil.
Answer:
sandy, black.

6. Tea cultivation is an example of …………… agriculture.
Answer:
plantation.

7. India is the largest producer of ………….. and ………….. in the world.
Answer:
fruits, vegetables.

8. ……………….. is not a new phenomenon for India.
Answer:
Globalisation.

Match the following
Match Column A with Column B.

Column A (Country Name)	Column B (Name in Country)
1. Mexico	(a) Jhumming
2. Venzuela	(b) Ladang
3. Brazil	(c) Rey
4. 1ndoneia	(d) MiIpa
5. Vietnam	(e) Roca
6. india	(f) Conuco

Answer:

Column A (Country Name)	Column B (Name in Country)
1. Mexico	(d) MiIpa
2. Venzuela	(f) Conuco
3. Brazil	(e) Roca
4. 1ndoneia	(b) Ladang
5. Vietnam	(c) Rey
6. india	(a) Jhumming

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is a science and art of cultivating soil, raising crops and rearing livestock including animal husbandry and forestry.

Question 2.
How much of Indian population is engaged in agricultural activities?
Answer:
Two-third of Indian population is engaged in agricultural activities.

Question 3.
Which type of farming is practised in a few pockets in India?
Answer:
Primitive subsistence farming is practised in a few pockets in India.

Question 4.
Give the name of the farm equipments used in primitive subsistence farming?
Answer:

• Hoe
• Dao
• Digging sticks.

Question 5.
What type of farming depends upon monsoon?
Answer:
Primitive subsistence farming.

Question 6.
In which states is the Jhumming practised?
Answer:

• Assam
• Meghalaya
• Mizoram
• Nagaland.

Question 7.
What is Dippa?
Answer:
The ‘slash and bum’ agriculture practised in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is called Dippa.

Question 8.
By which name is the ‘slash and bum’ agriculture practised in South-Eastern Rajasthan known?
Answer:
‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’.

Question 9.
Where is intensive subsistence farming practised?
Answer:
Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on

Question 10.
What is the main characteristic feature of intensive subsistence farming practice?
Answer:
Intensive subsistence farming is labour-intensive farming.

Question 11.
What is plantation agriculture?
Answer:
The plantation is a type of commercial farming, in which a single crop is grown on a large area.

Question 12.
Write any five plantation crops produced in India.
Answer:
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Sugar cane
Banana.

Question 13.
Write some important factors which affect the development of plantation agriculture.
Answer:

• Transport
• Communication
• Market.

Question 14.
How many cropping seasons are there in India?
Answer:
India has three cropping seasons – Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.

Question 15.
Name the major rabi crops of India.
Answer:

• Wheat
• Barley
• Peas
• Gram
• Mustard.

Question 16.
Name the major kharif crops of India.
Answer:

• Rice
• Maize
• Jowar
• Bajra
• Jute
• Soyabean
• Groundnut
• Moong
• Urad
• Tur (arhar)
•  Cotton.

Question 17.
Name the important zaid crops of India.
Answer:

• Watermelon
• Muskmelon
• Cucumber
• Vegetables.

Question 18.
Which varieties of rice are grown in Assam, West Bengal and Orissa ?
Answer:
Aus, Aman and Boro.

Question 19.
Name the two staple crops of India.
Answer:
Rice and Wheat.

Question 20.
What is the average temperature required for rice cultivation?
Answer:
Above 25°C.

Question 21.
In which states of India, is rice grown with the help of irrigation?
Answer:

• Punjab
• Haryana
• Western Uttar Pradesh
• Low rainfall areas of Rajasthan. ,

Question 22.
Name the wheat-producing areas of India.
Answer:
(i) Indo-Gangetic Plain
(ii) Black soil areas of the Deccan.

Question 23.
Write the names of important millets grown in India.
Answer:
Jowar, Bajra and Ragi.

Question 24.
Name the important jowar-producing states of India.
Answer:

• Maharashtra
• Karnataka
• Madhya Pradesh
• Andhra Pradesh.

Question 25.
Name the major bajra producing states of India in 2015-16.
Answer:

• Rajasthan
• Uttar Pradesh
• Maharashtra
• Gujarat
• Haryana.

Question 26.
Write the name and average temperature of crop which is used as food and fodder?
Answer:
Maize, 18°-27°.

Question 27.
Name the major maize producing states of India.
Answer:

• Karnataka
• Madhya Pradesh
• Uttar Pradesh
• Bihar
• Andhra Pradesh

Question 28.
Write the names of major pulse crops of India.
Answer:

• Tur (Arhar)
• Urad
• Moong
• Masur
• Peas
•  Gram. ‘

Question 29.
Write the names of major pulse producing states of India.
Answer:

• Madhya Pradesh
• Rajasthan
• Maharashtra
• Uttar Pradesh
• Karnataka.

Question 30.
In which type of areas is sugar cane grown?
Answer:
It is grown in tropical, as well as, sub-tropical areas.

Question 31.
Mention the major sugar cane producing states of India.
Answer:

• Uttar Pradesh
• Maharashtra
• Karnataka
• Tamil Nadu
• Andhra Pradesh
• Telangana
• Bihar
• Punjab
• Haryana.

Question 32.
Mention a few oil seed crops.
Answer:

• Mustard
• Coconut
• Til (Sesamum)
• Soyabean
• Castor
• Cotton
• Linseed
• Sunflower
• Groundnut.

Question 33.
In which type of areas is the tea plant grown?
Answer:
The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.

Question 34.
Name the largest producer of groundnut in India in 2015-16.
Answer:
Gujarat was the largest producer of groundnut followed by Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh in 2015-16.

Question 35.
Mention any four tea-producing states of India.
Answer:

• Assam
• West Bengal
• Tamil Nadu
• Kerala.

Question 36.
Which variety of coffee is produced in India?
Answer:
Arabica variety.

Question 37.
Name the country which is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world?
Answer:
India.

Question 38.
What are climatic requirements for rubber?
Answer:
Rubber requires moist and humid climate, with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above 25°C.

Question 39.
Write the names of any two fibre crops grown in India.
Answer:
(i) Jute
(ii) Cotton.

Question 40.
What is sericulture?
Answer:
Rearing of silkworms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

Question 41.
Write the names of major fibre crops.
Answer:
Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are four major fibre crops.

Question 42.
What is the bloodless revolution?
Answer:
Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is known as the bloodless revolution.

Question 43.
When and where did Champaran Movement start ?
Answer:
Champaran Movement started in 1917 in Bihar.

Question 44.
Why was Champaran Movement started ?
Answer:
This was started because farmers of that region were forced to grow indigo on their land.

Question 45.
Why organic farming is much in vogue today ?
Answer:
Because it is practised without factory-made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides.

Question 46.
What are the two components of national food security system?
Answer:
(i) Buffer Stock, and
(ii) Public Distribution System (PDS).

Question 47.
What is the main function of the Food Corporation of India?
Answer:
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) procures foodgrains from the farmers at the government announced Minimum Support Price (MSP).

Question 48.
What is public distribution system?
Answer:
PDS is a programme which provides foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.

Question 49.
How many categories are the consumers divided into?
Answer:
(i) Below Poverty Line (BPL)
(ii) Above Poverty Line (APL).

Question 50.
What is green revolution?
Answer:
A phenomenal and sustained increase in production of agricultural crops is known as green revolution.

Question 51.
What is Gross cultivated Area ?
Answer:
The net sown area and the land cultivated more than once in a year is called Gross cultivated Area.

Short Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
What is agriculture? Name the types of farming practised in India.
Answer:
Agricutlure is an art and science of cultivating soil, raising crops and rearing livestock.

Major types of farming practised in India are :

• Primitive subsistence farming
• Intensive subsistence farming, and
• Commercial farming.

Question 2.
Mention the local names of slash and bum agriculture by mentioning the states or regions.
Answer:

Local  Names	kn0wn Contries or regions
1. Bewar	Madhya Pradesh
2. Podu	Andhra Pradesh
3. Pama Dabi	Odisha
4. Kumari	Western Ghats
5. Waira	South-East Rajasthan

Question 3.
What do you understand by intensive subsistence farming ? Mention its features also.
Answer:
This type of agriculture is practised in those areas or regions where the cultivable land is limited and the density of population is very high. Major features of intensive agriculture are –

• It is labour-intensive farming.
• Under this, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
• In this farming, per hectare yield is high.

Question 4.
What is commercial farming? Mention any two commercial crops and their producing states.
Answer:
The type of farming in which crops are grown mainly for selling in the market, is called commercial agriculture.
Example:
(i) Tea produced in Assam and North Bengal.
(ii) Sugar cane produced in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Question 5.
What is plantation agriculture? Mention its major features.
Answer:
Plantation is a type of commercial farming, in which, a single crop is grown on a large area. Example : coffee, tea etc. Its major features are-

• Higher doses of modem inputs, like High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides are used in order to obtain high productivity.
• Plantation covers large tracts of land with the help of migrant labourers.
• All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.

Question 6.
Write in brief the geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat.
Answer:
The geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat are the following:

• Cool climate in growing season.
• Bright sunshine while ripening.
• Annual rainfall between 50 to 75 cm.
• Alluvial or black soil.

Question 7.
Give an account of production regions of wheat.
Answer:
Two important wheat production regions of India are – The Ganga-Satluj plains in north-west India, and black soil region of the Deccan. The important wheat producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and a part of Madhya Pradesh.

Question 8.
Why are pulses are grown in rotation with other crops? Name the major pulse producing states of India.
Answer:
Pulses are rich source of protein. Being leguminous crops, all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. Major pulse producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Question 9.
What is the position of India in the world in the production of –
(i) Groundnut
(ii) Rape seed.
Answer:
(i) In 2016, India was the second largest producer of groundnut in the world, after China.
(ii) In rape seed production, India was the third largest producer in the world, after Canada and China in 2016.

Question 10.
Give an account of tea producing states of India.
Answer:
Major tea producing states of India are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri district in West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Other states are Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura.

Question 11.
Write a brief note about coffee production in India.
Answer:

• India produces about 4.05 per cent of the world’s coffee production as per the year 2016.
• The Arabica variety produced in India is in great demand all over the world.
• Initially, its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills.
• Today, it is produced in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
What is the importance of rubber for the Indian Economy?
Answer:

Rubber is an important industrial raw material.

• It is mainly used in auto industry.
• It is also a major input for the footwear industry.
• India earns foreign exchange by exporting raw rubber and rubber products.

Question 13.
Name any four factors that have distorted the cropping pattern in India.
Answer:

• High minimum support price.
• High subsidies for various inputs.
• Committed FCI purchases.
• Assured means of irrigation.

Question 14.
Discuss the favourable conditions for cultivation of rubber. Mention major rubber producing states in India.
Answer:

• Rubber is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. ‘
• It requires moist and humid climate, with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above 25°C.
• Major rubber producing states of India are Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.

Question 15.
What is Interculture ?
Answer:
Interculture is an agricultural practice, in which two crops are raised simultaneously, in order to maintain the fertility and productivity of soil.

Short Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
What is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
Answer:
The importance of agriculture in Indian economy is as follows :

• Agriculture contributes about 57 per cent to the national income of the country.
• Two-third of country’s population is engaged in agricultural activities.
• Agriculture provides raw material for various industries.
• Agriculture provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population.
• India earns foreign exchange by exporting agricultural products.
• Agriculture contributes 29% to the gross domestic product.

Question 2.
Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming.
Question 3.
Write briefly about the three cropping seasons of India.
OR
Describe any three main features of Rabi crop season.
OR
Describe any three main features of Kharif season.
Answer:
(i) Rabi:
Rabi crops are sown in winter, from October to December and harvested in summer, from March to April. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

(ii) Kharif:
Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October. Some of the important kharif crops are p. ddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

(iii) Zaid:
Zaid crops are grown in a short season during the summer, in between the Rabi and Kharif season. Some of the important zaid crops are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

Subsistence Fanning:

• Implemented in areas where there is comparatively more pressure on land
• Many cropping patterns
• Use of labour to perform cultivation
• Smaller land holdings
• Requires lesser investment of capital
• Production is carried out to meet food demands, extra is sold in the market

Commercial Fanning:

• Implemented in areas where there is comparatively lesser pressure on land
• Single cropping pattern
• Use of huge machines to perform cultivation
• Use of heavy machinery supported by the big landholdings with large plantations
• Requires large investment of capital
• Production is carried out for commercial purposes

Question 4.
Distinguish between rabi and kharif crops.
Answer:
Kharif Crop:

• Kharif crops are sown with the beginning of the rainy season.
• Kharif crops are sown with the beginning of the rainy season.
• They require shorter day length.
• Sowing month is from June – July.
• Harvesting month is from September – Octobe
• Examples: Rice, maize, cotton, groundnut, jowar, bajra, etc.

rabi Crop:

• Rabi crops are sown after the end of the monsoon, i.e. during the winter season.
• They require warm climate for seed germination and cold climate to grow.
• They require longer day length.
• Sowing month is from October – November.
• Harvesting month is from March – April
• Examples: Wheat, peas, gram, oilseeds, barley, etc.

Question 5.
Which are the two staple food crops of India ? Compare and contrast the climatic and soil requirments of the two.
Answer:
Rice and wheat are two staple food crops of India –
Rice:

• It requires an average temperature of 25°C, with minor variations during the sowing, growing and the harvesting seasons.
• It requires rainfall above 100 cm.
• It requires loamyvsmd alluvial soil.
• The main rice producing states are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Orissa, Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra

Wheat:

• It requires a different climate during the sowing and harvesting season, low temperature during the period of sowing, but high during the harvesting period. An average of 21°C should be maintained.
• Rainfall of50-75cm is sufficient.
• Loamy domat and black soil is required.
• The main wheat producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 6.
What are the important types of millets? Write the favourable conditions required to grow them. Also mention their producing states.
Answer:
Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important types of millets grown in India. They have very high nutritional value. Their favourable climatic conditions and producing states are as under –

• Jowar is a rain-fed crop, mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. In 2015-16, Maharashtra was the largest producer of Jowar, followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. In 2015-16, Rajasthan was the largest producer of bajra, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat’and Haryana.
• Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soil, Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi, followed by Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 7.
Explain the favourable climatic conditions required for the production of maize. Name the major maize producing states in India.
Answer:
Maize is a kharif crop, used both as food, and fodder. The favourable conditions required for its cultivation are :

• Temperature: It requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C.
• Rainfall: It grows well in the areas of 50-100 cm of rainfall.
• Soil: It needs old alluvial soil for its best growth.

Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 8.
What are the favourable conditions for sugar cane cultivation? Mention the major sugar cane producing states.
Answer:

• Sugar cane is a tropical, as well as, a Sub-tropical crop.
• It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm. and 100 cm. Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.
• It can be grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
• The major sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Question 9.
Distinguish between geographical conditions required for the production of Tea and Coffee.
Answer:
Tea:

• Temperature: Ideal temperature for the growth of plant is 15″C to 28°C.
• Rainfall: It requires an annual rainfall of about 150-200 cm.
• Soil: The plant requires red and laterite soil.
• Producers: Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

Coffee:

• Temperature: Ideal temperature for the growth of plant is 20°C to 30°C.
• Rainfall: It requires an annual rainfall of about 150-300 cm.
• Soil: The plant requires a light loamy soil.
• Producers: Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Question 10.
Write a note on horticulture crops.
Answer:

• India is currently the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. It is a producer of both tropical and temperate fruits.
• Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal are in great demand all over the world.
• Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya) are also exported.
•  Banana grows well in areas with rainfall more than 150 cm. Leading banana producing states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.
• Lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, pineapples of Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are also in great demand all over the world.
• India is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, potato and brinjal.

Question 11.
Write the names of four major fibre crops of India? Name the major producing states of any two crops.
Or
Write major producing states of cotton alongwith physical requirements for its cultivation?
Answer:
Name of Fibre Crops: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are four major fibre crops oflndia.
Major Producing States:
(i) Cotton : India is the original home of cotton. India was second largest producer, after China in 2016. Major cotton producing states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.

Physical Requirements:

• Cotton requires more than 21°C of temperature. Bright sunshine is necessary for its growth.
• 50-100 cm of rainfall is required.
• 210 frost-free days are a must during ripening days.
• Deep domat and black soil are required.
• Cotton in mainly grown in Maharashtra and Gujarat.

(ii) Jute: Jute is known as the golden fibre. Major jute producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya.

Question 12.
Write the uses and names the major producing states of jute along with geographical conditions for its cultivation.
Answer:
Uses of Jute: Jute is known as the golden fibre. It is used to make gunny bags, ropes, mats, yam, carpets and other artistic materials.
Major Producing States: Major jute producing states in India are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya, in which, West Bengal is the largest jute producing state.

Geographical conditions:

•  Jute requires temperature of 30°C.
• Near about 150 cm. rainfall is required.
• Hot and humid climate is required.
• Well drained fertile loamy soil required.
• Eastern states of the country are ideal for jute cultivation.

Question 13.
Compare the geographical conditions required for the production of cotton and jute.
Answer:

Uses of Jute:
Jute is known as the golden fibre. It is used to make gunny bags, ropes, mats, yam, carpets and other artistic materials.

Major Producing States:
Major jute producing states in India are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya, in which, West Bengal is the largest jute producing state.

• Geographical conditions:
• Jute requires temperature of 30°C.
• Near about 150 cm. rainfall is required.
• Hot and humid climate is required.
• Well drained fertile loamy soil required.
• Eastern states of the country are ideal for jute cultivation.

Question 14.
Suggest any five measures which have necessitated agricultural reforms.
Answer:
Reforms in agriculture are necessary because of the following reasons :
(i) Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development.
(ii) Most of the farmers still depend on monsoon because large parts of the country still do not have irrigation facilities.
(iii) Farmers still depend on natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture, i.e. they lack material resources.
(iv) For raising the agricultural production and productivity levels to produce sufficient food for the growing population.
(v) To overcome environmental, economic and social constraints, agricultural reforms have to be seriously implemented.
(vi) The declining share of agriculture in GDP is a matter of serious concern because decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to decline in other spheres of economy.

Question 15.
What do you understand by Bhoodan or Gramdan?
Answer:
The Bhoodan or Gramdan movement was initiated by Vinoba Bh’ave. It was also known as Bloodless Revolution. Vinoba Bhave took a padyatra to spread Gandhiji’s message. In the village of Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless villagers demanded land for their economic well-being. He assured the farmers that after talks with the Indian government, he would try to do this. At the same time, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy offered 80 acres of his land to be distributed among 80 landless villagers. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Similarly, some zamindars offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan.

Question 16.
Give suitable reasons for the declining food production in India.
Or
Why has Indian agriculture started to show a declining trend in food production.
Answer:
The main reasons are as follows:

• The competition for land between non-agricultural purposes such as housing etc. and agriculture, has resulted in reduction in the net sown area.
• Fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides are now being held responsible for degrading the soil.
• Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in area under irrigation.
• Misuse of water and chemical fertilisers has led to water logging and salinity.
• There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil seeds, industry-based crops etc.

Question 17.
Study the table given on Textbook page 44 and explain why is the growth rate in agriculture decelerating? How can we overcome this problem ?
Answer:
From the table, it is clear that though the GDP growth rate is increasing over the years, it is not generating sufficient employment opportunities in the country. The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating.

• The Indian government is going ahead with reduction in public investment in the agricultural sector, particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation.
• Subsidy on fertilizers has been decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
• Reduction in import duties on agricultural products has proved detrimental to agriculture in the country.
• Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture, causing a downfall in the employment in agriculture.

To overcome the problem we have to take certain measures:
(i) Use of agricultural techniques which are environmentally sustainable.
(ii) Use of Bio-technology in modifying different crops and to increase the yield per hectare. It reduces dependence on insecticides and also requires less water,

Question 18.
“In 2010-11, about 52 per cent of the total work force was employed by the farm sector which makes more than half of the Indian population dependent on agriculture for sustenance” What does this statement implies for Indian economy in future ? Also mention the reforms or efforts brought by the government to improve the condition of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Agriculture, being the backbone of the Indian economy, has registered a declining trend from 1951 onwards, which leads to decline in other spheres of the economy also having wider implications for society.
Effort made to improve and modernise agriculture :

• Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• Agricultural universities.
• Veterinary services.
• Animal breeding and horticulture development.
• Research and Development in the field of meterology and weather forecast etc.
• Improving the rural infrastructure.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the major types of farming practised in India? Describe any one farming system in India.
OR
What are the types of farming in different parts of India? Describe the primitive subsistence agriculture?
OR
Mention the local names of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture by mentioning the Indian states or regions.
Answer:
Major Types of Farming in India: In the different parts of India, following major farming systems have been in practice:

• Primitive subsistence farming.
• Intensive subsistence farming.
• Commercial farming
• Plantation farming.

Primitive Subsistence Farming:
Primitive subsistence farming is a type of primitive agriculture. At present, this type of farming is practised in a few pockets of India. In this method of farming, a patch of ground is cultivated for a period of few years, until the soil is 5 partly exhausted or overrun by weeds, and after that, the land is left to natural vegetation, while cultivation is carried on elsewhere. In due course, the original patch of land is cultivated again, when the natural growth has restored fertility. This type of farming is also called ‘slash and bum’ agriculture or shifting agriculture.

Main Features of Primitive Subsistence Farming/Agriculture:

• This type of agriculture is practised on small patches of land.
• This type of agriculture is practised with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family or community labour.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
• In this type of agriculture, the land productivity is very low.
• It allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil.
• This type of agriculture has no use of manure and fertilisers.
• In this type of agriculture the farmers produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
• This type of agriculture is known by different names in different regions of India as shown in the table below

Local Names:	Known ragions:
1. Jhumming	Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
2. Pamlou	Manipur
3. Dipa	Bastar (Chhattisgarh) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
4. Bewar or Dahiya	Madhya Pradesh
5. Podu or Penda	Andhra Pradesh
6. Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa	Orissa
7. Kumari	Western Ghats
8. Vaìre or Waltre	South-eastern Rajasthan
9. KhiI	Himalayan belt
10. Kuruwa	Jharkhand

Question 2.
Write an essay on the foodgrain crops grown in India.
Answer:
Foodgrains crops grown in India are as following:
(i) Rice:
Rice is a staple food crop of India. Though, it is considered to be a crop of tropical humid areas, it has about 3,000 varieties which are grown in different agro-climatic regions. These are successfully grown from sea level to about 2,000 metre altitude and from humid areas in eastern India to dry, but irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Northern Rajasthan. In Southern States and West Bengal, the climatic conditions allow the cultivation of two or three crops of Rice in an agricultural year, but in the Himalayas and North-Western parts of India, it is grown as a kharif crop during south-west monsoon season. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world, after China. India contributes 22 per cent of rice production in the world.

It is a kharif crop which requires the following geographical conditions:
(a) Temperature: It requires high temperature, above 25°C to grow.
(b) Rainfall: It requires high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
(c) Soil: Rice can be grown in a variety of soils including silts, loams and gravels, but it is best grown in alluvial soil with clayey sub-soil.

(ii) Wheat:

• Wheat is the second most important cereal crop in India. It’is the main food crop in North and North-Western part of India. It is a rabi crop which requires the following geographical conditions.
• It requires a different climate during the sowing and harvesting season, low temperature during the period of sowing, but high during the harvesting period. An average of 21°C should be maintained.
• Rainfall of50-75cm is sufficient.
• Loamy domat and black soil is required.
• The main wheat producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh

(iii) Jowar: Jowar is the third most important food crop in India, with respect to its area and production. It is a rainfed kharif crop grown in moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. The main jowar producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh etc.

(iv) Bajra: Bajra is a kharif crop. It grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. The main bajra producing states are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.

(v) Ragi: Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium and other micronutrients and roughage. It is a crop grown in dry regions. It grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. The main ragi producing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh etc.

(vi) Maize:
Maize is a kharif crop, used both as food, and fodder. The favourable conditions required for its cultivation are :
(i) Temperature: It requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C.
(ii) Rainfall: It grows well in the areas of 50-100 cm of rainfall.
(iii) Soil: It needs old alluvial soil for its best growth.

(vii) Pulses: India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. These are the main sources of protein in a vegetarian diet. Major pulses are Tur (Arhar), Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas and grain. These are grown in both seasons-kharif and rabi. Being leguminous crops, they help restore soil fertility, except Tur (Arhar). The main producing states of pulses are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka, etc.

Map Work

Question 1.
On an outline map of India, show the rice growing areas.
Answer:

Question 2.
On an outline map of India, show the oilseed producing regions.
Answer:

Question 3.
On an outline map of India, show the sugarcane growing areas.
Answer:

Question 4.
On an outline map of India, show the distribution of groundnut.
Answer:

Question 5.
On an outline map of India, show:
(i) Cotton producing areas,
(ii) Jute producing areas.
Answer:

Question 6.
On an outline map of India, show:
(i) Tea growing areas,
(ii) Coffee growing areas.
Answer: