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HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

HBSE 10th Class Economics Sectors of Indian Economy Intext Questions and Answers

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 21)

Sectors of Indian Economy Class 10 HBSE Economics Question 1.
Complete the Table 2.1 to show how sectors are dependent on each other.
Answer:
Table 2.1 : Examples of Economic Activities

ExampleWhat does this show?
Imagine what would happen if farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to a particular sugar mill. The mill will have to shut down.This is an example of the secondary or industrial sector being dependent on the primary sector.
Imagine what would happen to cotton cultivation if companies decide not to buy from the Indian market and import all cotton they need from other countries. Indian cotton cultivation will become less profitable and the farmers may even go bankrupt if they cannot quickly switch to other crops. Cotton prices will fall.This is an example of the primary sector. This shows dependence on the secondary sector.
Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, pump sets, electricity, pesticides and fertilizers. Imagine what would happen if the price of fertilizers or pump sets go up. The cost of cultivation of the farmers will rise and their profits will be reduced.This example shows the dependence of primary sector on the secondary sector.
People working in the industrial and service sector need food. Imagine what would happen if there is a strike by transporters and lorries refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc. from rural areas. Food will become scarce in urban areas whereas, farmers will be unable to sell their products.This example shows that the primary sector is dependent on the tertiary sector.

Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy HBSE 10th Class Question 2.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:
Following are the differences among primary, secondary and tertiary sectors –
(1) Primary Sector – In this sector, goods are produced by utilization of natural resources.
For example:
wheat cultivation, fishing, forestry, mining, animal husbandry etc.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

(2) Secondary Sector – This sector covers all those activities, which are performed to change natural products into other forms, through various ways of manufacturing.
For example:
furniture industry, cotton textile industry, iron and steel industry, engineering industry etc.

(3) Tertiary Sector – This sector covers all services, which help in the development of the primary and the secondary sectors. This sector is also called the service sector. For example – teachers, doctors, railways, lawyers, shopkeepers, trade, education, and health services etc.

HBSE 10th Class Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy Question 3.
Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors :

  • Tailor
  • Workers in match factory
  • Basket weaver
  • Moneylender
  • Flower cultivator
  • Gardener
  • Milk vendor
  • Potter
  • Fishermen
  • Bee-keeper
  • Priest
  • Astronaut
  • Courier
  • Call center employee

Answer:
Primary Sector – Flower cultivator, gardener, fishermen, bee-keeper, potter, basket weaver.
Secondary Sector – Workers in a match factory.
Tertiary Sector – Money lender, milk vendor, priest, astronaut, courier, call center employee, Tailor.

Question 4.
Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary or junior and senior. What is the criterion that is used? Do you think this is a useful classification? Discuss.
Answer:
Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary or junior and senior. The criterion of this classification is their education level, age group, mental development, etc. The children of classes from play group to 8, come under the junior category, and the children of classes 9 to 12 come under the senior category. Yes, I think this is a useful classification because the educational level, age group, and mental development of junior and senior students are different from each other.

Let’s Work These Out (Page 23)

Question 1.
What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?
Answer:
The history of the developed countries shows, that at the initial stage of development, the primary sector was the most important sector. Almost all the people were engaged in this sector. Gradually, new techniques of manufacturing were introduced and the secondary sector became important from the point of view of production and employment. But now, the tertiary sector has become the most important sector. Most of the working people are also employed in the tertiary sector or service sector. This is a general pattern observed in developed countries.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 2.
Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this Jumble. To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that were produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services.
Answer:
We count the value of all those final goods and services that were produced in the particular year.

Let’s Work These Out (Page 24)

Answer the following questions by looking at the graph :

Question 1.
Which was the largest producing sector in 1973-74 ?
Answer:
The primary sector was the largest producing sector in 1973-74.

Question 2.
Which is the largest producing sector in 2013-14?
Answer:
The tertiary sector is the largest producing sector in 2013-14.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy - 1

Question 3.
Can you say which sector has grown the most over forty years?
Answer:
The tertiary sector has grown the most over forty years.

Question 4.
What was the GDP of India in 2013-14?
Answer:
The GDP of India, in 2013-14, was ₹ 5,50,000 crore.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 27)

Question 1.
Complete the table using the data given in Graphs 2 and 3 and answer the question that follows.
Table 2.2 : Share of Primary Sector in GDP and Employment.

1973-741977-782013-142017-18
Share in GDP
Share in employment

What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years?
Answer:
Table 2.2 : Share of Primary Sector in GDP and Employment

1973-741977-782013-142017-18
Share in GDP40%.13%
Share in employment71%44%

After studying this table, we have concluded, that over the span of forty years, the contribution of primary sector in GDP and employment is decreasing. The share of secondary and tertiary sector in GDP is increasing. Secondary and tertiary sectors are providing more employment to the people, in comparison to the primary sector in the last forty years, but the primary sector continues to be the largest employer, even now.

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer :
Underemployment occurs when people :
(i) do not want to work.
(ii) are working in a lazy manner.
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing.
(iv) are not paid for their work.
Answer:
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
Answer:
In case of developed countries, the evolution of the economy happened on the most logical pattern, Growth in the primary sector was followed by a growth in the secondary sector. After that, the growth of the tertiary sector followed. The employment generation also kept pace with related changes in different sectors. The case of India is somewhat different.

The growth of the primary sector was not followed by the growth of the secondary sector, rather it was the tertiary sector which took the lead. But employment generation in either the secondary or tertiary sector could not keep pace. Still a larger number of people depend on the primar sector for employment, compared to the other two sectors. This shows a disturbing trer because the primary sector is beset with the problem of hidden unemployment.

Question 4.
Why should we be worried about underemployment?
Answer:
It is a situation, where people work at a job, which is below their capacity, skill and education. We should worry about underemployment because it may also result in an ineffective use of public resources. The earning capacity of a person is reduced, which results in poor standard of living and poverty.

Let’s Work These Out (Page No. 29)

Question 1.
Why do you think MNREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to Work’?
OR
Why is the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act called ‘Right to Work’?
Answer:
MNREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to Work’, because of some reasons, which are as follows :

  • It guarantees 100 days of assured work to those people who are able, and want to do work.
  • If the government fails in its duty to provide work, it will provide unemployment allowances to the people.
  • 1/3 of the jobs are reserved for women.

Because of these reasons, it may be called “Right to Work”.

Question 2.
Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this (MNREGA) Act that would also increase the income of people. Discuss.
Answer:
As a village head, I will give the following suggestions :
(i) Roads of village area should be constructed, so that laborers can get better employment opportunities, throughout the year. Better roads also help the farmers to bring their products in the local market.
(ii) Check dams, wells and canals should be constructed for irrigation.
Answer:
My neighbor, Mr. Mohan Lai, is a head clerk, in the office of the Block Elementary Education Officer. I have talked to him, as he is working in an organized sector. For the unorganized sector, I chose Mr. Bhagwat Singh, who works as a daily wages worker in a building construction company. On the basis of the conversation, I have compared their working conditions as follows

Working Conditions Of Mohan Lal:

  • The working hours of Mohan Lai are fixed.
  • Mohan Lai gets provident fund, medical allowance, paid holidays, pension and other allowances.
  • Mohan Lai enjoys Saturdays and Sundays as paid holidays.
  • When Mohan Lal joined work, he was given an appointment letter, which had ail the terms and conditions of work.
  • Mohan Lai has security of job.

Working Conditions Of Bhagwat Singh:

  • The working hours of Bhagwat Singh are not fixed.
  • Bhagwat Singh does not get any other allowance, apart from his wages.
  • Bhagwät Singh does not get any holiday or paid holiday.
  • Bhagwat Singh was not given any such type of letter.
  • Bhagwat Singh does not have security of job. He can be asked to leave the job anytime, by his employer.

Question 3.
How would you distinguish between organized and unorganized sectors? Explain in your own words.
Answer:
There are the following distinctions between organized and unorganized sectors:

Ponits 0f  DistinctionOrganised sector:Unorganised sector:
1. MeaningOrganised sector covers thoseenterprises, where the terms ofemployment are regular andpeople have assured work.Unorganised sector covers those small and scattered units, which are out of the control of the government.
2. Rules and RegulationsOrganised sector followsgovernment rules and regulatiofl8.There are rules and regulations, but these are not followed.
3. Terms of Employment Nature of WorkThe terms of employment areregular.The terms of employment are not regular.
4. SalaryThere is regular and assuredwork and employee cannot befired without any reason.There is no security of work and employee can be fired without any reason.
5. Working HoursEmployee and workers getsalary, regularly, at the end ofevery month.Workers get daily wages.
6. Other BenefitsThe workers have fixed workinghours.There are no fixed working hours. Even, workers do not get overtime for more work.
7. Working GonditionsIf they work for morethan fixed working hours, theyget overtime.There is no provision of any other benefit, except daily wages.
8. ExamplesEmployees get provident fund,medical allowance, paid leave, pension etc.in this sector, employees do not get such facilities.

Question 4.
The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organized and unorganized sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow:
Table 2.3 : Workers in Different Sectors (in Millions)

SectorOrganised sector:Unorganised sector:Total
PrimaryI232
Secondary4174115
Tertiary4088172
Total82
Total in Percentage100%

(i) What is the percentage of people in the unorganized sector in agriculture?
(ii) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganized sector activity? Why?
(iii) 1f we look at the country as a whole, we find that % of the workers in India are in the unorganized sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about % of the workers in India.
Answer:
Table 2.3 : Workers in Different Sectors (in Millions)

SectorOrganised sector:Unorganised sector:Total
PrimaryI231232
Secondary4174115
Tertiary4088128
Total82393475
Total in Percentage17.26%82.74%100%

(i) The percentage of people in unorganised sector in Agriculture is zero because as the proportion of agriculture sector people out of a total number of people in the unorganized sector is not mentioned over there so it means that the percentage is considered zero. Also, we can consider that people were not engaged in agriculture at that time.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

(ii) Yes, I agree with this statement that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity, because there are no fixed working hours for workers, farmers or landless flirmers. They have no job security. Neither they get fixed wages, nor regular salary. They get low wages.

(iii) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that 82.74% of the workers in India, are in the unorganized sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about 17.26% of the workers in India.

Let’s Recall (Page No. 33)

With so many activities taking place around us, one needs to use the process of classification to think in a useful manner. The criterion for classification could be many depending on what we desire to find out. The process of classification helps to analyze a situation.

In dividing the economic activities into three sectors – primary, secondary and tertiary – the criterion used was the ‘nature of the activity. On the basis of this classification, we were able to analyze the pattern of total production and employment in India. Similarly, we divided the economic activities into organized and unorganized and used the classification to look at employment in the two sectors.

What was the most important conclusion that was derived from the classification exercises? What were the problems and solutions that were indicated? Can you summarise the information in the following table?
Table 2.4 : Classifying Economic Activities

SectorCriteria usedMost important conclusionProblems indicated and how they can be tackled
Primary,
Secondary,Tertiary
Nature of activity
Organised,
Unorganised

Answer:

SectorCriteria usedMost important conclusionProblems indicated and how they can be tackled
Primary,
Secondary,
Tertiary
Nature of activityThe contribution of tertiary sector is the most in GDP. Most of the people are engaged in the primary sector.The problem of disguised unemployment is found in agriculture. This problem can be sorted out, by increasing irrigation, transportation, loan facility, establishment of agro-based industries.
Organised,
Unorganised
Conditions of jobAlmost all the people of  India are working in unorganised sector, where protection is needed.The exploitation in unorganised sector can be eliminated, by government protection.

 

HBSE 10th Class Economic Sectors of Indian Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the brackets :
(i) Employment in the service sector ……………. increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
(ii) Workers in the ………….. sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the …………… sector enjoy job security.(organised / unorganised)
(iv) A ………… proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorgamsed sector. (large / small)
(v) Cotton is a ………… product and cloth is a product. (natural / manufactured)
(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are …………. (independent / interdependent)
Answer:
(i) has not
(ii) tertiary
(iii) organised
(iv) large
(v) natural, manufactured
(vi) interdependent.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of :
(i) employment conditions
(ii) the nature of economic activity
(iii) ownership of enterprises
(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise.
Answer:
(iii) ownership of enterprises

(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology.
Answer:
(i) primary

(C) GDP is the total value of produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services.
Answer:
(ii) all final goods and services

(d) In terms of GDP, the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between per cent.
(i) 20 to 30
(ii) 30 to 40
(iii) 50 to 60
(iv) 60 to 70.
Answer:
(iv) 60 to 70

Question 3.
Match the following :

Problems faced by farming sectorSome possible measures
1. Unirrigated land(a) Setting up agro-based mills
2. Low prices for crops(b) Cooperative marketing societies
3. Debt burden(c) Procurement of food grains by government
4. No job in the off season(d) Construction of canals by the government
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders, soon after harvest(e) Banks to provide credit with low interest

Answer:
1. → (d)
2. → (c)
3. → (e)
4. → (a)
5. → (b)

Question 4.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter.
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer.
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police-constable.
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Sahara Airlines, All India Radio.
Answer:
(i) Tourist guide is the odd one because he comes under organised sector and follow the rules and regulations while others are often uneducated and fall under unurganised sector.
(ii) Vegetable vendor is the odd one, because he is comes in the category of unorganised sector. The others fall under the service and organised sector.
(iii) Cobbler is the odd one because he comes in the category of private sector/service sector as he provides personal service. Others are employed by the government and corne under public sector.
(iv) Sahara Airlines is odd one as it is owned by private individuals, while other are public or government sector enterprises.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 5.
A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following:

Place of work :Nature of EmploymentPercentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the governmentOrganised15
Own shops, offices, clinics in marketplaces with formal license15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government

Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city ?
Answer:

Place of work :Nature of EmploymentPercentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the governmentOrganised15
Own shops, offices, clinics in marketplaces with formal licenseOrganised15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workersUn organised20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the governmentUn organised50

The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70%.

Question 6.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
Yes, I think that the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful, due to the reasons as mentioned below :

  • The classification of economic activities helps us as to know about how many people are engaged in the different sectors.
  • This classification helps us to know about the share of each sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and in creating employment opportunities.
  • This classification also helps to make planning by the government possible.
  • Classification of economic activities into these three sectors helps in smooth economic administration and development.
  • This type of classification helps in comparing the level of growth in different countries.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 7.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
In this chapter, we have studied, that economic activities are classified as primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, organised and unorganised sectors, and private and public sectors. Employment is a very important factor, as it sorts out many economic problems, like, poverty. On the other hand, GDP shows the contribution of each sector in the national income.

We should emphasise on the growth of employment and GDP in every sector, for satisfaction of present and coming future needs. There cannot be a prosperous economy, with prevailing unemployment, low per capita income and lower GDP. We can also examine some other issues related to human development, such as- education, health, availability of safe drinking water, sanitation, housing facilities, food, transportation, communication, insurance etc.

Question 8.
Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice. ‘
Answer:
Adults, around me, are engaged in the following activities:

  • Farming
  • Fishing
  • Forestry
  • Mining
  • Clerks
  • Shopkeepers,
  • Tailoring
  • Hair cutting
  • Communication
  • Insurance
  • Manufacturing
  • Dairy
  • Doctors
  • Engineers
  • Teachers
  • Electricians
  • Domestic servants
  • Sweepers
  • Washermen
  • Factory owners
  • Animal husbandry
  • Weaving
  • Transportation.

These activities are classified as follows:

  1. Primary sector – Farming, fishing, forestry, dairy, mining and animal husbandry etc.
  2. Secondary sector -Manufacturing, weaving, factory owners etc.
  3. Tertiary sector – Clerks, shopkeepers, tailoring, hair cutting, communication, insurance, doctors, engineers, teachers, electricians, domestic servant, sweepers, washermen, transportation etc.

Question 9.
How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors ? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:
Tertiary sector is different from the primary and secondary sectors. This sector provides the facilities regarding communication, banking, insurance, transportation etc. The tertiary sector is also called the service sector. The tertiary sector helps in the development of the primary and the secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce any goods, but they help in the production process.

For example – goods produced in the primary and the secondary sector need to be transported by trucks or trains, and then, sold at wholesale or retail shops. Sometimes, produced items need to be stored in warehouses. We also need to talk to others on phone, or send letters, or borrow money from banks, to help production. So, we can say that the tertiary sector is the backbone of the other two sectors, i.e. it is very important for the other two sectors.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 10.
What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:
Disguised unemployment is a type of unemployment, in which, people seem to be employed, but actually, they do not contribute towards productive activities.

Example from Urban Areas:
1° Urban areas, there ¿ire many people who are unemployed. Their job does not suit their qualification and experience.There are thousands of casual workers who reach for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repair persons etc. Take an example – there is a small shop in a city, which requires only IWO persons for handling the shop, hut. three servants and one owner are engaged in this. It. shows that there are two servants, who are in the situation of disguised unemployment.

Example from Rural Areas:
In rural areas, it is generally found in agriculture sector. Number nl people engaged in farming, are generally more than required. Though it seems, that they are busy in the cultivation of land, but actually, they are partly employed. if some of them move out, production will not he affected. Take an example of a farmer who has a land of 3 hectare, which requires only 2 persons for farming related work, but all the seven family members are engaged in it. If 5 persons out of them are withdrawn from the job, the total production will not fall. Therefore, 5 persons will COIflC under the category of disguised unemployment.

Question 11.
Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer:
These are following points of distinction between open unemployment and disguised unemployment:

Open Unemployment:

  • An able-bodied person, willing to work, but does not get work, comes under open unemployment.
  • It is permanent in nature.
  • This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector.
  • It is found in the rural areas, among landless workers.

Disguised Unemployment:

  • A person who seems to work, but in reality, he does not contribute towards production activities.
  • It is temporary in nature. ‘
  • This type of unemployment is generally found in the agricultural sector.
  • In urban areas, this type of unemployment is found in small shops and small trades.

Question 11.
Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer:
These are the following points of distinction between open unemployment and

Question 12.
“Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
We do not agree with the statement that the tertiary sector is not playing a significant role in the development of Indian economy. Over the forty years, between 1973-74 and 2013-14, the production has increased the most, in the tertiary sector. In the year 2013-14, the tertiary sector had emerged as the largest producing sector in India. The contribution of tertiary sector in the Indian economy is as follows :

  1. Due to the new economic policy of Indian government, the tertiary sector has developed. The basic services, like – hospitals, educational institutions, transport, banks etc., are expanding. Number of persons employed in various new services, such as- internet cafes, ATM, call centres, software companies, are increasing.
  2. The contribution of tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India, replacing the primary sector.
  3. The tertiary sector employs a large number of people.
  4. The tertiary sector helps in the development of the primary and secondary sector activities. For example: transportation, storage, communication, banking, trade, etc. These activities create services in place of goods. So, we can say that tertiary sector is playing an important role in the Indian economy.

Question 13.
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer:
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. These are categorized as follows:
(i) Highly skilled and educated people: These include IT consultants, lawyers, teachers and financial advisors.
(ii) Mostly illiterate, semi-skilled and unskilled people: These include carpenters, plumbers, shopkeepers and transporters.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 14.
Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this view that workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. The reasons are as follows :

  • Unorganised sector does not follow government rules and regulations.
  • In this sector, workers are engaged in low-paid jobs, which are often, not regular.
  • There is no employment security.
  • They have to work overtime, for which, they are not paid.
  • There is no provision of paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.
  • During some seasons, when the work load is less, then employer can ask some employees to leave the job.
  • There is no job security.

Question 15.
How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions ?
Answer:
On the basis of employment conditions, the activities of the economy are classified into two sectors –
(i) Organised sector – This sector covers those enterprises, where the terms of employment are regular and they have assured work. Activities of organised sector are registered by the government and one has to follow its rules and regulations, which are given in various laws.

(ii) Unorganised sector – Small and scattered units, which are largely outside the control of the government, come under the unorganised sector. Although there are rules and regulations, but these are not followed.
Jobs in this sector are low paid, and often not regular. Employment is not secure and people can be asked to leave without any reason.

Question 16.
Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
OR
Explain five differences between organised and unorganised sector.
Answer:
Employment Conditions in Hie , Organised Sector:

  •  Organised sectors are registered by government.
  • Organised sectors have to follow government rules and regulations.
  • Jn this sector, workers are expected to work only for a fixed number of hours.
  • Persons employed in this sector get monthly salary.
  • Workers employed in this sector get several other benefits, such as- provident fund, various allowances, gratuity, pension etc.
  • Workers of this sector enjoy security of employment.
  • Workers of this sector get appointment letters.
  • Availability of safe drinking water, electricity and, healthy working atmosphere.

Employment Conditions in the Unorganised Sector:

  • Unorganised sectors are largely outside the control of the government.
  • There are rules and regulations, but these are not followed.
  • There is no certainty of working hours in this sector.
  • Persons engaged in this sector get daily wages.
  • Workers employed in this sector do not get any other benefit, except daily wages.
  • There is no job security in this sector.
  • Workers of this sector do not get any formal appointment letter.
  • No availability of such types of facilities.

Question 17.
Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer:
The Central Government of India, made a law in the year 2005, implementing ‘Right to Work’, in selected 625 districts of India. It is called National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA 2005). The objective of implementing the NREGA 2005, is that, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment, in a year, by the government. If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowance to the people.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

At present, this law has been implemented in rural areas of all districts of the country, and is, at present, known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Under this act, those types of work have given preference, which would help to increase the production from land, in future. One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. It was started in the villages of 625 districts. It provides employment to rural people in the activities specified under the scheme. Thus, it helped to reduce the unemployed population of India.

Question 18.
Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.
OR
Differentiate between the public and the private sector. ((Y3SE .
Answer:
Differences between public and private Sector:

private Sector:

  • In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services are in the hands of private individuals or companies. For example – Tata Iron and Steel Company, Reliance Industries Ltd. DPS society.
  • The motive of private sector is to earn profit.
  • The decisions, regarding production and distribution, are taken by owners or managers of companies.
  • Due to the motive of earning profits, it does not invest funds to construct structures and infrastructres of public utility.
  • Services of this sector can be obtained only by payment.

public Sector:

  • In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. For example – Post Office, Indian Railways, Indian Airlines, All India Radio.
  • The motive of public sector is to increase the facilities for public welfare.
  • The decisions, regarding production and distribution, are taken by government.
  • Due to the motive of public welfare, it invests funds to construct structures and infrastructure of public utility, e.g., construction of roads, bridges, canals, railways, harbours, dams, school and college buildings, generation of electricity etc.
  • All citizens of a country can use and obtain services produced by this sector. unconditionally.

Question 19.
Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

WelI-m0aliaged organisationBadly-managed organisation
Public sector
Private sector

Answer:

WelI-m0aliaged organisationBadly-managed organisation
Public sectorRailwaysAir India
Private sectorTata Iron and Steel CompanySatyam

Question 20.
Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer:
Following are the examples of public sector activities :

  1. Indian Railways
  2. India Post,
  3. BSNL
  4. LIC
  5. AIIMS
  6. Electricity Department etc.

There are several necessities of a common man, but it is not possible for the private sector to provide all these things, at a reasonable cost. Some of these activities require large sums of money, which is beyond the capacity of private sector. Even if they provide these things, they would charge a high rate for their use. So, activities like construction of roads, dams, bridges, harbours, railways, hospitals, schools etc. are taken up by the government. The government provides these facilities to the people at lower cost.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 21.
Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation in the following manner:

  1. Public sector helps in preparation of strong industrial base.
  2. It generates employment opportunities.
  3. It provides basic and essential facilities.
  4. It provides financial support for development.
  5. It provides all the necessary facilities, such as- food, clothes, housing and health facilities, at a reasonable rate.
  6. It encourages balanced regional development.
  7. It controls private monopoly in the economy.
  8. It establishes equality of income and property among people.

Question 22.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues : wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:
(i) Wages – In the unorganised sector, workers have low paid jobs. They are often exploited. They are treated as bonded labour. They do not get any other allowance, except their daily wages. They do not get fair wages, annual increment, paid holidays etc. They should be given equal salary as given to the state government and central government employees. They should be given other allowances, such as- transportation, education, health and residence. They should be given annual increment.

(ii) Safety – In the unorganised sector, workers have no job safety or security because they can be asked to leave the job at any time, by their employer, without any reason. Since, they are generally engaged in many hazardous industries, like – mining, glass, cement, brick and crackers industries and under-construction works, they need protection. Every worker needs safety (security) of job. The procedure of leaving the job should be as per notice given by the worker and the worker should be given compensation for it. They should also be given compensation, while working in the industries or going on work or while returning to home after finishing work, such as the public sector, the state and central governments do.

(iii) Health – The workers engaged in the unorganised sector cannot take nutritional food due to low income. Therefore, their health status remains very poor. So, they need protection. Each employee should get health facilities during in-service period or after retirement. The working environment should be good, so that workers remain healthy, and work efficiently.

Question 23.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was ₹ 60,000 million. Out of this ₹ 32,000 million was generated in the organized sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:
Table: Income and Employment in Organised and Unorganised Sectors in Ahmedabad (1997-98)

SectorNo of WorkersIncome (in mili jon)
Organised4,00,00032,000
Un organised11,00,00028,000
Total15,00,00060.000

The above table shows, that 11,00,000 workers, out of 15,00,000 workers, are engaged in unorganised sector, but the income generated bv them is only ₹ 28,000 million. On the other hand, only 4,00,000 workers are engaged in the organised sector, but they generated more income (₹ 32,000 million), which is greater than the unorganised sector.

The methods that can be undertaken for generating more employment in the city of Ahmedabad are as follows :

  • Government should encourage agro-based industries, in addition to small-scale industries and cottage industries.
  • The government should avail loan facility on simple and easy conditions, as well as low interest rate.
  • Labour-intensive techniques should be adopted, in place of capital-intensive techniques.
  • Roads, bridges, dams, service roads, school buildings, residential colonies, commercial buildings should be constructed.
  • Tertiary sector should be more developed. Banking services, health facilities, educational institutions, insurance facilities, transportation, communication, entertainment centres and financial facilities should be started by government and private sector.

Question 24.
The following table gives the GDP in rupees (crores) by the three sectors :

YearPrimarySecondaryTertiary
200052,00048,50013,3,500
20138,00,50010,74,00038,68000

(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to graph 2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph ?
Answer:
(i) Share of sectors in GDP for 2000
Total GDP of three sectors = (52,000 + 48500 + 133500) = Rs 2,34,000 crore
Share of Primary Sector \(\frac{52,000}{2,34,000}\) x 100 = 22.22%
Share of Secondary Sector \(\frac{48,500}{23,4000}\) x 100 = 20.73%
Share of Tertiary Sector \(\frac{1,33,500}{2,34,000}\) x 100 = 57.05%

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

(b) Share of sectors in GDP for 2013
Total GDP of three sectors = 8,00,500 + 10,74,000 + 38,68,000 = Rs 57,42,500 crore

Share of primary sector
x 100 = 13.94%
Share of secondary sector
\(\frac{10,74,000}{57,42,500}\) x 100 = 18.7%
Share of tertiary sector
\(\frac{38,68,000}{57,42,500}\) x 100 = 67.36%

YearShare of the Primary Sector in GDP (in percentage)Share of the Secondary Sector in GDP (in percentage)Share of the Tertiary Sector in GDP (in percentage)
200022.2220.7357-05
201313.9418.767.36

(ii) Representation of the above data as a bar diagram:
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy - 2
(iii) Conclusions drawn from the bar diagram are:
(a) Share of primary sector in GDP has decreased.
(b) Share of secondary sector in GDP also decreased.
(c) Share of the tertiary sector in GDP has increased.

 

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy Read More »

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख

HBSE 10th Class Economics मुद्रा और साख Textbook Questions and Answers

पाठ्यगत प्रश्नोत्तर (पृष्ठ संख्या 40)

मुद्रा और साख के प्रश्न उत्तर HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न 1.
मुद्रा के प्रयोग से वस्तुओं के विनिमय में सहूलियत कैसे आती है?
उत्तर-
वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली में जहाँ वस्तुएँ सीधे आदान-प्रदान की जाती हैं, वहाँ आवश्यकताओं का दोहरा संयोग एक आवश्यक शत्र होती है। विनिमय के एक माध्यम के रूप में मुद्रा आवश्यकताओं के दोहरे संयोग की आवश्यकता और वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली की कठिनाइयों को दूर करता है। इस तरह मुद्रा के प्रयोग से वस्तुओं के विनिमय में सहूलियत आती है।

मुद्रा और साख HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न .2.
क्या आप कुछ ऐसे उदाहरण सोच सकते हैं, जहाँ वस्तुओं तथा सेवाओं का विनिमय या मज़दूरी की अदायगी वस्तु विनिमय के ज़रिए हो रही है?
उत्तर-

  1. ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में प्रायः अनाजों का विनिमय सीधे किया जाता है।
  2. खेतिहर मजदूरों को प्रायः नकद में नहीं बल्कि वस्तुओं के रूप में भुगतान किया जाता है।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें

Mudra Aur Sakh Ke Question Answer HBSE 10th Class प्रश्न 1.
एम. सलीम भुगतान के लिए 20, 000 रु. नकद निकालना चाहते हैं। इसके लिए वह चैक कैसे लिखेंगे?
उत्तर-
एम. सलीम दिए गए स्थान पर संबंधित तारीख लिखेंगे। वह बैंक को ‘स्वयं’ भुगतान करने का आदेश देंगे। वह रुपये से आगे ‘हजार मात्र’ भी लिखेंगे और दिए हुए बॉक्सों में रकम और खाता संख्या जैसे 29,000/- और 2101347298600035 भरेंगे। उन्हें चेक पर नीचे दाहिनी ओर अपने हस्ताक्षर करने पड़ेंगे। फिर वह इसे बैंक के निकासी काउन्टर पर जमा करेंगे और उन्हें रुपये मिल जाएँगे।

मुद्रा और साख Class 10 HBSE Economics प्रश्न 2.
सही उत्तर पर निशान लगाए.
(क) सलीम के बैंक खाते में शेष बढ़ जाता है और प्रेम के बैंक खाते में शेष बढ़ जाता है।
(ख) सलीम के बैंक खाते में शेष घट जाता है और प्रेम के बैंक खाते में शेष बढ़ जाता है।
(ग) सलीम के बैंक खाते में शेष बढ़ जाता है और प्रेम के बैंक खाते में शेष घट जाता है।
उत्तर-
(ख) सलीम के बैंक खाते में शेष घट जाता है और प्रेम के बैंक खाते में शेष बढ़ जाता है।

Mudra Aur Sakh HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न 3.
माँग जमा को मुद्रा क्यों समझा जाता है?
उत्तर-
चूँकि माँग जमा व्यापक स्तर पर भुगतान का जरिया स्वीकार किए जाते हैं, इसलिए आधुनिक अर्थव्यवस्था में करेंसी के साथ-साथ इसे भी मुद्रा समझा जाता है।

(अ) सलीम और प्रेम के बीच लेन-देन के बाद आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 44)

Mudra Or Sakh HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित तालिका की पूर्ति कीजिए।
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख 1
उत्तर-
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख 2

Mudra And Sakh HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न 2.
मान लीजिए, सलीम को व्यापारियों से ऑर्डर मिलते रहते हैं। 6 साल बाद उसकी स्थिति क्या होगी?
उत्तर-
यदि सलीम को व्यापारियों से आर्डर मिलते रहते हैं तो वह अच्छा लाभ कमाएगा और 6 साल बाद बहुत बड़ा जूता निर्माता हो जाएगा।

प्रश्न 3.
कौन से कारण हैं, जो स्वप्ना की स्थिति को जोखिम भरा बनाते हैं? निम्नलिखित कारकों की चर्चा कीजिए- कीटनाशक दवाइयाँ, साहूकारों की भूमिका, मौसम।
उत्तर-
फसलों पर कीटों का प्रभाव, साहूकारों द्वारा शोषण और मानूसन का अभाव आदि वे कारण हैं जो स्वप्ना की स्थिति को जोखिम भरा बनाते हैं।

कीटनाशक दवाइयाँ-फसल पर कीटों के प्रभाव को कीटनाशक दवाइयों द्वारा नियंत्रित किया जा सकता है।
साहूकारों की भूमिका-सामान्यतः साहूकार किसानों का शोषण करते हैं। वे उन्हें ऋण जाल में फँसा लेते हैं।
मौसम- हमारी कृषि भूमि का लगभग 60% भाग अभी भी असिंचित है। हमारे किसान वर्षा पर अत्यधिक निर्भर करते हैं। अत: मौसम कृषि में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा करता है।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख 45)

प्रश्न 1.
उधारदाता उधार देते समय समर्थक ऋणाध पर’ की माँग क्यों करता है?
उत्तर-
उधारदाता ऋण के विरुद्ध सुरक्षा के रूप में समर्थक ‘ऋणाधार की माँग करता है। यदि कर्जदार यह उधार लौटा नहीं पाता तो उधारदाता को भुगतान प्राप्ति के लिए समर्थक ऋणाधार बेचने का अधिकार होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
हमारे देश की एक बहुत बड़ी आबादी निर्धन है। क्या यह उनके कर्ज लेने की क्षमता को प्रभावित करती है?
उत्तर-
निर्धनता कर्ज लेने की क्षमता को प्रभावित करती है। इसका कारण है कि कर्ज लेने के लिए लोगों को गारंटी रूप में समर्थक ऋणाधार देनी पड़ती है। निर्धन लोगों के पास उन संपत्तियों का अभाव होता है जो कर्ज लेने की उनकी क्षमता को प्रभावित करती है।

प्रश्न 3.
कोष्ठक में दिए गए सही विकल्पों का चयन कर रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें-
ऋण लेते समय कर्जदार आसान प्ण शतोछद्ध को देखता है। इसका अर्थ है …………. (निम्न/ उच्च) ब्याज दर, ……….. (आसान / कठिन) अदायगी की शतेछद्व, …………. (कम/अधिक) समर्थक ऋणामार एवं आवश्यक कागजात।
उत्तर-
ऋण लेते समय कर्जदार आसान ऋण शर्तों को देखता है। इसका अर्थ है निम्न ब्याज दर. आसान अदायगी की शर्ते, कम समर्थक ऋणाधार एवं आवश्यक कागजात।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 47)

प्रश्न 1.
सोनपुर में ऋण के विभिन्न पेतों की सूची बनाइए।
उत्तर-
1. ग्रामीण साहूकार,
2. खेतिहर व्यापारी,
3. बैंक और,
4. भूपति-मालिक।

प्रश्न 2.
ऊपर दिए हुए अनुच्छेदों में ऋण के विभिन्न प्रयोगों वाली पंक्तियों को रेखांकित कीजिए।
उत्तर-
संबंधित अनुच्छेदों में ऋण के निम्न प्रयोगों वाली पंक्तियाँ निम्न हैं

1. श्यामल का कहना है कि उसे अपनी 1.5 एकड़ जमीन को जोतने के लिए हर मौसम में उधार लेने की जरूरत पड़ती है।
2. अरूण सोनपुर के उन कुछ लोगों में से है. जिसे खेती के लिए बैंक से ऋण मिला है। ____ 3. साल में कई महीने रमा के पास कोई काम नहीं होता और उसे अपने रोजमर्रा के खर्चों के लिए कर्ज लेना पड़ता है। अचानक बीमार पड़ने पर या परिवार में किसी समारोह पर खर्च करने के लिए भी उसे कर्ज लेना पड़ता है।
4. इस पूँजी का इस्तेमाल सदस्यों को कर्ज देने के लिए किया जाता है।
5. कृषक सहकारी समिति कृषि उपकरण खरीदने, खेती तथा कृषि व्यापार करने, मछली मकड़ने, घर बनाने और अन्य विभिन्न प्रकार के खर्चों के लिए ऋण मुहैया कराती है।

प्रश्न 3.
सोनपुर के छोटे किसान, ममयम किसान और भूमिहीन कृषि मज़दूर के लिए ऋण की शतोचद्व की तुलना कीजिए।
उत्तर-
im 3

प्रश्न 4.
श्यामल की तुलना में अरुण को खेती से ज्यादा आय क्यों होगी?
उत्तर-
श्यामल की तुलना में अरुण को खेती से ज़्यादा आय होगी क्योंकि-

1. अरुण के पास 7 एकड़ भूमि है, जबकि श्यामल के पास 1.5 एकड़ भूमि है।
2. अरुण ने 8.5% प्रतिवर्ष की ब्याज दर पर बैंक ऋण प्राप्त किया। दूसरी ओर, श्यामल को 36% प्रतिशत की ब्याज दर पर ऋण प्राप्त हुआ है।
3. अरुण को अगले तीन वर्षों में किसी भी समय ऋण चुकाना है, जबकि श्यामल को 3-4 महीनों के भीतर ही ऋण चुकाना है।
4. श्यामल को खेतिहर व्यापारी को फसल बेचने का वायदा करना पड़ता है, जबकि अरुण के लिए ऐसी कोई शर्त नहीं है।

प्रश्न 5.
क्या सोनपुर के सभी लोगों को सस्ती ब्याज दरों पर कर्ज मिल सकता है? किन लोगों को मिल सकता है?
उत्तर-
नहीं, सोनपुर के सभी लोगों को सस्ती ब्याज दरों पर कर्ज नहीं मिल सकता है। इसका कारण है कि सस्ती ब्याज दरों पर बैंक ऋण लेने के लिए समर्थक ऋणाधार की आवश्यकता पड़ती है।
जो लोग समर्थक ऋणाधार और कागजात संबंधी आवश्यकताओं को पूरा कर सकते हैं, उन्हें ही सस्ती ब्याज दरों पर बैंक से ऋण मिल सकता है।
6. सही उंनर पर निशान लगाइए-

(क) समय के साथ. रमा का पण

  1. बढ़ जाएगा
  2. समान रहेगा
  3. घट जाएगा

(ख) अरूण सोनपुर के उन लोगों में से है जो बैंक से उधार लेते हैं क्योंकि-

  1. गाँव के अन्य लोग साहूकारों से कर्ज़ लेना चाहते हैं।
  2. बैंक समर्थक ऋणाधार की माँग करते हैं जो कि हर किसी के पास नहीं होती।
  3. बैंक ऋण पर ब्याज दरें उतनी ही हैं जितना कि व्यापारी लेते हैं।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें ( पृष्ठ संख्या 50)

प्रश्न 1.
ऋण के औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक स्रोतों में क्या अंतर है?
उत्तर-
ऋण के औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक स्रोतों के बीच अंतर को निम्न तालिका से स्पष्ट किया जा सकता है-

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख 3

पाठ्य-पुस्तक प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
जोखिम वाली परिस्थितियों में ऋण कर्जदार के लिए और समस्याएँ खड़ी कर सकता है। स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर-
ऋण लेने से मदद मिलेगी कि नहीं, परिस्थिति के खतरों और हानि होने पर सहयोग की संभावना पर निर्भर करता हे। अन्यथा, अधिक जोखिम वाली परिस्थितियों में ऋण कर्जदार के लिए ओर समस्याएँ खड़ी कर सकता है।

उदहारण के तौर पर एक किसान खेती के लिए साहूकार से ऋण लेता है, इस उम्मीद पर कि फसल तैयार होने पर वह इस कर्ज को वापस कर देगा। परंतु, नाशक कीओं के हमले से फसल नष्ठ हो जाती हैं वह साहूकार का कर्ज अदा नहीं कर पाता और साल के अंदर यह कर्ज बड़ी रकम बन जाता हैं अगले साल वह पुनः कर्ज लेता है, इस साल फसल सामान्य रहती है, लेकिन इतनी कमाई नहीं होता कि वह अपना कर्ज उतार सके। इस तरह, वह कर्ज में फंस जाता है और कर्ज चुकाने के लिए उसे अपनी जीमन का कुछ हिस्सा बेचना पड़ता हैं ऐसी परिस्थिति में ऋण ने उसकी कमाई बढ़ाने के बजाय उसकी स्थिति खराब कर दी।

प्रश्न-2.
मुद्रा आवश्यकताओं के दोहरे संयोग की समस्या को किस तरह सुलझाती है? अपनी ओर से उदाहरण देकर समझाइए
उत्तर-
मुद्रा की सहायता से वस्तुओं व सेवाओं की खरीद में आसानी होती है। इसलिए हर कोइ मुद्रा के रूप में भुगतान लेना पंसद करता है। फिर उस धन का उपयोग अन्य जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए किया जाता है।
उदाहरण के लिए, यदि एक जूता निर्माता गेहूं खरीदना चाहता है। तो वह जूता बेचकर मुद्रा कमाएगा फिर इस मुद्रा से वह गेहूँ खरीद सकता है।
यदि किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली प्रचलन में हो तथा मुद्रा का प्रयोग न होता हो तो जूता निर्माता को गेहूं उगाने वाले किसान को खोजना पड़ता, जो न केवल गेहूँ बेचना चाहता हो बल्कि जूता खरीदने में भी रुचि रखता हो। अर्थात् दोनों पक्ष एक दूसरे से चीजें खरीदने व बेचने पर सहमति रखतें हों। इसे आवश्यकताओं का दोहरा संयोग कहते हैं। वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली में माँगों का दोहरा संयोग होना लाजिमी विशिष्टता है।

ऐसा अर्थव्यवस्था में जहाँ मुद्रा को प्रयोग होता है; मुद्रा विनिमय प्रक्रिया मध्यस्थता का काम करती है और माँगों के दोहरे संयोग को खत्म कर देती है।

प्रश्न-3.
अतिरिक्त धन वाले और धन के जरूरतमंद लोगों के बीच बैकि किस तरह मध्यस्थता प्रदान करते हैं?
उत्तर-
(क) अतिरिक्त धनवाले लोग अपने धन बैंकों में जमा करते हैं जिस पर उन्हें ब्याज मिलता है।
(ख) विभिन्न आर्थिक गतिविधियों के लिए कर्ज की बहुत मांग रहती है। बैंक उनके पास जमाराशि के प्रमुख भाग को कर्ज देने के लिए इस्तेमाल करते हैं।
(ग) इस प्रकार, बैंक दो गुटों के बीच मध्यस्थता का काम करते हैं, एक गुट जिनके पास अतिरिक्त राशि है और दूसरा गुट जिसे इस राशि की जरूरत है।

प्रश्न-4.
रुपये के नोट को देखिये। उपर क्या लिखा है? क्या आप इस कथन की व्याख्या कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर-
इस रुपये के नोट पर लिखा होता है, ‘भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक’, केंद्रीय सरकार द्वारा प्रत्याभूत’ और ‘मै धारक को दस रुपये अदा करने का वचन देता हूँ।’ इस कथन के नीचे भारतीर रिजर्व बैंक के गवर्नर का हस्ताक्षर होता है। भारत में भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक केंद्रीय सरकार की तरफ से करेंसी नोट जारी करता है। भारतीय कानून के अनुसार किसी व्यक्ति या संस्था को मुद्रा जारी करने की इजाजत नहीं है। साथ ही कानून रुपयों को विनिमय का माध्यम जैसे उपयोग करने की वैधता _ प्रदान करता है। इसलिए, रुपया व्यापक स्तर पर विनिमय का माध्यम स्वीकार किया जाता हैं।
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख 4

प्रश्न-5.
हमें भारत में ऋण के औपचारिक स्रोतों को बढ़ाने की क्यों जरूरत हैं?
उत्तर-
(क) औपचारिक स्तर पर ऋण देने वालों की तुलना में अनौपचारिक खण्ड के ज्यादातर ऋणदाता कहीं ज्यादा ब्याज वसूल करते हैं। इसलिए अनौपचारिक स्तर पर लिया गया ऋण कर्जदाता को कहीं अधिक हमँगा पड़ता है।
(ख) ऋण पर ऊँची ब्याज दारों के कारण कर्जदार की आय का अधिकतर हिस्सा ऋण उतारने में खर्च हो जाता है – और निजी खर्च के लिए उसके पस बहुत कम आय बच जाती
(ग) कुछ मामलों के कर्ज अदायगी की रकम कर्जदार की आय से भी अधिक हो जाती है और व्यक्ति ऋण के फंदे में जकड़ सकता है। (घ) इन कारणों से आवश्यक है कि लोगों को औपचारिक स्रोतों से अधिक ऋण मिले।

प्रश्न-6.
गरीबों के लिये आत्मनिर्भर गटों के संगठनों के पीछे मूल विचार क्या हैं? अपने शब्दों में बयान कीजिये।
उत्तर-
भारत में गरीब लोग ऋण के लिये अनौपचारिक स्रोतों पर ज्यादा निर्भर हैं। क्योंकि भारत के सभी ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में बैंक मौजूद नहीं हैं और जहाँ हैं भी वहां बैंक से कर्ज लेना साहूकारों से कर्ज लेने की अपेक्षा ज्यादा मुश्किल हैं। बैंक से ऋण लेने के लिए संपत्ति और तमाम अन्य कागजातों की जरूरत होती हैं। ऋणाधार नहीं होने के कारण गरीब परिवार के लोगों को बैंको से कर्ज नहीं मिल पाता है।दूसरी ओर माहजन और साहूकार इन लोगों को व्यक्तिगत स्तर पर जानते हैं और कई बार बिना ऋणाधार के ऋण दे देते हैं। लकिन ये साहूकार ब्याज’ की दरें काफी ऊँची रखतें हैं, कई बार कागजी कार्रवाई भी पूरी नहीं करते और लोगों की अशिक्षा का लाभ उठाते हुए उनका शोषण करते हैं गरीबों को इन समस्याओं से निजात दिलाने के उद्देश्य से आत्मनिर्भर गुटों का संगठन किया जाता है।

प्रश्न-7.
क्या कारण है कि बैंक कुछ कर्जदारों को कर्ज देने के लिए तैयार नहीं होते?
उत्तर-
ऋण देते समय बैंक ऋण के लिखाफ कर्जदार से कोई समर्थक ऋणाधार की मांग कर सकता है। समर्थक ऋणाधार ऐसी संपत्ति है जिसका मालिक कर्जदार होता है। जैसे-भूमि, मकान, गाडी, पशु आदि। इसका इस्तेमाल उध परदाता को गारंटी देने के रूप में करता हैं ऋणाधार की गैर-मौजूदगी के कारण कुछ गरीब परिवार बैंकों से ऋण नहीं ले पाते हैं।

प्रश्न-8.
भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक अन्य बैंकों की गतिविधि यों पर किस तरह नजर रखता है।? यह जरूरी क्यों हैं?
उत्तर-
(क) भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक अन्य बैंकों अन्य बैंकों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखता हैं बैंक हमेशा अपने पास जमा पूंजी की एक न्यूनतम नकद अपने पास रखते हैं। आर.बी.आई. नजर रखता है कि बैंक वास्तव में नकद शेष बनाए हुए हैं।
(ख) आर.बी.आई. इस बात पर भीनजर रखता है कि बैंक केवल लाभ बनाने वाली इकाइयों व व्यापारियों को ही ऋण न दें बल्कि छोटे किसानों, छोटे उद्योगों, छोटे कर्जदारों आदि की भी ऋण मुहैया करवाए।
(ग) समय-समय पर बैंकों को आर.बी.आई. को यह जानकारी देनी पड़ती है कि वे कितना और किनकों ऋण दे रहे हैं और उसकी ब्याज दरें क्या हैं?
(घ) बैंकों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखना जरूरी है जिससे वह ऋण के अनौपचारिक स्रोतों की तरह काम करना न शुरू कर दें।

प्रश्न-9.
विकास में ऋण की भूमिका का विश्लेषण किजिये।
उत्तर-
ऋण एक ऐसी सहमति है जहाँ उधारदाता कर्जदार को धन वस्ताएं या सेवाएँ प्रदान करता है बदले में भविष्य में कर्जदार से भुगतान का वादा लेता है। हमारी रोजमर्रा की जिदंगी में बहुत सी गतिविधियों ऐसी होती हैं, जहाँ किसी न किसी रूप में ऋण लेते है।। उद्योगपति और व्यापारी उत्पादन के लिए कार्यशील पूँजी की जरूरत को ऋण के जरिये पूरा करते हैं। ऋण उन्हें उतपादन के कार्यशील खर्चों तथा उत्पादन को समय पर खत्म करने में सहायता करता हैं, जिससे उनकी कमाई बढ़ती हैं
ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में ऋण की मुख्य माँग फसल उगाने के लिए होती हैं फसल उगाने में बीच, खाद, कीटनाशक दवाइयाँ, उपकारणों की मरम्मत आदि पर कापी खर्च आता है किसान
इन जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए ऋण लेतें हैं। फसल तैयार होने पर किसान ऋण उतार देते हैं।

प्रश्न-10.
मानव को एक छोटा व्यवसाय खोलने के लिये ऋण की जरूरत है। मानव किस आधार पर यह निश्चिय करेगा कि उसे यह ऋण बैंक से लेना चाहिए या साहूकार से? चर्चा कीजिये।
उत्तर-
भारत में बैंक ऋण के औपचारिक स्रोतों की श्रेणी में आते हैं जबकि साहूकार ऋण की अनौपचारिक श्रेणी में आता हैं भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक कों के औपचारिक स्रोतों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखता हैं।

अनौपचारिक खण्ड में ऋणदाताओं की गतिविधियों की देख-रेख करने वाली कोई संस्था नहीं है। वें मनमर्जी दरों पर ऋण दें सकते है। उन्हें ना.. तरीकों से पैसे वापस लेने से कोई रोक नहीं सकता हैं। महाजन ब्याज की दरें बहुत ऊँची रखते हैं, कइ बार लिखा-पढ़ी भी पूरी नहीं करते और ऐसी परिस्थिति का फायदा उठाते हुए गरीबों कों सताते है। अनौपचारिक स्तर पर लिया गया ऋण कर्जदाता को कहीं अधिक महँग पड़ता है।
उपरोक्त बातों को ध्यान में रखते हुए मानव को फैसला करना चाहिए। वर्तमान स्थिति में औपचारिक स्रोतों से ऋण लेना मानव के लिए श्रेयकर हैं।

प्रश्न-11.
भारत में 80 प्रतिशत मिकसान छोटे किसान हैं जिन्हें खेती करने के लिए ऋण की जरूरत होती है।
(क) बैंक छोटे किसानों को ऋण देने से क्यों हिचकिचा सकते हैं?
उत्तर-
बैंक से कर्ज लेने के लिए संपत्ति और तमान किस्म के कागजातों की जरूरत पड़ती हैं । छोटे किसानों के पाय प्रायः ऋणाधार का अभाव होता है। अतः बैंक उन्हें ऋण देने से हिचकिचा सकते हैं।

(ख) वे दूसरे स्रोत से कोन हैं, जिनसे छोटे किसान कर्ज ले सकते हैं।
उत्तर-
छोटे किसान आमतौर पर महाजन, साहूकार, व्यापारी, मालिक, रिश्तेदार या मित्रों से कर्ज लेते हैं।

(ग) उदाहरण देकर स्पष्ट कीजिये कि किस तरह ऋण की शर्ते छोटे किसानों के प्रतिकूल हो कसती हैं?
उत्तर-
ब्याज दर, संपत्ति और कागजात की मांग और भुगतान के तरीके इन सबकों मिलाकर ऋण की शर्ते कहा जाता हैं हरेक ऋण समझौते में ब्याज दर पहले ही स्पष्ट कर दी जाती है। इसके अलावा, उधाराता ऋण के खिलाफ कोई समर्थक ऋणाधार की मांग भी कर सकता है। समर्थक ऋणाध पर वह संपत्ति है जिसका मालिक कर्जदार होता है, जैसे, भूमि, मकान, गाड़ी, पशु, बैंकों में पूंजी आदि। वह इसका इस्तेमाल उधारदाता को गांरटी देने के रूप मे करता ह।, जब तक कि ऋण का भुगतान नहीं हो जाता। यदि कर्जदार उधार वापस नहीं कर पाता तो उधारदाता को अपनी रकम वापस पाने के लिए समर्थक ऋणाधार को बेचने का अधिकार होता है।

ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में कर्ज की मांग मुख्यतः फसल उगाने के लिए होती है। यदि किसी कारणवश फसल बर्बाद हो जाय तो किसान कर्ज की आदायगी नहीं कर पाता है। अगले वर्ष फसल के लिए उसे पुनः ऋण लेना पड़ता है। इस तरह वह ऋण फंदे में फंस सकता है।

(घ) सुझाव दीजिये कि सि तरह छोटे किसानों को सस्टा ऋण उपलब्ध कराया जा सकता हैं?
उत्तर-
छोटे किसानों को ऋण के औपचारिक स्रोतों यथा बैंक और सहकारी समित्तियाँ से सस्ते दर पर ऋण उपलब्ध कराया जा सकता है। इस कार के लिए वे स्वयं को आत्मनिर्भर गुटों में संगठित कर सकते हैं इससे उन्हें ऋण मिलना आसान हो सकता है।

प्रश्न-12.
रिक्त स्थान भरियेः
(क) ……………परिवारों की ऋण की अधिकांश जरूरतें अनौपचारिक स्रोतों से पूरी होती हैं।
(ख) ऋण की लागत का ………ऋण का बोझ बढ़ाता
(ग) ………..केंद्रीय सरकार की ओर से करेंसी ोट जारी करता है।
(घ) बैंक ………… पर देने वाले ब्याज से ऋण पर अधिक ब्याज लेते हैं।
(ङ) …………..संपत्ति है जिसकी मलकियत कर्जदार के पास है जिसे वह ऋण लेने के लिए गांरटी के रूप में इस्तेमाल करता है जब तक ऋण चुकता नहीं हो जाता।
उत्तर-
(क) गरीब,
(ख) बढ़ना,
(ग) भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक,
(घ) जमा,
(ङ) समर्थक ऋणाधार वह।

प्रश्न-13.
सही उत्तर का चयन करें
1. स्वयं सहायता समूह में बचत और ऋण संबंधित अधिकतर निर्माण लिए जाते हैं
a. बैंक, b. सदस्य, c. गैर सरकारी संस्था द्वारा।
2. ऋण के औपचारिक स्रोतों में शमिल नहीं है।
a. बैंक, b. सहकारी समिति, c. नियोक्ता
उत्तर-
1-b;
2-c.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 मुद्रा और साख Read More »

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

HBSE 10th Class History The Making of a Global World Intext Questions and Answers

Discuss (Page No. 56)

The Making Of A Global World Solutions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Explain what we mean when we say that the world ‘shrank’ in the 1500s.
Answer:
Before 1500s, there was not much inter connection in trade and commerce among the people of various continents. But in the sixteenth century the exchange of commercial goods, cultural ideas and people increased in the continents of the world that stretched\ from America to Asia through Europe and Africa. Therefore, the word ‘shrank’ could be used for interaction among people of various continents of the world.

Discuss (Page No. 64)

Making Of A Global World Solutions HBSE 10th Class Question 2.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Answer:
Language and tradition play an important role in the creation of national identity of a person. A person is recognised by his language and traditional practices, since the language that he speaks belongs to the nation, his motherland. The language and traditions of a land or territory develop over a long time, and thus get firmly established. People are born and die, but language and traditions always remain alive. They give an identity to an individual, wherever he goes.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Discuss (Page No. 73)

The Making Of A Global World Question Answer HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Who profits from jute cultivation according to the jute growers’ lament ? Explain.
Answer:
According to the jute growers’ lament, the traders make maximum profits from jute cultivation. He said to the jute growers in his poem that they should grow more raw jute, in the hope of great money for export in the form of gunny bags. But as gunny exports collapsed, the price of raw jute crashed more than 60 percent. Peasants who borrowed money with the hope of better times, or to increase output with the hope of higher incomes, faced ever lower prices, and fell deeper and deeper into debt.

Discuss (Page No. 75)

Making Of A Global World Question Answer HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Briefly summarise the two lessons learnt by economists and politicians from the inter-war economic experience.
Answer:
Economists and politicians learned two key lessons from inter-war economic experiences. First, an industrial society based on mass production cannot be sustained without mass consumption. But to ensure mass consumption, there was a need for high and stable incomes. Incomes could not be stable if employment was unstable. Thus, stable incomes also required steady, full employment. But, markets alone could not guarantee full employment. Therefore, governments would have to step into minimise fluctuations of price, output and employment. The second lesson was related to a country’s economic links with the outside world. The goal of full employment could only be achieved if governments had power to control the flows of goods, capital and labour.

Activity (Page No. 59)

The Making Of Global World Solutions HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Imagine that you are an agricultural worker who has arrived in America from Ireland. Write a paragraph on why you chose to come and how you are earning your living.
Answer:
I am John Peter. I was a peasant from Ireland. But, I had to migrate to America. Due to the import of cheaper food items, there was the problem of unemployment of peasants in our country. Thus, we were ousted by the imported foodgrain and became unemployed. Then, I decided to migrate to America to work on large farms and I got a job in America. I live with my family near my employer’s farm. I work on his field and grow crops. In this way, I am earning my living.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Question 2.
Prepare a flow chart to show how Britain’s decision to import food led to increased migration to America and Australia.
Answer:
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World - 1

HBSE 10th Class History The Making of a Global World Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer:

  1. Export of silk from Asia (China) to western countries of Europe.
  2. Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes came from America’s original inhabitants – the Americans that travelled to Europe.

Question 2.
Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of America.
Answer:
America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox proved to be a deadly killer. Once introduced by the European powers, it spread deep into the continent, and killed whole communities, paving the ways for conquest.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Question 3.
Write a note to explain the effects of the following :
(a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Com Laws.
(b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
(c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the First World War.
(d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Answer:
(a) After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.

(b) In Africa, in 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. It was carried by the Asian cattle taken to Africa to feed the Italian soldiers by its European colonisers. It killed 90 percent of the cattle in Africa. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. It increased unemployment, and Africans were forced to work in the European plantations and mines.

(c) In the First World War, most of the killed and maimed were men of working age. These deaths and injuries reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe. With fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war. As men went to battle, women stepped in to undertake such jobs, that earlier only man were expected to do.

(d) The Great Depression adversely affected the Indian trade. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent. Peasants and farmers suffered the most, as compared to urban dwellers. Though agricultural prices fell, the British colonial government India and the Contemporary World refused to reduce their revenue demands. Peasants who were producing for the world market were the worst hit.

(e) MNCs are Multinational Corporations/Companies which invest money in different countries. These have been operating in several countries since the late 1970s. They began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries. The relocation of industry to low-wage countries of Asia stimulated world trade and capital flow. Such a decision increased the job opportunities in the Asian countries and to a great extent, they helped in solving the unemployment problem. They proved to be of great help in the true beginning of globalization.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Question 4.
Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer:
(i) Technological inventions like faster railways, lighter wagons and large ships, helped move food more quickly and more cheaply from far away farms to final markets.

(ii) The refrigerated ships greatly helped the transport of perishable foods to long distances. Especially, it greatly facilitated the transport of meat from America to different European countries. Meat was considered as an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor, but as a result of the refrigerated ships, meat became a common and relished food for the European people.

Question 5.
What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer:

  1. The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed between the world powers in July 1944, as a result of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, U.S.A.
  2. The main aim of the Bretton Woods Agreement was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.
  3. The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surplus and deficits of its member nations. The World Bank was set up to finance post-war reconstruction. The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions, or sometimes, the Bretton Woods twins.
  4. The Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $ 35 per ounce of gold.

Discuss

Question 6.
Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.
Answer:
Respected Mother and Father,
I am feeling greatly depressed after coming here against your will. Here, nothing is so cheerful as I thought. The agent has deceived us. The life and working conditions are full of hardships. We have to work hard daily. If we are unable to complete our task at the stipulated time, our wages are cut. Many times, we are punished hard. Infact, the laborers have to spend their period of indenture in great trouble. I don’t want to live here even for a minute after the completion of my indenture.

With regards
Your loving son
Charandas

Question 7.
Explain the three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow that involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Answer:
The three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange were :
(a) Flow of trade or trade in goods like cloth or wheat.
(b) Flow of labor in which people move from one place to another in search of work or employment.
(c) Flow of capital in which capital is invested for short or long-term not only in the native countries but also in other countries of the world.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

(a) Flow of trade from India Indian raw materials, like all types of clothes and wheat were exported to Britain. Trade of Indigo was also prominent for the dyeing of clothes.

(b) Flow of labour from India:In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indian labourers went to work on plantations, in mines and in road and railway construction projects around the world. Indentured labourers were hired under contracts, which promised return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation.

(c) The Flow of capital from India – Indian Bankers had a sophisticated system to transfer money over large distances and even developed indigenous forms to corporate organizations. They invested not only in India, but also in Africa and other European countries. Some of the famous capitalists of India were the Shikarpuri Shroffs, Nattukottai Chettiars and Hyderabadi Sindhi traders.

Question 8.
Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Answer:
The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid – 1980s. The main causes of the Great Depression were :

(i) War Indemnity or War loss The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers, which were fighting with each other to pay for them. When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased. Many agricultural economies also faced this crisis. Grain prices fell, rural incomes declined and farmers fell deeper into debt.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

(ii) Over-production in Agriculture Agricultural over-production remained a problem between 1929 and 1930s. As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall income. This worsened the glut in the market, pushing down prices even further. Farm produce rotted for a lack of buyers.

(iii) Shortage of loans : In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the United States of America (US). While it was often extremely easy to raise loans in the US when the going was good, US overseas lenders panicked at the first sign of trouble. In the first half of 1928, US overseas loans amounted to over $1 billion. A year later, it was one quarter of that amount. Countries that depended crucially on US loans, now faced an acute crisis.

Question 9.
Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer:
(i) G-77 Countries Group of 77 or G – 77 is a loose coalition of developing countries organised to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). There were 77 founding members, but the organisation has since expanded to 134 member countries.

(ii) G-77 as a Reaction to the Activities of Bretton Woods Twins In order to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world, most of the developed countries held a conference in July, 1944, at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire,U.S.A. As a result of this conference, two institutions were established (i) International Monetary Fund (IMF) and (ii) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), which are called Bretton Woods institutions, or sometimes, the Bretton Woods twins.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Most of the developing countries did not benefit from the service provided by the Bretton Woods twins. As a reaction against these disparities, they organised themselves into a group known as G-77, to demand a new international economic order. By the New International Economic Order (NIEO), they meant a system, that would give them a real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries markets.

Knowledge Basket

Find out more about gold and diamond mining in South Africa in the nineteenth century. Who controlled the gold and diamond companies? Who were the miners and what were their lives like?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Enlist some colonial African States at the end of the nineteenth century
Answer:

  1. Colonial African States
  2. The Union of South Africa
  3. Madagascar
  4. Angola
  5. Congo Free State, Cameroons
  6. Egypt
  7. Libya
  8. Morocco
  9. Rio de Oro
  10. Ivory Coast

Match the following terms of column ‘A’ with suitable options from column ‘B’:

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
(a) MNC(î) It is the process of integrations or interconnection between countries.
(b) Globalisation(ii) Carnival in Trinidad.
(c) Hosay(iii) Countries demanding a new international economic order.
(d) G-77(iv) Pre-modern trade links.

Answer:
(a) → (v)
(b) → (i)
(c) → (ii)
(d) → (iii)
(e) → (iv)
(f) → (vi)

Use these clues and give one word answers:

  1. It was exported from China to the West in ancient times through routes specially made for the trade.
  2. One who rejects to accept established belief and practices.
  3. A disease which was more powerful then weapons.
  4. The fabled city of gold.
  5. Another name for cattle plague.
  6. Fusion music popular in Trinidad.
  7. Great Depression started here.
  8. Nobel prize winning writer who is a descendent of Indian indentured workers in Trinidad.

Answer:

  1. Silk
  2. Dissenter
  3. Small Pox
  4. Eldorado
  5. Rinderpest
  6. Chutney Music
  7. America
  8. V.S. Naipaul.

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HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

HBSE 10th Class History Print Culture and the Modern World Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Page No. 108)

Print Culture And The Modern World Class 10 Important Questions And Answers HBSE
Question 1.
Imagine that you are Marco Polo. Write a letter from China to describe the world of print which you have seen there.
Answer:
As Marco Polo, I shall write the following letter about the print technology, which I have seen in China.
Books in China are printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of wood blocks. As, both sides of the thin and porous sheet cannot be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ is folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craftsmen can duplicate it with remarkable accuracy, with the beauty of calligraphy.

Activity (Page No. 111)

Class 10th History Chapter 5 Question Answer HBSE Question 1.
You are book-seller advertising the availability of new cheap printed books. Design a poster for your shop window.
Answer:
Design a poster with the help of your teacher.

Activity (Page No. 116)

Print Culture And The Modern World Question Answers HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Imagine that you are a cartoonist in France before the revolution. Design a cartoon as it would have appeared in a pamphlet.
Answer:
Design a cartoon with the help of your teacher.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Activity (Page No. 118)

HBSE New History Book 10th Class Question 1.
Look at text book What impact do such advertisements have on the public mind? Do you think everyone reacts to printed material in the same way?
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World - 1
Answer:

  1. Such advertisements influence people’s minds immensely. They divert their thoughts and provoke them to buy the advertised products.
  2. No, everyone does not react to printed material in the same way.

Activity (Page No. 126)

Question 1.
Look at textbook carefully.
(i) What comment are the artists making on the social changes taking place in society?
(ii) What changes in society were taking place to provoke this reaction?
(iii) Do you agree with the artist’s view?
Answer:
(i) (a) In Fig. 19, a man is dominated by his wife and he is dominating his mother. Artist comments that the tradition of the mother-in-law dominating the daughter-in-law, through the son had reversed, due to the new social changes taking place.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World - 2
(b) In Fig. 20, the role of men and women is shown to be reversed as a woman enjoys Hookah and a man plays veena in order to entertain his wife.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World - 3
(c) In  the artist sends a message that social changes do not affect the English families.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World - 4

(ii) The changes, such as empowerment and upliftment of women through western education, were occurring in society. These changes provoked artists to depict such images of families in India.
(iii) I think, the artist’s views in illustrations 19, 20, and 21 are more extreme than the actual situation. They are partially out of focus or over assumed. They could have been moderate in their comments on the social changes taking place in Indian society.

Discuss (Page No. 113)

Question 1.
Write briefly why some people feared that the development of print could lead to the growth of dissenting ideas. ‘
Answer:
Some people from the upper or elite classes of Europe thought that the printed materials could spread messages of revolution against the existing monarchical and religious system. This made them fearful of print materials.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Discuss (Page No. 116)

Question 1.
Why do some historians think that print culture created the basis for the French Revolution?
Answer:
Some historians think that print culture created the basis for the French Revolution. This is clear from the following facts :

  1. Print popularised the ideas of enlightened thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition, and despotism.
  2. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate within this public culture, and new ideas of social revolution came into being.
  3. Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that while the monarchy remained engaged in sensual pleasures, the common people suffered immense hardships. This also inflamed the fire of revolution.

HBSE 10th Class History Print Culture and the Modern World Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give reasons for the following:
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century.
(d) Gandhiji said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for the liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association.
Answer:
(a) Woodblock print came to Europe after 1295, because in 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. China already had the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him. Before 1295, manuscripts were written by scribes all over Europe.

(b) Martin Luther was a great reformer of Germany. He was in favour of print because through Mahatma Gandhi said these words in 1922 during the Non-cooperation movement, because, according to him, without the liberty of speech, and the liberty of the press and freedom of association, no nation can even survive. If the country was to be free from foreign domination, then these liberties were quite important. “If there is no liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association, then there is no nationalism. Nationalism requires these three pre-requisites for its survival”, said Mahatma Gandhi.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Question 2.
Write short notes to show that you know about:
(a) The Gutenberg Press
(b) Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
the printing press, he got a chance to criticize many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote ‘Ninety-Five Theses’ which was immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God, and the greatest one.’
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century onwards, because print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith, even among little-educated working people. They reinterpreted the message of the Bible,, and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questioning of faith, imposed severe controls over publishers, and booksellers and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558 onwards.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act
Answer:
(a) The Gutenberg Press – Johann Gutenberg of Strasbourg invented the printing press in 1448. In this press, a long handle was attached to the screw. This handle was used to turn the screw and press down the platen over the printing block that was placed on top of a sheet of damp paper. Gutenberg developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of the English alphabet and devised a way of moving them around, so as to compose different words of the text. This came to be known as the moveable type printing machine and it remained the basic print technology over the next 300 years. His Press could print 250 sheets on one side, per hour. The first book, he printed, was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of that time, this was considered to be a fast process of production.

(b) Erasmus’s idea of the printed books – Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer who criticized the excesses of Catholicism but kept his distance from Luther. He expressed deep anxiety about printing. His influence extended to England, France, Italy and Germany. In 1508, he wrote in Adages, that the books are like swarms that could fly to every corner of the world. The very multitude of books is hurtful to scholarship because it creates a glut, and even in good things, satiety is very harmful. Printers fill the world with not just trifling things, but stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous books, raving, irreligious and seditious books and the number of them is such, that even the valuable publications lose their value.

(c) The Vernacular Press Act – After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clampdown on the ‘native’ press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of stringent control. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. From then onwards, the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized, and the printing machinery confiscated.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Question 3.
What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to:
(a) Women
(b) The Poor
(c) Reformers.
Answer:
(a) Print Culture and Women:
During the nineteenth century, Indian women were very backward. With the Spread of print culture, many writers began to write about women. Rashsundari Debi, Kailashbashini Debi, Pandita Ramabai, Tara Bai Shinde, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein, and some of the other women writers, wrote about the problems and experiences of women that how women were imprisoned at homes and kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and even then, treated unjustly by the very people they served.

It was basically the print media which helped these women writers to carry on the work of emancipation. When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. The writings of women became important in defining a new type of woman a person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.

(b) Print Culture and the Poor:
During the nineteenth century, majority of the Indian people were poor. They could not buy costly books. Due to the spread of print culture, the prices of books were reduced. Now, the poor could also buy the books. From the early twentieth century, the public libraries started to be established in cities and towns, where the poor could also read books. Bangalore Cotton Mill workers set up libraries to educate themselves, following the example of Bombay workers. Thus, the print culture also benefitted the poor people in India.

(c) Print Culture and Reformers:
During the nineteenth century, the print culture greatly helped the reformers to reform the Indian society and religion, with the help of newspapers and magazines, etc. They were able to attack superstitions, social evils including widow remarriage, child marriage, worship of idols, the caste system and Brahmanical priesthood. The muslim social reformers also tried to reform their community. Thus, print culture provided them a platform to break superstitious beliefs and to spread political, social, as well as, modem ideas.

Discuss

Question 1.
Why did some people in eighteenth-century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?
Answer:
By the mid-eighteenth century, there was a common conviction that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism and dictatorship and herald a time when rationale and intellect would rale.

Following arguments may be given in support of their thinking:

  1. Printing reduced the cost of books, as a result, books could reach out to vast sections of the Europien society, otherwise they would have been only the luxury of the rich people.
  2. As a result of printing technology, the time and labour required to produce each book came down and multiple copies began to be produced with ease. Books flooded the market, reaching over to an ever-growing readership.
  3. Print culture provided the opportunity of self-expression to each individual.
  4. The ideas of progressive social leaders or reformers, philosophers and scientists were more accessible to the common people through the medium of the print culture.
  5. With the growth of print culture, reading atmosphere could be created in Europe.
  6. Literacy rates went up in almost all countries of the world. Schools were set up even in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans.
  7. Most of the world revolutions, which ended despotism and brought about democratic governments in the world, were popular because of the advancement of the print culture. Without the spread of education and knowledge, such a transformation could not be possible.
  8. Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a French novelist in eighteenth century, declared ‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress, and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.’
  9. Convinced with the power of print in bringing enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism, Mercier proclaimed Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world ! Tremble before the virtual writer!’

Question 2.
Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books ? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Answer:
Not everyone welcomed the printed books, and those who did, also had fear about them. Many were of the opinion, that printed words and the wider circulation of books would have a negative impact on people’s minds. They feared that, if there was no control over what was printed and read, then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. There was also fear in the minds of scholars that the authority of “Valuable’ literature would be destroyed. Example from Europe. Roman Catholic Church tried to curb the printed books through the Index of Prohibited Books. Example from India. The Vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on Indian press and various local newspapers.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Question 3.
What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth century India ?
Answer:
The spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India had the following effects on poor people:

  1. A significant number of them got employment in printing presses and print shops.
  2. They got aware of national, international and local news through cheap printed materials.
  3. The Vernacular Press induced nationalist ideas in the minds of poor people.
  4. Caste discrimination brought up through print culture, associated poor people with the nationalist freedom struggle.
  5. The noble messages, such as restriction on excessive drinking, increase in literacy among the poor, etc., were spread through the print culture.

Question 4.
Explain, how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer:

  1. Through print culture, nationalism was stimulated in India.
  2. The misrule of the Government and its initiative on curbing the freedom of press spread the nationalist ideas that demanded freedom of the press.
  3. The progress of new forms of print, such as novels, essays, journals, and newspapers, spread the feelings of national values among the readers.
  4. Revolutionary ideas were also secretly spread by the print culture.
  5. The print culture spread education that prepared fertile minds, which were influenced by the reformist and nationalist ideas of the Indian leaders like Raja Rammohan Roy and Gandhiji.

Knowledge Basket

Find out more about the changes in print technology in the last 100 years. Write about the changes, explaining why they have taken place, and what their consequences have been.
Answer:
Do this with the help of your teacher.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Name some of the visual material on which printing was done in Japan.
Answer:
(1) Textiles
(2) Playing Cards
(3) Paper Money.

Match the terms/names given in column ‘A’ with suitable options from Column ‘B’.

Column A’Column ‘B’
(a) Vellum(i) A great reformer of Germany.
(b) Calligraphy(ii) Published Sambad Kaumudi in the year 1821.
(c) Martin Luther(iii) The art of beautiful and stylish writing.
(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak(iv) A great Indian freedom fighter.
(e) Ram Mohan Roy(v) A parchment made from the skin of animals.

Answer:
(a) → (v)
(b) → (iii)
(c) → (i)
(d) → (iv)
(e) → (ii)

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Read More »

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 5 उपभोक्ता अधिकार

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 5 उपभोक्ता अधिकार Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 5 उपभोक्ता अधिकार

HBSE 10th Class Economics उपभोक्ता अधिकार Textbook Questions and Answers

आओं-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 78)

उपभोक्ता अधिकार प्रश्न उत्तर HBSE 10th Class प्रश्न-1.
उपभोक्ता दलों द्वारा कौन-कौन से उपाय अपनाए जा सकते हैं?
उत्तर-

  1. उपभोक्ता के अधिकारों एवं कर्त्तव्य पर लेख लिखना।
  2. उपभोक्ता जागरूकता पर प्रदर्शनी की आयोजन करना।
  3. राशन की दुकानों में अनुचित कार्यो को देख-रेख करना।
  4. सड़क यात्री परिवहन में अत्यधिक भीड़भाड़ पर नजर रखना।
  5. उपभोक्ताओं के हितों के खिलाफ और अनुचित शैली में सुधार के लिए व्यावसायिक कंपनियों और सरकार दोनों पर दबाव डालना।

HBSE 10th Class Economics Chapter 5 उपभोक्ता अधिकार प्रश्न-2.
नियम और कानून होने के बावजूद उनका अनुपालन नहीं होता है। क्यों? विचार-विमर्श करें।
उत्तर-

  1. कानून लागू करने वाले कर्मचारी भ्रष्ट होते हैं। वे बेईमान व्यापारियों और दुकानदारों से रिश्वत लेकर उन्हें बच निकलने का अवसर देते हैं।
  2. दुकानदार भाई-भतीजावाद का सहारा लेकर भी नियमों और कानूनों को तोड़ते रहते हैं।
  3. अशिक्षा के कारण लोग अनभिज्ञ होते हैं यहाँ तक कि शिक्षित उपभोक्त भी वस्तुओं की कीमत, गुणवत्ता आदि के विषय में कोई परवाह नहीं करते हैं। इसलिए दुकानदारों के लिए संबंधित नियमों और कानूनों को जोड़ना आसान हो जाता
  4. यदि वस्तु की आपूर्ति उसकी मांग की अपेक्षा कम होती है तो उसकी कीमत बढ़ जाती है। इससे विक्रेताओं में जमाखोरी की प्रवृत्ति को बढ़ावा मिलता है।
  5. यदि किसी वस्तु का उतपादन कुछ कंपनियों ही करती हैं तो वह उसकी आपूर्ति कम कर उसकी कीमत बढद्या देती

आओ-इन पर विचार ( पृष्ठ संख्या 79)

उपभोक्ता अधिकार HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न-1.
निम्नलिखित उत्पादों/सेवाओं (आप सूची में नया नाम जोड़ सकते हैं) पर चर्चा करें कि इनमें उत्पादकों द्वारा किन सुरक्षा नियमों का पालन करना चाहिए?
(क) एल.पी.जी. सिलिडर, (ख) सिनेमा थिएटर, (ग) सर्कस, (घ) दवाइयाँ, (च) खाद्य तेल, (छ) विवाह पंडाल (ज) एक बहुमंजिली इमारत।
उत्तर-
(क) एल.पी.जी. सिलडर-सिलिंडर की गुणवत्ता एवं सही वजन सुनिश्चित किया जाना चाहिए।
(ख) सिनेमा थिएटर-निकास द्वार, अग्निशामक यंत्र आदि का समुचित प्रबंध होना चाहिए।
(ग) सर्कस-सर्कस मालिक को अग्निशामक यंत्र, जंगली जानवरों के लिए सुरक्षित पिंजड़ा, प्रशिक्षित कर्मचारी आदि का उचित प्रबंध कर लेना चाहिए।
(घ) दवाइयाँ-इन पर निर्माण की तारीख खराब होने की अंतिम तिथि, बैच संख्या अधिकता खुदरा औरवस्तु के अवयवों की छपाई होनी चाहिए।
(च) खाद्य तेल-इसमें किसी तरह की मिलावट नहीं होनी चाहिए। बोतल पर एगमार्क अवश्य होना चाहिए।
(छ) विवाह पंडाल-सुरक्षित पंडाल, अग्निशामक यंत्र, समुचित विकास द्वार आदि का उचित प्रबंध होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न-2.
आपने आपपास के लोगों के साथ हुई किसी दुर्घटना या लापरवाही की किसी घटना का पता कीजिए, जहाँ आपको लगता हो कि उसका जिम्मेदार उत्पादक हैं इस पर विचार-विमर्श करें।
उत्तर-
छात्र स्वयं करें।

पाठ्गत प्रश्नात्तर

आओ-इन पर विचार( पृष्ठ संख्या 81)

प्रश्न-1.
‘जब हम वस्तुएँ खरीदते हैं तो पाते हैं, कि कभी-कभी पैकेट पर छपे मूल्य से अधिक या कम मूल्य लिया जाता है” इसके संभावित कारणों पर बात करें। क्या उपभोक्ता समूह इस मामले में कुछ कर सकते हैं? चर्चा करें।
उत्तर-
किसी वस्तु का अधिकतम खुदरा मूल्य से अधिक मूल्य लेने का संभावित कारण यह हो सकता है-विक्रेता अधि क लाभ कमाने के लिए अधिक मूल्य माँगते हैं। दूसरी ओर, किसी वस्तु का मल्य उपभोक्ता द्वारा मोल-जोल करने के कारण अधिकतम खुदरा मूल्य से कम मांगा जाता है। उपभोक्ता दलों को विक्रेताओं पर अधिकतम खुदरा मूल्य से कम मूल्य रखने के लिए दबाव डालना चाहिए।

प्रश्न-2.
कुछ डिब्बाबंद वस्तुओं के पैकेट को लें, जिन्हें आप खरीदना चाहते हैं, और उन पर दी गई जानकारियों की परीक्षण करें। और देखें कि वे किस प्रकार उपयोगी हैं। क्या आप सोचते हैं कि उन डिब्बाबंद वस्तुओं पर कुछ ऐसी जानकारियाँ दी जानी चाहिए, जो उन पर नहीं हैं? चर्चा करें।
उत्तर-

  1. प्रयोग किए गए अवयव-यदि यह प्रमाणित हो जाता है कि उत्पादक ने उन सभी अवयवों का प्रयोग नहीं किया है जिनकी चर्चा उसने पैकेट पर की है, तो उपभोक्ता शिकायत कर सकता हैं, मुआवजा पाने या वसतु बदलने की माँग कर सकता है।
  2. कीमत-विक्रेता अधिकतम खुदरा मूल्य से अधिक मूल्य नहीं ले सकता है।
  3. बैच संख्या-यह आसानी से समझा जा सकता है कि किसी विशेष बैच संख्या का उत्पाद दोषपूर्ण हैं।
  4. खराब होने की अंतिम तिथि-यदि लोग अंतिम तिथि समाप्त हो गई दवाओं को बेचते है।, तो उनके खिलाफ कड़ी कार्यवाही की जा सकती है।
  5. उत्पादक का पता-यदि वस्तुएँ दोषपूर्ण पाई जाती है, तो लोग उतपादक के पास पहुँचकर अपनी शिकायत कर सकते हैं।

प्रश्न-3.
लोग नागरिकों की समस्याओं जैसे-खराब सड़कों या दूषित पानी और स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं के बारे में शिकायतें करते है, लेकिन कोई नहीं सुनता। अब कानून आपको प्रश्न पूछने का अधिकार देता है। क्या आप इससे सहमत हैं? विचार कीजिए।
उत्तर-
यह सत्य हैं कि RTI नागरिकों को प्रश्न पूछने का अधिकार देता है। यह कानून नागरिकों को सरकारी विभागों के कार्यकलापों की सभी सूचनाएँ पाने के अधिकार को सुनिश्चित करता है।

ओओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 82)

प्रश्न-1.
यहाँ कुछ ऐसी वस्तुओं के लुभाने वाले विज्ञापन दिए गए हैं, जिन्हें हम बाजार से खरीदते है। इनमें वास्तव में क्या कोई विज्ञापन है, जो सचमुच में उपभोक्ताओं को लाभ पहुँचाता हो? इस पर विचार विमर्श कीजिए।
1. प्रत्येक 500 ग्राम के पैक पर 15 ग्राम की अतिरिक्त छुट।
2. अखबार के ग्राहक बनें, साल के अंत में उपहार पायें।
3. खुरचिये और 10 लाख तक का इनाम जीतिए।
4. 500 ग्राम ग्लूकोज डिब्बे के भीतर एक दूध का चाकलेट।
5. पैकेट के भीतर एक सोने का सिक्का ।
6. 2000 रुपये तक का जूता खरीदें और 500 रुपये तक का एक जोड़ी जूता मुफ्त पाएँ।
उत्तर-
1. प्रत्येक 500 ग्राम के पैक पर 15 ग्राम की अतिरिक्त छूट।
6. 2000 रुपये तक का जूता खरीदें और 500 रुपये तक का एक जोड़ी जूता पाएँ! आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 84)

प्रश्न-2.
निम्नलिखित को सही क्रम में रखें
(क) अरिता जिला उपभोक्ता अदालत में एक मुकदमा दायर करती है।
(ख) वह शिकायत के लिए पेशेवर व्यक्ति से मिलती है।
(ग) वह महसूस करती है। कि दुकानदार ने उसे एक दोषयुक्त सामग्री दी है।
(घ) वह अदालती कार्यवाहियों में भाग लेना शुरू कर देती है।
(ङ) वह शाखा कार्यालय जाती है। और डीलर के विरुद्ध शिकायत दर्ज करती हैं, लेकिन कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता।
(च) अदालत के समक्ष पहले उससे बिल और वारंटी प्रस्तुत करने को कहा गया।
(छ) वह एक खुदरा विक्रेता से दीवाल घड़ी खरीदती
(ज) कुछ ही महीनों के भीतर, न्यायालय ने खुदरा विक्रेता को आदेश दिया कि उसकी पुरानी दीवाल घड़ी की जगह बिना कोई अतिरिक्त मूल्य लिए उसे एक नीय घड़ी दी जाए।
उत्तर-

  1. (छ),
  2. (ख),
  3. (ग),
  4. (ङ)
  5. (क),
  6. (घ),
  7. (च),
  8. (ज)।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 86)

प्रश्न-1.
इस अध्याय के पोस्टों के कार्टूनों को देखें-एक उपभोक्ता के दृष्टिकोण से किसी वस्तु विशेष की उससे संबंधित विभिन्न पहलुओं पर विचार करें। इसके लिए एक पोस्टर बनाएँ।
उत्तर-
छात्र स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न-3.
उपभोक्ता संरक्षण परिषद और उपभोक्ता अदालत में क्या अंतर है?
उत्तर-
उपभोक्ता संरक्षण परिषद-भारत में उपभोक्ता आंदोलन ने विभिन्न ऐच्छिक संगठनों के निर्माण को प्रेरित किया है, जिन्हें सामान्यतया उपभोक्ता फोरम या उपभोक्ता संरक्षण परषिद् के नाम से जाना जाता है।
उपभोक्ता अदालत–उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम, 1986 के अंतर्गत एक त्रिस्तरीय न्यायिक तत्र स्थापित किया गया है जिन्हें सामान्सतया जिला, राज्य और राष्ट्रीय स्तरों पर उपभोक्ता अदालतें कहा जाता है।

प्रश्न-4.
उपभोक्ता सुरक्षा अधिनियम, 1986 एक उपभोक्ता को निम्नलिखित अधिकार प्रदान करता है
(क) चयन का अधिकार
(ख) सूचना का अधिकार
(म) निवारण का अधिकार
(घ) प्रतिनिधित्व का अधिकार
(च) सुरक्षा का अधिकार
(छ) उपभोक्ता शिक्षा का अधिकार।
निम्नलिखित मामलों को उनके सामने दिए गए खानों में अलग शीर्षक और चिह्न के साथ श्रेणीबद्ध करें
उत्तर-
(क) लता को एक नये खरीदे गए आयरन-प्रेस से विद्यत का झटका लगा। उसने तुरंत दुकानदार से शिकायत की। (सुरक्षा का अधिकार)
(ख) जॉन विगत कुछ महीनों से एम.टी.एन.एल. द्वारा दी गई सेवाओं से असंतुष्ट है। उसने जिला स्तरीय उपभोक्ता फोरम में मुकदमा दर्ज किया। (निवारण का अधिकार)
(ग) तुम्हारे मित्र ने एक दवा खरीदी, जो समाप्ति तारीख (एक्सपायरी डेट) पार कर चुकी है और तुम उसे शिकायत दर्ज करने की सलाह दे रहे हों। (सूचना का अधिकार)
(घ) इकबाल कोई भी सामग्री खरीदने से पहले उसके आवरण पर दी गई सारी जानकारियों की जाँच करता है। (उपभोक्ता शिक्षा का अधिकार)
(च) आप अपने क्षेत्र के केबल ऑपरेटर द्वारा दी जाने वाली सेवाओं से असंतुष्ट हैं, लेकिन आपके पास कोई विकल्प नहीं है। (चयन का अधिकार)
(छ) आपने ये महसूस किया कि दुकानदार ने आपको खराब कैमरा दे दिया है। आप मुख्य कार्यालय में दृढ़ता से शिकायत करते हैं। (प्रतिनिधित्व का अधिकार)

प्रश्न-5.
यदि मानकीकरण वस्तुओं की गुणवत्ता को सुनिश्चित करता हैं, तो क्यों बाजार में बहुत-सी वस्तुएँ बिना आई.एस.आई. अथवा एगमार्क प्रमाणन, के मौजूद
हैं।?
उत्तर-
बाजार में कई वस्तुएँ बिना आई.एस.आई. अथवा एगमार्क प्रमाणन के उपलब्ध होती हैं। क्योंकि सभी उत्पादकों के लिए मानकों को अपनाना और अपनी वस्तुओं को एगमार्क या आई.एस.आई. जैसे संस्थानों से प्रमाणित कराना अनिवार्य नहीं है।

प्रश्न-6.
हॉलमार्क या आई.एस.ओ. प्रमाणन उपलब्ध कराने वालों के बार में जानकारी प्राप्त करें।?
उत्तर-
भारतीय मानक ब्यरों (BIS) हॉलमार्क प्रमाणन प्रदान करते हैं। स्वर्ण आभूषणों के हॉलमार्क प्रमाणन संपूर्ण देश के प्रादेशिक और शाखा कार्थोलयों के BIS नेटवर्क द्वारा प्रदान किए जाते हैं।
अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानकीकरण संगठन (ISO) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर वस्तुओं के मानकों को प्रमाणित करता हैं, इसकी स्थापना 1974 में की गई थी। यह जेनेवा में स्थित है।
बी.आई.एस. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानकीकरण संगइन (आई.एस. ओ.) का एक कार्यशील सदस्य है इसलिए यह भारतीय व्यापार और उद्योग के हितों की सुरक्षा के लिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानकों के विकास में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न-1.
बाजार में नियमों तथा विनियमों की आवश्यकता क्यों पड़ती हैं? कुछ उदाहरणों द्वारा समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
बाजार में सुरक्षा निम्नलिखित कारणों से जरूरी हैं
(क) बाजार में उपभोक्ता का कई तरीके से शोषण होता है। जैसे-व्यापारियों द्वारा उपभोक्ता को उचित तौल से कत वस्तु उपलब्ध कराना।
(ख) कुल मूल्य में उन शुल्कों को जोड़ दिया जाता है जिनका वर्णन पहले न किया गया हों।
(ग) कई बार व्यापारी मिलावटी अथवा दोषपूर्ण वस्तुएँ बेचते हैं।
(घ) जब उत्पादक शक्तिशाली होते हैं। और उपभोक्ता कम खरीददारी करते है।। तथा बिखरे होते हैं, तो बाजार उचित तरीके से काम नहीं करता है। कई बार बड़ी-बड़ी कंपनियाँ उपभोक्ताओं को अपनी ओर आकर्षित करने के लिए मीडिया तथा अन्य स्रोतों से गलत सूचना देती हैं। जैसे-एक कंपनी ने शिशुओं के लिए दूध पाउडर के अपने उत्पादन को माता के दूध से बेहतर बताकर कई वर्षों तक खूब बेचा। कई वर्षों के संघर्ष के बाद इस कंपनी ने यह स्वीकार किया कि वह झेठे दावे करती आ रही है।

प्रश्न-2.
भारत में उपभोक्ता आंदोलन की शुरुआत किन कारणों से हुई। इसके विकास के बारे में पता लगाएँ।
उत्तर-
(क) भारत में उपभोक्ता आंदोलन का जन्म, अनैतिक और अनुचित वसायिक कार्यो से उपभोक्ताओं के हितों की रक्षा करने तथा प्रोत्साहित करने के लिए हुआ।
(ख) हमारे देश में 1960 के दशक में व्यवस्थित रूप से उपभोक्ता आंदोलन का उदय खाद्यान्न की कमी, जमाखोरी, कालाबाजरी, खाद्य पदार्थो एवं खाद्य तेल में मिलावट के कारण हुआ।
(ग) 1970 के दशक में उपभोक्ता संस्थाओं न वृहत् सतर पर उपभोक्ता अधिकार से संबंधित आलेखों के लेखन तथा प्रदर्शनी लगाना शुरू किया। – (घ) उन्होंने सड़क यात्री परिवहन में अत्यधिक भीड़-भाड तथा राशन दुकानों में होने वाले अनुचित कार्यों पर नजर रखने के लिए उपभोक्ता दल बनाया। हाल के वर्षों में इन उपभोक्ता दलों की संख्या में काफी वृद्धि हुई है।

प्रश्न-3.
दो उदारहण देकर उपभोक्ता जागरूकता की जरूरत का वणग्न करें।
उत्तर-
(क) उपभोक्ता जागरूकता अत्यन्त आवश्यक है जिससे कि व्यापारी उपभोक्ताओं का शोषण न कर सकें।
(ख) जागरूक उपभोक्ता; उपभोक्ता संरक्षण कार्यक्रमों तथा उपभोक्ता अदालतों का लाभ उठा सकते हैं।

प्रश्न-4.
कुछ ऐसे कारकों की चर्चा करें जिनसे उपभोक्ताओं का शोषण होता हैं?
उत्तर-
व्यापारियों द्वारा उपभोक्ताओं के शोष्क्षण के लिए निम्नलिखित तरीकों को अपनाया जाता है।

  • कम तौलकर-यह उपभोक्ताओं के शोषण का एक अति सामान्य तरीका है। जिसमें व्यापारी उपभोक्ता का उचित तौल से कम वस्तु उपलब्ध कराता है।
  • कम माप-मापी जाने वाली वस्तुओं मे कम माप देकर व्यापारियों द्वारा उपभोक्ताओं का शोषण किया जाता है।
  • अधिक कीमत-निर्धारित मूल्य से अधिक मूल्य वसूल करना व्यापारियों की एक प्रचलित प्रवृति है। उपभोक्ता भी उचित मूल्य की जानकारी के अभाव में व्यवसायियों द्वारा ठग लिए जाते हैं।
  • घटिया सामान-उपभोक्ताओं को मानकर स्तर से निम्न स्तर की सामग्री बेचा जाना भी शोषण का एक तरीका है।
  • नकली माल-असली पुर्जा के स्थान पर नकली पुर्जा और माल का बेचा जाना भी शोष्क्षण का एक सामान्य तरीका
  • मिलावटी व अशुद्ध माल-अनुचित लाभ के लिए व्यवसायियों द्वारा महँगे पदार्थो में सस्ते व अशुद्ध पदार्थो को मिलाना इस प्रकार के शोषण का उदारहण है।
  • सुरक्षा उपायों की अपर्याप्तता-विद्युत तंत्र आदि को मानक स्तर से कम स्तर का बेचना जिससे कि सुरक्षा संबंधी खतरा बना रहता है। इससे उपभोक्ताओं के साथ दुर्घटना होने की आशंका बनी रहती हैं।
  • कृत्रिम अभाव-व्यापारियों द्वारा जमाखेरी, कालाबाजारी आदि के माध्यम से कई बार आवश्यक वस्तुओं का कृत्रिम अभाव पैदा कर दिया जाता है। जिससे वे उन वस्तुओं को ऊँची कीमत पर बंच सकें। यह उपभोक्ता शोषण का एक बहुत ही प्रचलित लेकिन निंदनीय स्वरूप है।
  • अपूर्ण या मिथ्या आनकारी-कई बार उत्पादकों द्वारा उपभोक्ताओं को जानकारी को इस प्रकार तोड़ मरोड़कर या आधे अधूरे ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया जाता है कि उपभोक्ता के सामने वास्तविक स्थिति नहीं आ पाती और उपभोक्ता वस्तु की कमियों से रू-ब-रू नहीं हो पाता।
  • विक्रय के पश्चात् सेवा का प्रदान न किया जाना-यह भी उपभोक्ता शोषण का एक बहुप्रचलित रूप हैं, इसमें एक बार वसतु को बेच देने के बाद उत्पादक उपभोक्ता को यह सेवा प्रदान करने से या तो मना कर देता है या टालमटोल ओर आनाकानी करता है, जो उसे उपभोक्ता को उपलब्ध कराना चाहिए।

प्रश्न-5.
उपभोक्ता सुरक्षा अधिनियम, 1986 के निर्माण की जरूरत क्यों पड़ी?
उत्तर-
(क) विक्रेताओं के कई अनुचित व्यवसायों में शामिल होने के कारण उपभोक्तओं में असंतोष फैल गया था।
(ख) बाजार में उपभोक्ता को शोषण से बचाने के लिए कोई कानूनी व्यवस्था उपलब्ध नहीं थीं।
(ग) 1960 के दशक में भारत में उपभोक्ता आंदोलन का उदय हुआ और अपने प्रयासों से यह आंदोलन उपभोक्ता हितों के खिलाफ और अनुचित व्यवसाय शैली में सुधार के लिये व्यापारिक कंपनियों व सरकार दोनों पर दबाव डालने में सफल हुआ।
(घ) परिणामस्वरूप भारत सरकार ने 1986 ई. में उपभोक्ता सुरक्षा अधिनियम बनाया।

प्रश्न-6.
अपने क्षेत्र के बाजार में जाने पर उपभोक्ता के रूप में अपने कछ कर्तव्यों का वर्णन करें।
उत्तर-
अधिकार और कर्त्तव्य एक ही सिक्के के दो पहलू होते हैं। अधिकारों को ग्रहण करते समय यह दायित्व अपने _ आप उत्पन्न हो जाता है। कि कर्तव्यों का पालन किया जाए।
उपभोक्ताओं को जहाँ अधिकार मिले हुए हैं वहीं उनके कुछ दायित्व हैं जो निम्नलिखित हैं-

  1. किसी भी वस्तु को क्रय करते समय उपभोक्ताओं को सामान की गुणवत्ता का ख्याल रखना चाहिए।
  2. वस्तु क्रय करते समय उपभोक्ताओं को गांरटी कार्ड अवश्य लेना चाहिए।
  3. उपभोक्ता उन्हीं वस्तुओं को क्रय करें जिन पर आई. एस.आई. एगमार्क जैसे मानक चिन्ह दिये हुए हों।
  4. उपभोक्ता सामान या सेवा को खरीदने समय उसकी . रसीद अवश्य प्राप्त करें।
  5. उपभोक्ताओं का यह कर्त्तव्य बनता है कि वं ‘उपभोक्ता जागरूकता संगठन’ का गठन करें; साथ ही इस संगठन को सरकार तथा अन्य संस्थाओं द्वारा उपभोक्ताओं की समस्याओं के लिए स्थापित विभिन्न कमेटियों में प्रतिनिधित्व भी प्रदान करवायें।
  6. उपभोक्ता किसी वस्तु या सेवा में आने वाली समस्या के लिए शिकायत अवश्य दर्ज करायें चाहे वह समस्या छोटी हो या बड़ी।
  7. उपभोक्ता किसी सामग्री से सम्बन्धित शिकायत दर्ज कराने से यह सोचकर न रुकें कि वह वस्तु बहुत ही कम मूल्य वाली हैं।
  8. प्रत्येक उपभोक्ता का यह परम कर्तव्य है कि वह अपने लिए सुरक्षित अधिकारों के विषय में सम्पूर्ण जानकारी रखे और अपने अधिकारों का प्रयोग करें। साथ ही दूसरे उपभोक्ताओं को भी इनके बारे मे जानकारी दे, और उन्हें भी अपने अधिकारों के प्रयोग के लिए प्रेरित करें।

प्रश्न-7.
मान लीजिए, आप शहद का बोतल और एक बिस्किट का पैकेट खरीदते हैं। खरीदते समय आप कौन सा लोगों या चिन्ह देखेंग और क्यों?
उत्तर-
(क) शहद का बोतल या बिस्किट का पैकेट खरीदते समय हमें एगमार्क चिनहे देखना चाहिए।
(ख) क्योंकि कृषि उतपादों तथा खाद पदार्थो की गुणवत्ता मानकीकरण के आधकार पर जो उत्पाद मानकों को पूरा करते हैं उन्हें एगमार्क का चिन्ह प्रदान किया जाता है।

प्रश्न-8.
भारत में उपभोक्जाओं को समर्थ अनाने के लिए सरकार द्वारा किन कानूनी मानदंडों को लागू करना चाहिए?
उत्तर-
उपभोक्ताओं के अधिकारों तथा हितों की रक्षा के लिए मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार के उपाय अपनाये गये हैं

  1. कानूनी उपाय-इसके अंतर्गत उपभोक्ताओं के हितों के लिए कानून व अधिनियम आदि बनाना शमिल है।
  2. प्रशसनिक उपाय-उपभोक्ता के हितों की रक्षा के लिए जो सार्वजनिक वितरण व्यवस्था आरम्भ की गई है। वह प्रशासनिक उपाय का ही उदाहरण हैं
  3. तकनीकीउ उपाय-इसके अंतर्गत वस्तुओं का मनकीकरण किया जाना शामिल है। इन उपायों को निम्न बिन्दुओं के माध्यम से स्पष्ट किया जा सकता है :

(क) उपभोक्ता हित सम्बन्धी कानून-उपभोक्ताओं के हितों के संरक्षण के लिए सरकार ने 1986 में उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम बनाया। इसके द्वारा उपभोक्ताओं के हितों की रक्षा के लिए तथा उनके झगड़ों के निपटारे के लिए जिला, राज्य और राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर उपभोक्ता हितों की समितियाँ बनायी गई। इनके माध्यम से उपभोक्ताओं के हितों को तो संरक्षण दिया ही जाता है; साथ ही उनकी शिकायतों को सरल रूप से, तीव्रता से और कम खर्च में दूर किया जाता है। उपभोक्ता अदालतों को इस सम्बंध में यह आदेश दिया गया है कि वे शिकायतों का निपटारा तीन महीने के अन्दर-अन्दर कर दें।

(ख) सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली-आय की दृष्टि से कमजोर वर्ग वाले लोगों को अनाज की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित कराने हेतु सरकार ने सार्वजनिक वितरण व्यवस्था का आरम्भ किया है ताकि इस वर्ग के उपभोक्ताओं के हितों की रक्षा हो सके और उन्हें आवश्यक वस्तुओं को प्राप्त करने में किसी प्राकर से शोषण का सामना न करना पड़े।
इस व्यवस्था के द्वारा जमाखोरी, कालाबाजारी और मुनाफाखोरी आदि पर अंकुश लगाना भी संभव हो सका है।

(ग) वस्तुओं का मानकीकरण-उपभोक्ता हितों को संरक्षण देने के लिए सरकार ने कुछ ऐसी संस्थाओं का निर्माण किया है जो वस्तुओं के मानक स्तर का निर्धारण करती है और जांच के माध्यम से यह सुनिश्चित भी करती हैं कि वस्तुएँ मानक स्तर के अनुरूप हैं कि नहीं। इसके बाद ये वस्तुओं को अपना चिन्ह प्रदान करती हैं जिसके चलते उपभोक्ताओं को यह जानकारी प्राप्त हो जाती है। कि वस्तु विश्वसनीय स्तर पर मानकीकृत है। मानकीकरण संस्थाएँ जिन वस्तुओं को अपना चिह्न प्रदान करती हैं उनकी किसी भी समय आकस्मिक रूप से जांच भी कर लेती हैं ताकि उन वस्तुओं की गुणवत्ता कम होने की कोई आशंका न हों।
इस प्रकार यह स्पष्ट हैं कि सरकार ने उपभोक्ता संरक्षण के लिए पर्याप्त उपाय किये हुए हैं। आवश्यकता बस इस बात की है कि उपभोक्ता स्वयं के अधिकारों के विषय में जागरूक हों।

प्रश्न-9.
उपभोक्ताओं के कुछ अधिकारों को बताएँ और प्रत्येक अधिकार पर कुछ पंक्तियाँ लिखें। .
उत्तर-
उपभोक्ताओं के निम्नलिखित अधिकारों को उपभोक्ताओं के साथ-साथ व्यापारी वर्ग की भी ध्यान में रखना चाहिए।

  1. सुरक्षा का अधिकार-व्यापारी वर्ग को चाहिए कि ऐसी वस्तुओं का उत्पादन न करें जो उपभोक्ताओं को समुचित सुरक्षा प्रदान न करें। उत्पादकों को केवल मानकीकृत और स्तरीय वस्तुओं का ही उत्पादन करना चाहिए। व्यापारी वर्ग ऐसी किसी भी वस्तु की बिक्री से अपने को बचाये रखें जो कि उपभोक्ताओं के जीवन तथा सम्पत्ति के लिए किसी भी रूप में खतरनाक हों।
  2. सूचना का अधिकार-व्यावसायिकों को चाहिए कि वे अपने उत्पादों पर गुणवत्ता, मात्रा, शुद्धात स्तर व मूल्य सम्बन्धी सम्पूर्ण सूचनाएँ प्रदान करें।
  3. चुनाव का अधिकार-उत्पादक वस्तुओं की इतनी विविध मात्र उलपब्ध करायें कि उपभोक्ताओं को चुनाव का सम्पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हो सके।
  4. सुनवाई का अधिकार-व्यापारी वर्ग को चाहिए कि उपभोक्ता हितों से जुड़ी संस्थाओं व संगठनों की कार्यवाहियों पर समुचित ध्यान व समय दें, साथ ही उनके निर्देशानुसार स्वयं के उत्पादों की गुणवत्ता में वृद्धि करते चलें।
  5. शिकायतों के निपटारे का अधिकार-व्यापारी वर्ग का यह नैतिक दायित्व बनता है कि उपभोक्ताओं के शोषण व अनुचित व्यापारिक क्रियाओं के विरुद्ध शिकायतों को पूरी तत्परता से निपटायें।
  6. उपभोक्ता शिक्षा-उपभोक्ताओं को तो स्वयं के अधि कारों के बारे में जानना ही हैं, साथ ही व्यापारी वर्ग को भी उपभोक्ताओं के हितों और अधिकारों की सम्पूर्ण जानकारी होनी चाहिए, जिससे कि वे उन कार्यो को न करें जिनसे
    उपभोक्ताओं के अधिकारों का उल्लंघन होता हों।

प्रश्न-10. उपभोक्ता अपनी एक जुटला का प्रदर्शन कैसे कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर-
(क) उपभोक्ता एकता के लिए उपभोक्ता जागरूकता अत्यन्त जरूरी है। उपभोक्ताओं को अपने अधिकारों की पूर्ण जानकारी होनी चाहिए।
(ख) उपभोक्ताओं को वस्तुओं तथा सेवाओं के क्रय-विक्रय के व्यावसायिक पक्षों की जानकारी तो होनी ही चाहिए, साथ __ ही पदार्थों की गुणवत्ता की भी पूरी जानकारी होनी चाहिये।
(ग) उपभोक्ता जागरूकता से उपभोक्ता आंदोलन को मजबूत बनाया जा सकता है। उपभोक्ता मिलकर अपने अधि कारों की माँग कर सकते हैं तथा उपभोक्ता शोषण के खिलाफ अपनी आवाज बुलंद कर सकते हैं।

प्रश्न-11.
भारत में उपभोक्ता आंदोलन की प्रगति की समीक्षा (आलोचनात्मक मुल्यांकन) करें।
उत्तर-
(क) उपभोक्ता आंदोलन उपभोक्ताओं के असतोष का परिणाम था, क्योंकि विक्रेता कई अनुचित व्यवसायों में शामिल होते थे। उपभोक्ता को बाजार में शोषण से रक्षा के लिए कोई कानून व्यवस्था मौजूद नहीं थी।
(ख) भारत में सामाजिक बल के रूप में उपभोक्ता आंदोलन का जन्म अनुचित एवं अनैतिक व्यावसायिक कार्यो से उपभोक्ताओं के हितों की रक्षा करने के उद्देश्य से हुआ।
(ग) 1970 के दशक तक उपभोक्ता संस्थाएँ वृहत् स्तर पर उपभोक्ता अधिकार से संबंधित आलेखों के लेखन तथा प्रदर्शनी का आयोजन करने लगी थीं।
(घ) सड़क यात्री परिचहन में अत्यधिक भीड़-भाड़ तथा सरकारी राशन दुकानों में होने वाले अनुचित कार्यों पर नजर रखने के लिए उपभोक्ता दलों का निर्माण किया गया। धीरे-धरे हमारे देश में इन उपभोक्ता दलों की संस्था में काफी वृद्धि
(ङ) अपने सक्रिय प्रयासों से उपभोक्ता आंदोलन, उपभोक्ताओं के हितों के खिलाफ और अनुचित व्यवसाय शैली में सुधार के लिए व्यापारिक कंपनियों एवं सरकार दोनों पर दबाव डालने में सफल हुआ।
(च) भारत में उपभोक्ता आंदोलन को सबसे बड़ी सफलता 1986 ई. में मिली, जब भारत सरकार ने ‘उपभोक्ता सुरक्षा अधिनियम’ पारित किया।

प्रश्न-12.
निम्नलिखित का मिलान करें-
1. एक उत्पाद के घटकों का विवरण — (क) सुरक्षा का अधिकार
2. एगमार्क — (ख) उपभोक्ता मामलों में संबंध
3. स्कूटर में खराब इंजन के कारण हुई दुर्घटना — (ग) अनाजों और खाद्य तेल का प्रमाण पत्र
4. जिला उपभोक्ता विकसित विकसित करने वाली एजेंसी — (घ) उपभोक्ता कल्याण संगठनों की अंतराष्ट्रीय संस्था
5. उपभोक्ता इंटरनेशनल — (ड) सूचना का अधिकार
6. भारतीय मानक विभाग — (च) वस्तुओं औश्र सेवाओं के लिए मानक
उत्तर-
1-ड, 2-ग, 3-क, 4-ख, 5-3, 6-च।

प्रश्न-13.
सही/गलत बताएँ।

(क) कोपरा केवल सामानों पर लागू होता है।
उत्तर-
गलत।

(ख) भारत, विश्व के उन देशें में से एक है जिसके पास उपभोक्ताओं की सामयाओं के निवारण के लिए विशिष्ट अदालते हैं।
उत्तर-
सही।

(ग) जब उपभोक्ता को ऐसा लगे कि उसका शोषण हुआ हैं, तो उसे जिला उपभोक्ता अदालत में निश्चित रूप से मुकद्दमा मायर करना चाहिए।
उत्तर-
सही।

(घ) जब अधिक मूल्य का नुकसान हो सिर्फ, तभी उपभोक्ता अदालत में जाना लाभाद होता है।
उत्तर-
गलत।

(ङ) हालमार्क, आभूषणों की गुणवत्ता बनाए रखने वाला प्रमाण है।
उत्तर-
सही

(च) उपभोक्ता समस्याओं के निवारण की प्रक्रिया अत्यंय सरल और शीघ्र होती है।
उत्तर-
गलत

(छ) उपभोक्ता को मुआवजा पाने का अधिकार है, जो क्षति की मात्रा पर निर्भर करता है।
उत्तर-
सही।

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आओ-इस पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 57)

वैश्वीकरण और भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के प्रश्न उत्तर HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न
यह दर्शाने के लिए निम्न कथन की पूर्ति करें कि वस्त्र उद्योग में उत्पादन-प्रक्रिया केसे विश्व-भर फैली हुई हैं।
उत्तर-
एक ब्रांड लेबल पर ‘में इन थाइलैण्ड’ लिखा है, परन्तु उसमें एक भी भाई उत्पाद नहीं है। हम विनिर्माण प्रक्रिया का विश्लेषण करते हैं और प्रत्येक चरा में सर्वोत्तम निर्माण को देखते हैं हम इसे विश्व स्तर पर कर रहे हैं जैसे, वस्त्र निर्माण में कंपनी कोरिया से सूत ले सकता है, चीन में कपडा का विनिर्माण कर सकती है तथा सम्पूर्ण विश्व में बेच सकती है।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 59)

निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेद को पढ़ें और प्रश्नों का उत्तर दें :
एक अमेरिकी कंपनी फोर्ड मोटर्स विश्व के 26 देशों में प्रसार के साथ विश्व की सबसे बड़ी मोटरगाड़ी निर्मामा कंपनी है। फोर्ड मोटर्स 1995 में भारत आयी और चेन्नई के निकट 1, 700 करोड़ रूपए का निवेश करके एक विशाल संयंत्र की स्थापना की। यह संयंत्र भारत में जीपों एवं ट्रकों के प्रमुख निर्माता महिन्द्र एंड महिन्द्र के सहयोग से स्थापित किया गया। वर्ष 2004 तक फोर्ड मोटर्स भारतीय बाजारों में 27,000 कारें बेच रही थी, जबकि 24,000 कारों का निर्यात भारत से दक्षिण अक्रीका, मेक्सिको और ब्राजील किया गया। कंपनी विश्व के दूसरे देशों में अपने संयंत्रों के लिए फोर्ड इंडिया का विकास पुर्जा आपूर्ति केन्द्र के रूप में करना चाहती है।

वैश्वीकरण और भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था HBSE 10th Class Economics प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप मानते हैं कि फोर्ड मोटर्स एक बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी है? क्यों?
उत्तर-
फोर्ड मोटर्स एक बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी है। क्योंकि यह एक से अधिक देश में उत्पादन का स्वामित्व अथवा नियंत्रण करती है इसका उत्पादन विश्व के 26 दिनों में 140 संयंत्रों के रूप में फैला हुआ है।

वैश्वीकरण और भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था Class 10 HBSE Economics प्रश्न 2.
विदेशी निवेश क्या है? फोर्ड मोटर्स में कितना निवेश किया था?
उत्तर-
बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों द्वारा किए गए निवेश को विदेशी निवेश कहते हैं फोर्ड मोटर्स भारत में 1700 करोड़ रुपये का निवेश किया।

प्रश्न 3.
भारत में उत्पादन संयंत्र स्थापित करके फोर्ड मोटर्स जैसी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियां केवल भारत जैसे देशों के विशाल बाजार का ही लाभ नहीं उठाती हैं, बल्कि कम उत्पादन लगात का भी लाभ प्राप्त करती हैं। कथन की व्याख्या करें।
उत्तर-
बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ उतपादन संयंत्र की स्थापना सामान्यत: वहाँ करती है। जहाँ:
(क) संभावित बाजार नजदीक हो।
(ख) कुशल और अकुशल श्रमिक कम लगातों पर उपलब्ध हों।
(ग) उत्पादन क अन्य कारकों की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित हों।
(घ) संबंधित सरकारी नीतियाँ बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के अनुकूल हो।
इसलिए भारत बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के लिए एक मनपसंद देश है।

प्रश्न 4.
आपके विचार से कंपनी अपने वैश्विक कारोबार के लिए कार के पुजों के विनिर्माण केद्रं के रूप में भारत का विकास क्यों करना चाहती है? निम्न कारकों पर विचार करें-(अ) भारत में श्रम और अन्य संसाधनों पर लागत (ब) कई स्थानीय विनिर्माताओं की उपस्थिति, जो फोर्ड मोटर्स को कल-पुर्जो की आपूर्ति करते हैं। (स) अधिक संख्या में भारत और चीन के ग्राहकों से निकटता।
उत्तर-
(अ) भारत में श्रम और अन्य संसाधनों की लागत कम है। बड़ी संख्या में कुशल और अकुशल श्रमिक कम मजदूरी पर उपलब्ध होते हैं।
(ब) भारत में कई स्थानीय विनिर्माता फोर्ड मोटर्स को कल-पुर्जो की आपूर्ति करते हैं, जिनके पास कीमत, गुणवत्ता प्रदान करते और श्रम दशाओं को निर्धारित करने की अपार क्षमता होती है।
(स) यह कंपनी भारत को कार के पुों के विनिर्माण करने के लिए आधार के रूप में विकसित करना चाहती है, क्योंकि भारत और चीन में बड़ी संख्या में संभावित क्रेता हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
भारत में फोर्ड मोटर्स द्वारा कारों के निर्माण से उत्पादन किस प्रकार परस्पर संबंधित होगा?
उत्तर-
(क) फोर्ड मोटर्स ने भारत में जीपों एवं ट्रकों के प्रमुख निर्माता महिन्द्रा एंड महिन्द्रा के साथ संयुक्त रूप से उत्पादन संयंत्र स्थापित किया।
(ख) यह कंपनी भारत में छोटे उत्पादकों को उत्पादन हेतु आदेश देती है।
(ग) यह स्थानीय कंपनियों से निकट प्रतिस्पर्धा करती है।

प्रश्न 6.
बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ, अन्य कंपनियों से किर प्रकार अलग हैं?
उत्तर-
बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी

  1. यह एक से अधिक देशों में उत्पादन का स्वामित्व या नियंत्रण रखती है।
  2. यह उन देशों में उत्पादन हेतु कारखाने या कार्यालय स्थापित करती है। जहाँ श्रम एवं अन्य संसाधन सस्ता होता है।
  3. बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी के लिए उत्पादन की लागत कम होती है, इसलिए यह अधिक लाभ कमाती है।

अन्य कंपनी

  1. यह एक देश के भीतर ही उत्पादन का स्वामित्व या नियंत्रण रखती है।
  2. इसके पास ऐसा कोई विकल्प नहीं होता है।
  3. इसके पास अधिक लाभ कमाने लिए ऐसी कोई संभावना नहीं होती है।

प्रश्न 7.
लगभग सभी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ, अमेरिका, जापान या यूरोप की हैं जैसे, नोकिया, कोका-कोला, पेप्सी, होन्डा, नाइक। क्या आप अनुमान कर सकते हैं कि ऐसा क्यों हैं?
उत्तर-
बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों को देश के बाहर अपने उत्पादन और बाजारों का विस्तार करने के लिए बड़ी मात्रा में धन की आवश्यकता होती है। इतना अधिक धन सामान्यतः अविकसित या विकासशील देशों की कंपनियों के पास नहीं होती है यही कारण है कि प्रायः सभी प्रमुख बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ अमेरिका, जापान या यूरोप की हैं।

आओं-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 61)

प्रश्न 1.
अतीत में देशों को जोड़ने वाला मुख्य माध्यम क्या था? अब यह अलग कैसे है?
उत्तर-
अतीत में देशों को जोड़ने वाला मुख्य माध्य विदेश व्यापार था। अतीत में विदेश व्यापार समुद्री मार्गो द्वारा किए जाते थे परतु अब यह कई मार्गो, जैसे-समुद्री मार्गो, वायु मार्गो, थल मार्गो अर्थात् सड़कों, दूरसंचार माध्यमों आदि के द्वारा किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
विदेश व्यापार और विदेशी निवेश में अंतर स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर-
विदेश व्यापार-इसका अर्थ विदेशों से वस्तुओं को खरीदना और बेचना है। यह उत्पादकों को घरेलू बाजारों के बाहर पहुँचने का अवसर प्रदान करता है। … विदेशी निवेश-अधिक लाभ कमाने के लिए बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों द्वारा किए गए निवेश को विदेशी निवेश कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
हाल के वर्षों में चीन, भारत से इस्पात आयात कर रहा है। व्याख्या करें कि चीन द्वारा इस्पात का आयात कैसे प्रभावित करेगा
(क) चीन की इस्पात कंपनियों को
(ख) भारत की इस्पात कंपनियों को
(ग) चीन में अन्य औद्योगिक वस्तुओं के उत्पादन के लिए इस्पात खरीदने वाले उद्योगों को
उत्तर-
(क) चीन की इस्पात कंपनियाँ उत्पादों को कम बेच पाएगी जिससे उन्हें घाटा हो सकता है।
(ख) भारत की स्टील कंपनियाँ अपने व्यवसायों का विस्तार करेंगी।
(ग) चीन में अन्य औद्योगिक वस्तुओं के उत्पादन के लिए इस्पात खरीदने वाले उद्योगों को इससे लाभ होगा क्योंकि उनहें कम कीमतों पर चुनाव का अवसर अधिक मिलेगा।

प्रश्न 4.
चीन के बाजारों में भारत से इस्पात का आयात किस प्रकार दोनों देशों के इस्पात-बाजार के एकीकरण में सहायता करेगा? व्याख्या करें।
उत्तर-
(क) भारतीय इस्पात घरेलू वाजार से चीन के बाजार तक पहुँचेगा।
(ख) बाजारों में इस्पातों के चुनाव में वृद्धि होगी।
(ग) दोनों बाजारों में समान गुणवत्ता वाले इस्पातों की कीमतें बराबर होंगी।
(घ) दोनों देशों के उत्पादक एक-दूसरे से निकट प्रतिस्पध f कर सकेंगे।

आओं-इन पर विचार करें। (पृष्ठ संख्या 62)

प्रश्न 1.
विदेश व्यापार के उदारीकरण से आप क्या समझते हैं?
उत्तर-
विदेश व्यापार और विदेशी निवेश पर सरकार द्वारा निर्धारित अवरोधकों एवं प्रतिबन्धों को हटाने की प्रक्रिया ही विदेश व्यापार का उदारीकरण कहलाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
आयात पर कर एक प्रकार का व्यापार अवरोधक है। सरकार आयात होने वाली वस्तुओं की संख्या भ्ज्ञी सीमित कर सकती हैं इसे कोटा कहते हैं। क्या आप चीन के खिलौनों के उदाहरण से व्याख्या कर सकते हैं कि व्यापार अवरोधक के रूप में कोटा का प्रयोग कैसे किया जा सकता हैं? आपके विचार से क्या इसका प्रप्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए? चर्चा करें। .
उत्तर-
यदि भारतीय सरकार चीन के खिलौफ पर कोटा लगाती है तो भारतीय बाजारों में इन खिलौनों की आपूर्ति कम हो जागीए। भारतीय क्रेताओं के पास सस्ती कीमतों पर चीन के खिलौने खरीदने का विकप्ल कम हो जाएगा। भारतीय खिलौना निर्माताओं को अधिक हानि नहीं उठानी पड़ेगी क्योंकि भारतीय खिलौनों की माँग मे थोड़ी मात्रा में ही गिरावट आएगी। इस प्रकार, कोटा का प्रयोग व्यापार अवरोधक के रूप में किया जा सकता है।
भारत में अब इसके प्रयोग की आवश्यकता नहीं है। बल्कि भारतीय उत्पादकों को विश्व स्तर पर प्रतिस्पर्धा करनी चाहिए।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 66)

प्रश्न 2.
आपके विचार से विभिन्न देशें के बीच अधिकाधिक न्यायसंगत व्यापार के लिए क्या किया जा सकता है?
उत्तर-
(क) विश्व व्यापार संगठन, अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष जैसे अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संगठनों को मजबूत बनाया जाना चाहिए।
(ख) विकासशील देशें को, अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संगठनों के सामने मिलकर और मजबूती से अपना पक्ष प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में, हमने देखा कि अमेरिकी सवरकार किसानों को उत्पादन के लिए भारी धन राशि देती है। कभी-कभी सरकार कुछ विशेष प्रकार की वस्तुओं जैसे पर्यावरण के अनुकूल वस्तुओं के उत्पादन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सहायता देती है। यह न्यायसंगत है या नहीं, चर्चा करें।
उत्तर-
यदि सरकारें कुछ विशेष प्रकार की वस्तुओं जैसे पर्यावरण के अनुकूल वस्तुओं के उत्पादन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सहायता देती है। तो वह अनुचित नहीं है। क्योंकि पर्यावरण समस्या सम्पूर्ण विश्व के लिए चिन्ता का विषय है इसलिए विश्व के सम्पूर्ण देशों के लिए समान कानून होना चाहिए।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 67)

प्रश्न 1.
प्रतिस्पर्धा से भारत के लोगों को कैसे लाभ हुआ है?
उत्तर-
(क) उपभोक्ताओं, विशेषकर शहरी क्षेत्रों में रह रहे धनी वन के उपभोक्ताओं के समक्ष पहले से अधिक विकल्प हैं। वे अब अनेक वस्तुओं की उत्कृष्टता, गुणवत्ता और कम कीमत से लाभान्वित हो रहे हैं। परिणामतः ये लोग पहले की तुलना मे आज अपेक्षाकृत उच्चतर जीवन स्तर का उपभोग कर रहे हैं।
(ख) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ विशेषज्ञकर सेलफोन, मोटरगाडियां, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उत्पादों, ठंडे पेय पदार्थो और जंक खाद्य (fast food) पदार्थो जैसी वस्तुओं एवं बैंकिग जैसी सेवाओं में निवेश की हैं। अतः इन उद्योगों में रोजगार के नए अवसर भी पैदा हुए
(ग) इन उद्योगों की कच्चे माल आदि की आपूर्ति करने वाली स्थानीय कंपनियों का विकास हुआ है।
(घ) कई बड़ी कंपनियों ने उन्नत प्रौद्योगिकी और उत्पादन विधियों में निवेश कर अपना उत्पादन मानकों में वृद्धि की है।
(ङ) कुछ कंपनियों ने विदेशी कंपनियों के साथ सफलतापूर्वक सहयोग कर लाभ-अर्जित किया है।
(च) कुछ बड़ी भारतीय कंपनियां अपने काम-काज को विश्व-भर में फैलाकर बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के रूप में उभरी हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, टाटा मोटर्स, इंफोसिस, रैनबैक्सी आदि।

प्रश्न 2.
क्या और भारतीय कंपनियों को बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के रूप में उभारना चाहिए? इससे देश की जनता को क्या लाभ होगा?
उत्तर-
भारतीय कंपनियों को बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के रूप में अवश्य उभारना चाहिए। इससे देश की जनता को निम्नलिखित लाभ होगा
(क) भारतीयों को रोजगार के अधिक अवसर प्राप्त होंगे। (ख) ये कंपनियाँ नयी प्रौद्योगिकी लाएँगी।
(ग) ये कंपनियां सस्ती दरों पर गुणवत्ता वाली वस्तुएँ उपलब्ध कराएँगी।
(घ) ये अपने साथ देश के लिए विदेशी मुद्रा लाएँगी।

प्रश्न 3.
सरकारें अधिक विदेशी निवेश आकर्षित करने का प्रयास क्यों करती हैं?
उत्तर-
(क) विदेशी निवेशों से देश में रोजगार के नए अवसर पैदा होंगे।
(ख) यह स्थानीय कंपनियों को परिवहन एवं प्रशिक्षण एजेंटों जैसी सहायक सेवाओं में अधिक निवेश के लिए प्रोत्साहित करती है।
(ग) विदेशी निवेश से प्राप्त लाभों का एक हिस्सा प्रायः संबंधित उद्योगों के विस्तार एवं आधुनिकीकरण में निवेश किया जाता है।
(घ) सरकार विदेशी फर्मों के लाभ पर कर लगाकर राजस्व प्राप्त करती है।

आओ-इन पर विचार करें (पृष्ठ संख्या 68)

प्रश्न 1.
रवि की लघु उत्पादन इकाई बढ़ती प्रतिस्पध से किस प्रकार प्रभावित हुई?
उत्तर-
(क) सरकार ने 2001 में विश्व व्यापार संगठन में हुए समझौते के अनुसार संधारित्रों के आयात पर से प्रतिबंधों को हटा लिया।
(ख) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के ब्राड़ो से प्रतिस्पर्धा ने भारतीय टेलिविजन कंपनियों जो रवि के संधारित्रों की क्रेता थीं, को बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के लिए संयोजन कार्य करने के लिए विवश कर दिया।
(ग) इसक अतिरिक्त, कई टेलिविजन कंपनियों ने संध रित्रों का आयात करना अधिक लाभप्रद समझा क्योंकि आयातित सामानों की कीमत रवि जैसे लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कीमत से आधी होती थी।
(घ) रवि अब पहले की अपेक्षा आधे से भी कम संध रित्रों का उतपादन करता है। साथ ही, अब उसके साथ केवल सात कर्मचारी काम कर रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
दूसरे देशों के उत्पादकों की तुलना में उत्पादन लागत अधिक होने के कारण क्या रवि जैसे उत्पादकों को उत्पादन रोक देना चाहिए? आप क्या सोचते हैं?
उत्तर-
रवि जैसे उत्पादकों को उत्पादन नहीं रोकना चाहिए, बल्कि उन्नत प्रौद्योगिकी एवं उत्पादन विधियों को अपनाकर __ अपनी लागत घटानी चाहिए एवं उत्पादन मानकों में बढ़ोतरी करनी चाहिए।
इसके अलावा सरकार को ऐसे उत्पादकों को उचित ब्याज दर पर ऋण उपलब्ध करानी चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
नवीनतम अध्ययनों ने संकेत किया है कि भारत के लघु उतपादकों को बाजार में बेहतर प्रतिस्पर्धा के लिए तीन चीजों की आवश्यकता हैं-
(अ) बेहतर सड़कें, बिजली, पानी, कच्चा माल, विपणन और सूचना तंत्र,
(ब) प्रौद्योगिकी में सुधार एवं आधुनिकीकरण और
(स) उचित ब्याज दर पर साख की समय पर उपलब्धता।
(i) क्या आप व्याख्या कर सकते हैं कि ये तीन चीजें भारतीय उत्पादकों को किस प्रकार मदद करेंगी?
(ii) क्या आप मानते हैं कि बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ इन क्षेत्रों में निवेश करने के लिए इच्छुक होंगी? क्यों?
(iii) क्या आप मानते हैं कि इन सुविधाओं को उपलब्ध कराने में सरकार की भूमिका हैं? क्यों?
(iv) क्या आप कोई ऐसा उपाय सुझा सकते है। जिसे कि सरकार अपना सके? चर्चा करें।
उत्तर-
(i) ये चीजें भारतीय उत्पादकों को निम्न प्रकार से मदद कगी

(अ) बेहतर सड़कें-ये कच्चे मालों एवं उत्पादित वस्तुओं के परिवहन में सहायता देंगी।
बिजली-यह मशीनों को चलाने के लिए अति आवश्यक जल-यह उत्पादन प्रक्रिया के लिए आवश्यक है।
कच्चा माल-यह वस्तुओं के उत्पादन के लिए मूलभूत आवश्यकता है। विपणन और सूचना तंत्र-उत्पादित वस्तुओं को बेचने के लिए अच्छे विपणन और सूचना तंत्र की आवश्यकता होती है।
(ब) प्रौद्योगिकी में सुधार एवं उसका आध निकीकरण-वस्तुओं की गुणवत्ता में वृद्धि करती है और उनकी लागतों को कम करती है।
(स) उचित ब्याज दरों एवं समय पर साख की उपलब्धता-उद्यमियों को नयी प्रौद्योगिकी एवं उत्पादन विधियों
में निवेश के लिए प्रेरित करती है। इससे वस्तुओं की गुणवता __ में वृद्धि होगी ओर कीमतों में कमी आएगी और छोटे उत्पादक बाजार में बेहतर प्रतिस्पर्धा की स्थिति में होंगे।
(ख) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ इन क्षेत्रों में निवेश करने के लिए इच्छुक होंगी। क्योंकि इन क्षेत्रों में निवेश करने से पूंजी विलम्ब से वासप प्राप्त होती है। और कमाई भी बहुत कम होती है।
(ग) इन सुविधाओं को उपलब्ध कराने में सरकार की मुख्य भूमिका होती है। क्योंकि इन सुविधाओं से सामाजिक कल्याण में वृद्धि होती हैं जो किसी भी सरकार का प्रमुख उद्दश्य होता है।
(घ) सरकार को अपने कार्यालयों से भ्रष्टाचार, भाई-भतीजावाद आदि दूर करना चाहिए और उद्यमियों को और अधिक सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध करानी चाहिए।

आओ-इन पर विचार (पृष्ठ संख्या 70)

प्रश्न 1.
वस्त्र उद्योग के श्रमिकों, भारतीय निर्यातकों और विदेशी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों को प्रतिस्पर्धा ने किस प्रकार प्रभावित किया हैं?
उत्तर-
(क) श्रमिक
(क) श्रमिक अब अस्थायी रूप से काम करते हैं।
(ख) उन्हें अधिक घंटे काम करने पड़ते हैं। उसके लिए अतिरिक्त भुगतान नहीं मिलता है।
(ग) उनहें व्यस्त मौसम में नियमित रूप से रात के समय में भ्ज्ञी काम करने पड़ते हैं।
(घ) मजदूरी कम हो गई है।

(ख) भारतीय निर्यातक
(क) उन्हें बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों से सस्ती दरों पर उत्पादन आदेश प्राप्त होता हैं
(ख) उन्हें अपनी लागतों को कम करने के लिए कठिन प्रयास करना पड़ता है।
(ग) वे श्रम लागतों को कम करने के लिए विवश हैं। (घ) वे श्रमिकों को अस्थयी रूप से ही काम पर लगते
(ग) विदेशी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ
(क) वे अपने लाभ को बढ़ाने के लिए सस्ती वस्तुएँ प्राप्त करने में सक्षम होती है।
(ख) वस्त्र निर्यातकों में प्रतिस्पर्धा के फलस्वरूप इन बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों को अत्यधि लाभ प्राप्त हुआ है।

प्रश्न 2.
वैश्वीकरण से मिले लाभों में श्रमिकों को न्यायसंगत हिस्सा मिल सके, इसके लिए प्रत्येक निम्न वर्ग क्या कर सकता है?
(क) सरकार
(ख) निर्यातक फैक्ट्रियों के नियोक्ता
(ग) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ
(घ) श्रमिक
उत्तर-
(क) सरकार-श्रम कानून बनाकर और उन्हें उचित ढंग से लागू कर श्रमिकों को संरक्षण प्रदान कर सकती है।
(ख) निर्यातक फैक्ट्रियों के नियोक्ता-ये श्रमिकों को उचित मजदूरी और रोजगार सुरक्षा प्रदान कर सकते हैं।
(ग) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ-इन्हें उन निर्यातकों को उत्पादन-आदेश देना चाहिए जो श्रम कानूनों का उचित रूप में पालन करते हों।
(घ) श्रमिक-मजदूर संघों की स्थापना कर उनके माध्यम से लाभ में अपना उचित हिस्सा प्राप्त करने हेतु निर्यातकों पर दबाव डाल सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
वर्तमान समय में भारत में बहस है कि क्या कंपनियों को रोजगार नीतियों के मुद्दे पर लचीलापन अपनाना चाहिए। इस अध्याय के आधार पर नियोक्ताओं और श्रमिकों के पक्षों का संक्षिप्त विवरण दें।
उत्तर-
नियोक्ताओं का पक्ष
(क) वे श्रमिकों को अस्थायी रूप से काम पर लगाना पसंद करते हैं।
(ख) नियोक्ता प्रतिस्पर्धा के कारण अपनी लागतों को कम करने का भरपूर प्रयास करते हैं।
(ग) वे श्रमिकों को केवल अस्थायी रूप से रोजगार पर इसलिए लगाना चाहते हैं ताकि उन्हें श्रमिकों को पूरे वर्ष भुगतान न करना पड़े।

श्रमिकों का पक्ष-
(क) वे रोजगार की लचीली नीतियों के पक्ष में नहीं होते हैं। इसलिए रोजगार की यह दशा दर्शाती है कि श्रमिकों को वैश्वीकरण के लाभ का उचित हिस्सा नहीं मिला है।
(ख) उनकी आय पहले की अपेक्षा आधे से भी कम हो गई है उन्हें दैनिक मजदूरी के अलावा और कोई अन्य नहीं मिलता है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
वैश्वीकरण से आप क्या समझते हैं? अपने शब्दों में स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर-
वैश्वीकरण विभिन्न देशों के बीच तीव्र एकीकरण की प्रक्रिया है। अधिकाधिक विदेशी निवेश और विदेश व्यापार के कारण यह संभव हो रहा है। वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया में बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियां मुख्य भूमिका निभा रही है। आधुनिक समय में उतपादन कार्य अत्यन्त जटिल तरीके से संपनन हो रहा है। इसका कारण यह है कि अधिकांश बहुराष्ट्रीरा कंपनियाँ विश्व के उन स्थानों की ओर जा रही हैं जो उकने उत्पादन के लिए सस्ता हो, जहाँ बाजार नजदीक हो और ससती दर पर श्रमिक उपलब्ध हों। कभी-कभी ये बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ स्थानीय कंपनियों के साथ गठजोड़ कर उत्पादन करती हैं, जिससे दोनों को फायदा होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
भारत सरकार द्वारा विदेश व्यापार एवं विदेशी निवेश पर अवरोधक लगाने के क्या कारण थे? इन अवरोधकों को सरकार क्यों हटाना चाहती थी?
उत्तर-
(क) 1947 ई. में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद भारत सरकार ने विदेश व्यापार एवं विदेशी निवेश पर प्रतिबंध लगा रखा था। क्योंकि घरेलू उत्पादकों को विदेशी प्रतिस्पर्धाक खिलाफ संरक्षण देने के लिए यह आवश्यक था।
(ख) 1950 एवं 1960 के दशक में जब उद्योगों की स्थापना हुई तो इन नवोदित उद्योगों को आयात से प्रतिस्पर्धा करने की अनुमति नहीं दी गई।
(ग) सन् 1991 में भारत सरकार ने यह निश्चय किया कि भारतीय उत्पादक विश्व-स्तरीय उत्पादकों से प्रतिस्पर्धा करने में सक्षम हैं।
(घ) यह भी महसूस किया गया कि प्रतिस्पर्धा से देश के उत्पादकों के प्रदशन में सुधार आएगा और उत्पादों की गुणवत्ता में भी सुधार होगा। कई प्रभावशली अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संगठनों ने भी इस निर्णय का समर्थन किया। इसलिये सरकार ने इन अवरोध कों को हटाने का निश्चय किया।

प्रश्न 3.
श्रम कानूनों में लचीलापन कंपनियों को कैसे मदद करेगा?
उत्तर-
(क) भारत में विदेशी निवेश आकर्षित करने हेतु सरकार ने श्रम काननों में लचीलापन अपनाने की अनुमति दी है। हाल के वर्षों में सरकार न कंपनियों को अनेक नियमों से छूट लेने की अनुमति भी दी है।
(ख) अब नियमित आधार पर श्रमिकों को रोजगार देने के बजाय कंपनियाँ छोटी अवधि जब काम का बदाव धिक होता है।, के लिए श्रमिकों को रोजगार पर रखती हैं। इससे कंपनी की श्रम-लागत कम होती है और उनका लाभांश बढ़ता है। विश्वव्यापी नेटवक से युक्त बड़ी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ अधि क लाभ अर्जित करने के लिए सस्ती वसतुओं की मांग करती हैं इससे उनहें प्रतिस्पर्धा में बनने रहने में सहायता मिलती है।

प्रश्न 4.
दूसरे देशों में बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ किस प्रकार उत्पादन पर नियंत्रण स्थापित करती है?
उत्तर-
(क) सामान्यत: बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियां उसी स्थान पर उत्पादन कार्य शुरू करती हैं जहाँ बाजार नजदीक हो, सस्ते दर पर श्रमिक उपलब्ध हों और सरकारी नीतियां भ्ज्ञी उनके हितों के अनुकूल हों।
(ख) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों के निवेश का सामान्य तरीका होता हैं, स्थानीय कंपनियों को खरीदना, उसके बाद उतपादन का प्रसार करना।
(ग) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ एक अन्य तरीके से भी उत्पादन नियंत्रित करती हैं। विकसित देशों की बड़ी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियां छोटे उत्पादकों को उत्पादन का आदेश देती हैं वस्त्र, जूत चप्पल एवं खेल के सामान आदि ऐसे उद्योग हैं। जिनका उत्पादन छोटे स्तर के उत्पादकों द्वारा किया जाता है। बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों को इन उतपादों की अपूर्ति कर दी जाती है। जो अपने ब्रांड नाम से बाजार में बेचती हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
विकसित देश, विकासशील देशों से उनके व्यापार और निवा का उदारीकरण क्यों चाहते हैं? क्या आप मानते हैं कि विकासशील देशों को भी बदले मे ऐसी मांग करनी चाहिए?
उत्तर-
(क) विकसित देशों की बड़ी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ प्रायः उन स्थानों पर उत्पादन कार्य संचालित करना चाहिए हैं जो बाजार के नजदीक हों, जहाँ कम लागत पर कुशल और अकुशल श्रम उपलब्ध हों तथा उस देश की सरकारी नीतियाँ भ्ज्ञी ऐसी हां जो उनके हितों के अनुरूप हों।
(ख) विकासशील देशों में ये सारी सुविधाएँ मौजूद हैं अतः विकसित देश विकासशील देशों से उनके व्यापार और -निवेश का उदारीकरण चाहते हैं।
(ग) विकासशील देशों को भी बदले में ऐसी मांग अवश्य करनी चाहिये क्योंकि विकसित देशों में अनुचित ढंग से व्यापार अवरोधकों को बरकरार रखा है। जबकि, विश्व व्यापर संगठन के नियमों के कारण विकासशील देश व्यापार अवरोधकों को हटाने के लिए विवश हुए हैं। कृषि उतपादों के व्यापार पर वर्तमान बहस इसका एक ज्वलंत उदाहरण हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
वैश्वीकरण का प्रभाव एक समान नहीं है। इस कथन की अपने शब्दो में व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर-
(क) वैश्वीकरण का लाभ धनी वर्ग के उपभोक्ताओं को अधिक हुआ है। इन उपभोक्ताओं के पास आज पहले की अपेक्षा ज्यादा विकल्प हैं। उत्पादों की उत्कृष्टता, गुणवता तथा कम कीमत का लाभ भी उन्हें मिल रहा है। इनका जीवन स्तर भी ऊँचा हुआ है।
(ख)विगत वर्षों में विदेशी निवेश उन्ही उद्योगों और सेवाओं में हुआ है, जिनमें निर्यात की संभावना ज्यादा है। इन श्रेत्रकों में नये उद्योगों की स्थापना भी हुई है और नये रोजगार का भी सृजन हुआ है इन उद्योगों को कच्चे माल की आपूर्ति करने वाली स्थानीय कंपनियों का भी विस्तार हुआ है। और कुछ ने तो अपनी उत्पादन प्रक्रिया का आधुनिकीकरण भी किया।
(ग) दूसरी ओर वैश्वीकरण और प्रतिस्पर्धा के दबाव ने श्रमिकों के जीवन को व्यापक रूप से प्रभावित किया है। बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा के कारण अधिकांश नियोक्ता इन दिनों रोजगार देने में लचीलापन पंसद करते हैं। इस कारण श्रमिकों को रोजगार सुरक्षा का लाभ नहीं मिल पाता है।
(घ) अधिक लाभ अर्जित करने के उद्देश्य से नियोक्ता श्रम लागत में कौती करने की कोशिश करते हैं। इसलिए श्रमिकों को अस्थायी रोजगार मिलता है। उनहें बहुत लंबे कार्य घंटों तक काम करना पड़ता है लेकिन मजदूरी कम मिलती है। इस प्रकार, यह स्पष्ट है कि वैश्वीकरण का प्रभाव समान नहीं है।

प्रश्न 7.
व्यापार और निवेश नीतियों का उदारीकरण वैश्वीकरण प्रक्रिया में सहायता कैसे पहुँचाती हैं?
उत्तर-
(क) सरकारें विदेश व्यापार में बढ़ोत्तरी या कमी करने तथा देश में आयतित वस्तुओं की मात्रा निश्चित करने के लिए व्यापार अवरोधक लगाती हैं।
(ख) उपभोक्ताओं के लिए उचित मूल्य सुनिश्चित करना तथा घरेलू उत्पादकों को संरक्षण प्रदान करना भी इसका एक कारण हो सकता है।
(ग) विगत कुछ वर्षों में अनेक देशों के बीच अधिकाधि क व्यापार व निवेश में योगदान करने वाला मुख्य कारक हैं-अनेक प्रकार के व्यापार और निवेश अवरोधकों या प्रतिबंध ों में कटौती करना जैसे-पिछले दो दशकों में भारत सरकार ने व्यापार व निवेश अवरोधको में कमी की है।
(घ) परिणामतः वस्तुओं के आयात में सुविधा होती है। और विदेशी कंपनियाँ दूसरी जगहों पर अपने कार्यालय और कारखाने सथापित कर सकेंगी।
(ङ) व्यापार के उदारीकरण से व्यापारियों को मुक्म रूप से निर्णय लेने की अनुमति होती हैं, जिससे वह अपनी इच्छानुसार आयात-निर्यात कर सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए-
दो दशक पहले की तुलना में भारतीय खरीददारों के पास वस्तुओं के अधिक विकल्प है। यह ………. की प्रक्रिया से नजदीक से जुड़ा हुआ है। भारत के बाजारों में अनेक दूसरे देशों में उत्पादित वस्तुओं को बेचा जा रहा है। इसका अर्थ है कि अन्य देशों के साथ ………… बढ़ रहा है। इससे भी आगे भारत में बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियो द्वारा उत्पादित ब्रांडों की बढ़ती संख्या हम भारत के बाजारों में देखते हैं। बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ भारत में निवेश कर रही है। क्योंकि ……..। जबकि बाजार में उपभोक्ताओं
के लिए अधिक विकल्प इसलिए बढ़ते …………..और …….. …..के प्रभाव का अर्थ है उत्पादकों के बीच अधिकतम …… ……।
उत्तर-
वैश्वीकरण; व्यापार; भारत एक बड़ा बाजार है; उत्पादन; वैश्वीकरण; प्रतिस्पर्धा।

प्रश्न 9.
निम्नलिखित को सुमेलित कीजिए-
(क) बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ छोटे उत्पादकों से सस्ते दरों पर खरीदती हैं।
(ख) आयात पर कम और कोटा का उपयोग व्यापार नियमन के लिए किया जाता है
(ग) विदेशों में निवेश करने वाली भारतीय
(घ) आई टी ने सेवाओं के उत्पादन के प्रसार में साहयता की है।
(ङ) अनेक बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों ने उत्पादन करने के लिए निवेश किया है।
उत्तर-
(क)-ब;
(ख)-य;
(ग)-द;
(घ)-स;
(ङ)-अ।

प्रश्न 10.
सही विकल्प का चयन कीजिए
(अ) वैश्वीकरण के विगत दो दशकों में द्रुत आवागमन देखा गया है
(क) देशों के बीच वस्तुओं, सेवाओं और लोगों का
(ख) देशों के बीच वस्तुओं, सेवाओं और निवेशों का
(ग) देशों के बीच वस्तुओं, निवेशों और लोगों का
उत्तर-
(ख) देशों के बीच वस्तुओं, सेवाओं और निवेशों का

(आ) विश्व के देशों में बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों द्वारा निवेश का सबसे अधिक सामान्य मार्ग हैं।
(क) नये कारखानों की स्थापना
(ख) स्थानीय कंपनियों को खरीद लेना
(ग) स्थानीय कंपनियों से साझेदारी करना
उत्तर-
(ख) स्थानीय कंपनियों को खरीद लेना

(इ) वैश्वीकरण ने जीवन-स्तर के सुधार में सहायता पहुँचाई हैं।
(क) सभी लोगों के
(ख) विकसित देशों के लोगों के
(ग) विकासशील देशों के श्रमिकों के
(घ) उपर्युक्त में से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर-
(घ) उपर्युक्त में से कोई नहीं।

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 4 वैश्वीकरण और भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था Read More »

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

HBSE 10th Class History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Page No. 3)

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
In what way do you think this print (textbook Fig. 1) depicts a utopian vision ?
Answer:
The picture was prepared by the French artist Frederic Sorrieu in year 1848, visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’. This figure shows the people of Europe and America marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it. Therefore, this picture depicts an ideal but imaginary situation which could not be really possible.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - 5

Activity (Page No. 11)

The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Class 10 Solutions HBSE Question 1.
Plot on a map of Europe the changes drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
Answer:
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - 1

Activity (Page No. 16)

Class 10 History Chapter 1 HBSE Question 1.
Imagine you are a weaver who saw the events as they unfolded. Write a report on what you saw.
Answer:
A large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor, demanding higher wages. When they asked for their rightful returns, the latter scolded and beat the weavers. A furious group of weavers forced their way into the house of the contractor, smashed its elegant window- panes, furniture, etc. Another group broke into the storehouse and plundered it of supplies of cloth, which they tore to shreds. The contractor fled with his family. Next day, he returned with the army. In the revenge that followed, eleven weavers were shot dead.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Activity (Page No. 20)

Question 1.
Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of Parliament ? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey ?
Answer:
In the figure (given on textbook page no. 20), Bismarck is shown with the hunter in his hand in the German Parliament. The rest of the parliamentary members are afraid of him. They bow their heads to show their respect to Otto von Bismarck. This caricature depicts that Bismarck ruled on the minds of the members of German Parliament. He controlled his subjects. Here, the artist comically explains the functioning of the democratic system in which the existence of democracy was in fact a farce. Actually, it was the dictatorship of one person who was dominant in the Parliament.

Activity (Page No. 21)

Question 1.
Look at textbook fig. 14 (a). Do you think that the people living in any of these regions thought of themselves as Italians?
Examine Fig. 14 (b). Which was the first region to become a part of unified Italy? Which was the last region to join? In which year did the largest number of states join?
Answer:
(a) Yes, the people living in the Kingdom of two Sicilies Venetia and Lombardy, thought of themselves as Italians.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - 2
(b) (i) Venetia region was the first to become a part of unified Italy.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - 3
(ii) The Kingdom of both Sicilies was the last region to join unified Italy.
(iii) In the year 1858-60, the largest number of states joined Italy.

Activity (Page No. 22)

Question 1.
The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of the boot, so that the King of Sardinia-Piedmont can enter it from the top. Look at the map of Italy once more. What statement is this caricature making?
Answer:
According to the caricature, the shoes depict the Kingdom of two Sicilies over which Garibaldi achieved victory, and later on he presented these shoes to the king of Sardinia-Piedmont, who was proclaimed as the king of United Italy. The given figure 14 (a) depicts the role of Garibaldi in the unification of Italy.

Activity (Page No. 24)

Question 1.
With the help of the chart in Box 3 of the textbook identify the attributes of Veit’s Germania and interpret the symbolic meaning of the painting. In an earlier allegorical rendering of 1836, Veit had portrayed the Kaiser’s crown at the place where he has now located the broken chain. Explain the significance of this change.
Answer:
The picture painted by Phillip Veit shows the rising of German nation. It is the beginning of a new era in which liberal nationalist ideology would be predominant. A new German nation is very powerful and always ready to make a war or peace with its neighbouring states. It is completely free from the control of autocracy. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, which stands for heroism. To change the previous picture of Germania, the broken chain was portrayed at the place of Kaiser’s crown, which depicts that Germany is completely independent from the autocratic rule of monarchy.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 2.
Describe what you see in Fig. 18. What historical events could Hubner be referring to in this allegorical vision of the nation?
Answer:
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - 4
This picture was painted by Julius Hubner in the year 1850. Hubner has shown a disgraced Germania fallen in front of the Kaiser’s crown. Germania was an allegory for German pride and heroism. One can see German pride and strength razed to the ground. The crown is lying down in the dust. It is the sunset for Germany with dark clouds hovering all-around. The painting depicts a deep sense of hurt and anguish that the Germans experienced at the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848.

Activity (Page No. 25)

Question 3.
Look once more at Fig. 10 of the textbook. Imagine you were a citizen of Frankfurt in March 1848 and were present during the proceedings of the parliament. How would you (a) as a man seated in the hall of deputies, and (b) as a woman observing from the galleries, relate to the banner of Germania hanging from the ceiling ?
Answer:
(a) If I were seated as a man in the hall of deputies, I would feel that the portrait or banner of Germania was real.
(b) If I had been observing from the gallery as a woman, then I would have felt that this picture partially represented the liberal-nationalist ideology.

Discuss (Page No. 4)

Question 1.
Summarise the attributes of a nation, as Renan understands them. Why, in his view, are nations important?
Answer:
The attributes of a nation, as presented by Ernst Renan are the following:

  1. A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion.
  2. A heroic past, great men, glory, is the social capital, upon which, one bases a national idea.
  3. A nation is a large-scale solidarity. Its existence is a daily plebiscite.
  4. If anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitant.
  5. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will.
  6. The existence of nations is a good thing, and is even a necessity.

Discuss (Page No. 10)

Question 1.
Describe the political ends that List hopes to achieve through economic measures.
Answer:
Friedrich List, professor of Economics, visualised that economics measures could help forge a united nation.
This is possible in the following ways :

  1. By removal of barriers on the movement of goods, services, people and capital, the whole country becomes one big market. All agents of the economy can freely move within this market.
  2. The size of a market expands. All the economic agents develop a vested interest in this expanded market. They become interdependent on each other. This free economic system promotes economic, social and political unification among them.

Discuss (Page No. 11)

Question 1.
What is the caricaturist trying to depict?
Answer:
Treaty of Vienna, 1815, resulted in the setting up of conservative regimes, which proved autocratic in nature. These regimes did not tolerate any criticism or dissent. They imposed strict censorship. Freedom of speech was curbed. Nobody was allowed to give expression to their thoughts. People could keep their thoughts to themselves, and could not share them with anybody else. This caricature is bringing out the idea, that it was very painful and rejecting for them.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Discuss (Page No. 15)

Question 1.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Answer:
The importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity can be proved by the following facts :

  1. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of nation was popularised.
  2. Language and traditions brought different sections of society into the mainstream.
  3. Language and traditions united people, and tied them in the threads of pride.

Discuss (Page No. 16)

Question 1.
Describe the cause of the Silesian weavers’ uprising. Comment on the view – point of the journalist.
Answer:
The causes of the Silesian weavers’ uprising against contractors are :

  1. Contractors gave them orders for finished textiles, but drastically reduced their payments for finished clothes.
  2. The viewpoint of the journalist was that the condition of the weavers was extremely miserable and the desperate need for jobs was taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the prices of goods they ordered.

Discuss (Page No. 18)

Question 1.
Compare the positions on the question of women’s rights voiced by the three writers cited above. What do they reveal about liberal ideology?
Answer:

  1. The liberal politician Carl Welcker agreed with the idea of no political rights for women. According to him, women were weaker, dependent and timid, and required the protection of men.
  2. Louise Otto – Peters argued that mankind could not be free in totality, unless and until the women, one half of the total population, were given equal rights as men.
  3. An anonymous reader argued that, very frequently, women performed better than men, proved themselves more intelligent than men and contributed in a greater measure to the welfare of society. In the given circumstances, there was absolutely no rationale in denying equal rights to both sexes. In brief, the liberal ideology was under attack on the gender issue. One could safely predict that it would be difficult to resist women’s demand for equality before law.

Knowledge Basket

Collect pictures of Marianne and Germania and paste these pictures on white chart paper. Now, discuss about these pictures in the classroom.
Hint : Do it yourself.

Find out more about nationalist symbols in countries outside Europe. For one or two countries, collect examples of pictures, posters or music that are symbols of nationalism. How are these different from European examples ?
Answer:
Guidelines :
(a) The students can do it themselves under the guidance of their parents and teachers.
(b) Search them on internet or in newspapers, or good libraries.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

HBSE 10th Class History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek war of independence
(d) Frankfurt Parliament
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini:

  1. Guiseppe Mazzini was a famous Italian revolutionary.
  2. He is known for his noble efforts to achieve the unification of Italy.
  3. He was bom in Genoa in the year 1807.
  4. Inspired by patriotism, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
    As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in the year 1831 A.D. for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
    He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states.
  5. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone, could be the basis of Italian liberty.
  6. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and, his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

(b) Count Camillo de Cavour:

  1. Count Camillo de Cavour was the chief minister of the Sardinia-Piedmont state of Italy.
  2. The real credit for the unification of Italy goes to Cavour.
  3. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
  4. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian.
  5. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, engineered by Cavour, Sardinia- Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in the year 1859.
  6. He led the movements to unify the regions of Italy.
  7. The historians bestow upon him, the honour of being, ‘The Bismarck of Italy”.

(c) The Greek war of Independence:

  1. Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
  2. The war of independence amongst the Greeks started in the year 1821.
  3. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for the ancient Greek culture.
  4. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilised
    I public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
  5. The English poet, Lord Byron, organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in the year 1824.
  6. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 made Greece an independent nation.

(d) Frankfurt Parliament:

  1. It is the name of the German National Assembly, founded during the revolution of 1848. It tried to unite Germany in a democratic way.
  2. With the objective of constituting the united German nation, a Parliament met at Frankfurt on 18 May 1848.
  3. The Parliament was attended by 831 deputies. The members had drafted the constitution for new the German nation.
  4. The Parliament proposed the unification of Germany under the king of Prussia. The King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, however, opposed the idea of becoming a consitutional monarch and declined the offer.
  5. The new constitution was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King, of Prussia.
    The Frankfurt Parliament failed to unite Germany, thus ending the first phase of the unification of Germany.

(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles:

  1. Women played an important role in nationalist struggles all over the world.
  2. In all the European states, women took an active part in the nationalist struggles of their countries.
  3. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women participated actively over the years.
  4. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
  5. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly.
  6. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers, to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

Question 2.
What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people ?
Answer:
To create a sense of collective identity among the French people, the French revolutionaries took the following steps :

  1. The ideas of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community, enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
  2. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former French standard.
  3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens, and renamed the National Assembly.
  4. New hymns were composed, martyrs’ oaths taken and commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
  5. A centralised administrative system was set up to formulate uniform laws for all citizens within French territory.
  6. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
  7. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
  8. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism, in other words, to help other people of Europe to become nations.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 3.
Who were Marianne and Germania ? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed ?
Answer:
Marianne:
They were the female allegory of France. During the French revolution, artists used the female allegory or symbols to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic-the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. To popularise the national symbols, the statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. Marianne images were also marked on coins and stamps.

Germania: Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

The inscription on Germania’s sword reads: ‘The German sword protects the German Rhine.’ In this way, the picture of Germania in female form represents the specific symbols of ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. The above female allegories represented their countries as if these were a person.

Question 4.
Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer:

  1. In 1848, the middle class citizens of Germany tried to unite different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state, governed by an elected parliament.
  2. This liberal initiative to nation – building was however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.
  3. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
  4. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process, carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
  5. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
  6. In January 1871, the Prussian King William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
  7. In this way, the process of unification of Germany was completed.

Question 5.
What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer:
To make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him, Napoleon introduced the following changes :

  1. He incorporated revolutionary principles, in order to make the administrative system more rational and efficient.
  2. He introduced the Napoleonic Code which did away with all privileges based on birth,
  3. He established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
  4. He simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed the peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
  5. He standardised weight and measures, and common national currency was also introduced for the growth of trade.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Discuss:

Question 1.
Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer:
The 1848 revolution of the liberals in France paved the way for the adiction of the monarch, and a republic based on universal male suffrage was introduced. The liberals wanted to establish an independent nation-state, where all people are equal before the law.

The liberals supported the following political, social and economic ideas :

  1. Due to the food shortage and unemployment in 1848, the common man’s life became miserable. To solve this problem, the liberals took the recourse of revolution.
  2. The demand for the formation of national assemblies based on universal suffrage was rising.
  3. The liberal middles class men and women of Germany, Italy, Poland, etc. combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
  4. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles-a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association. .
  5. During the liberal revolution, the demand of extending political rights to women was rising.
  6. Demands to abolish serfdom and bonded labour also arose.

Question 2.
Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Answer:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. In Europe, this cultural movement was named as Romanticism. The examples of Romanticism are following :

(1) Folk Culture: The famous German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the ‘common people’ – dasvolk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances, that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.

(2) Language: Language too, played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. Its prominent example was Poland. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. A large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in the Russian language. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against the Russian dominance.

(3) Music: In the case of Poland, national feelings were kept alive through music. Karol Kurpinski, a Polish citizen, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 3.
Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century. OR Explain the process of unification of Italy.
Answer:
During the 19th century, a number of countries became developed through different ways, in which Germany and Italy were the important nations.
(1) Germany:

  • In Germany, nationalist feelings were widespread among middle classes. In 1848 they endeavoured to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation- state governed by an elected parliament (Frankfurt Parliament).
  • This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.
  • From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. This unification process was carried out under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, Chief Minister of Prussia.
  • Three wars over seven years-with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
  • After the unification, the new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

2. Italy :

  • Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multinational Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
  • Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
  • During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ for the dissemination of his nationalist ideas.
    The failure of revolutionary uprisings, both in 1831 and 1848, meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.
  • Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through
    a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
  • Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers, under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, joined the fray.
  • In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants, in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
  • In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy. In this way, the unification of Italy was completed.

Question 4.
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe ?
Answer:

  1. In Europe, nationalism developed as a result of powerful revolutions, wars and armed rebellions. Its examples are the unification of Germany and Italy. But in Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not a result of sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long – drawn process.
  2. The spirit of nationalism emerged in Britain, inspite of many ethnic groups, like English, Welsh, Scot or Irish making up the -population, whereas in most of the other European nations, people belonged to same ethnic groups.
  3. The English Parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688, was the instrument through which the nation-state came into existence, whereas in the rest of Europe, kings or other national heroes played a major role in the formation of a nation-state.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 5.
Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans ?
Answer:
After 1871, the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe was the Balkan region. The reasons were :

  1. The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
  2. A huge part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
  3. All through the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms, but with very little success.
  4. As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
  5. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies, as well as naval and military might.
  6. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro – Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans. This led to a series of wars in the region, and finally, the First World War.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Read More »

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

HBSE 10th Class History Nationalism in India Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Page No. 31)

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
Read the text carefully. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance ?
Answer:
Gandhiji meant that satyagraha does not mean to inflict pain on the enemy, rather it is the pure soul force. Truth is the substance of soul and so, it is the substance of satyagraha. It does not mean destruction, but it means to clear the minds of enemies and convert destructive thoughts into constructive ones, by showing them love, compassion and truth. Hence, satyagraha is active resistance.

Activity (Page No. 34)

Nationalism in India Class 10 Solutions HBSE Question 1.
The year is 1921. You are a student in a government-controlled school. Design a poster urging school students to answer Gandhiji’s call to join the Non-cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of the textbook.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Activity (Page No. 35)

Class 10 History Chapter 2 HBSE Question 1.
If you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have responded to Gandhiji’s call for Swaraj? Give reasons for your response.
Answer:
If I were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920,1 would have responded to Gandhiji’s call for Swaraj in a positive non-violent manner because, in many places, local leaders told me that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.

Activity (Page No. 36)

Question 1.
Find out about other participants in the National Movement who were captured and put to death by the British. Can you think of a similar example from the national movement in Indo-China (Chapter 2)?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Activity (Page No. 48)

Question 1.
Look at textbook Figs. 12 and 14. Do you think these images will appeal to all castes and communities? Explain your views briefly.
Answer:
No, I don’t think these images will appeal to all castes and communities of India, because these images show Bharat Mata in the incarnation of Hindu goddess. This gives a religious outlook to the image. The image should reflect the nationalist idea of unity of all castes and communities.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Discuss (Page No. 43)

Question 1.
Why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
To enhance their limited benefits, various classes and groups of Indians participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Their participation had the following reasons :

  1. For the rich peasant communities, the meaning of the movement was the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue.
  2. Poor peasants considered Swaraj as the time when they would have their own land, and would not have to pay rents or do begar.
  3. To businessmen, Swaraj meant a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist, and trade and industry would flourish without any obstruction.
  4. Working class dreamt of high wages and excellent working conditions.
  5. Women took Swaraj as the attainment of elevated status, and equality with men in Indian society.

Discuss (Page No. 45)

Question 1.
Read the Source D carefully. Do you agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism ? Can you define communalism in a different way?
Answer:
No, I do not agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism because it was based upon the thought that India is a land of racial and religious diversity. Therefore, it needs a separate electorate for Muslims. I think, communalism is controlled by, and limited to a specific or local community. It does not have any element of nation in it, which was the motive of nationalists’ struggle for independence of India.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

HBSE 10th Class History Nationalism in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain :
(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement.
Answer:
(a) (i) In India, as in other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism, provided a shared bond, that tied many different groups together.
(ii) The European powers considered their culture to be more civilised, modern and superior. They forcefully started imposing their culture on the colonies. This also aroused the feeling of nationalism.
(iii) The anti-colonial movement was a united struggle by the people against the foreigners. The united struggle was responsible for arousing and developing the spirit of nationalism.

(b) (i) Heavy loss of men and materials in first world war created new political and economic situations in the country.
(ii) During the war, the villagers were forcibly recruited in army and had to do begar, that led to widespread anger among Indians.
(iii) Failure of crops at the same time and no support from the government created extra discontent among the people.
(iv) The war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure, that forced government to generate more revenue by imposing taxes.

(c) (i) Rowlatt Act gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activities. Under this Act, detention of political prisoners without trial, for two years, was allowed. This led to widespread discontent among Indians.

(d) Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement in 1922, due to violent incident of Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, in which, 22 policemen were burnt alive by the angry crowd.

Question 2.
What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer:

  1. Satyagraha was a non – violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor.
  2. It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, there was no need for physical force to fight the oppressor.
  3. Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
  4. People, including the oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
  5. By this struggle, truth was bound to be victorious.

Question 3.
Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
(b) The Simon Commission
Ans.
(a) On 13 April 1919, large crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to celebrate Baisakhi. Some people came to protest against the new repressive measures adopted by the British government, that is, imposition of Rowlatt Act. General Dyer, the Commander, in order to teach the people a lesson for violating the martial law, came in with a small military force and fired upon the unarmed citizens, women and children too, killing hundreds of them.

(b) The Simon Commisson was constituted by the Tory Government in Britain under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The objective of the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India, and suggest changes. But, nationalists in India opposed the commission. This was because it had not a single Indian member. They were all Britishers. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’. All parties, including Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Question 4.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in chapter 1.
Answer:
Image of Bharat Mata:

  1. It was the symbol of Indian nation.
  2. It was painted by Abanindranath Tagore in year 1905.
  3. In this picture, the mother figure is shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing. The garland in one hand emphasises her ascetic quality.
  4. Bharat Mata is shown as a calm, composed, divine and spiritual lady.

Image of Germania:

  1. It was the symbol of German Nation.
  2. It was painted by Philip Veit in year 1848.
  3. In this picture, Germania is shown carrying a sword in one hand and a flag in another hand.
  4. Germania is shown as a brave and courageous lady, who is protecting her nation.

Discuss

Question 1.
List all the different social groups which joined the Non-cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer:
(i) The different social groups which joined the Non-cooperation Movement of 1921 are :
(a) Middle-class people in towns, like students, teachers, doctors, lawyers, etc.
(b) Political parties except the Justice Party of Madras, the party of Non-Brahmans.
(c) Peasants in rural areas.
(d) Plantation workers.
(e) Tribal people.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

(ii) (a) Middle – Class People in Towns : The middle-class people in cities responded to the call of Swaraj. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. Foreign goods were boycotted by middle class people The middle-class people in the towns took part in this movement because they saw the movement as a way to freedom from foreign domination.

(b) Peasants in Rural Areas : From several rural areas, peasants joined the Non¬cooperation Movement. The movement was primarily against landlords and talukdars. They had taken part in this movement because they hoped that by doing so, they would be saved from both, the oppressive landlords and the high revenue taxes of the British Colonial Government.

(c) Plantation Workers : Plantations workers joined the movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. They also stood to gain by this movement. They had taken part in this agitation with the hope that they would get the right to move freely in and outside the confined space of the plantation. They hoped that once swaraj came everyone would be given land in his own village.

Question 2.
Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. (CBSE 2017. 2018, Delhi outside!
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement with his famous Dandi March (or Salt March) on March 12, 1930. The Salt March started from Sabarmati Ashram. Gandhiji marched on foot to a small village Dandi (Gujarat), on the Western Coast of India. He was accompanied by 78 followers. He reached Dandhi on April 6, 1930 and there, he broke the salt laws.

1. To break any British law was surely an important step against colonialism. Especially, when such a law, as salt law was broken, it had a far wider repercussion on the whole structure of colonialism because salt, being a commodity of every individual’s consumption, was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly was seen as an oppressive act of the colonial government.

2. Over the whole journey of 240 miles from Gandhiji’s Ashram in Sabarmati to Dandi, thousands of people came daily to hear Mahatma Gandhi, who told them the meaning of Satyagraha and Swaraj and urged them to defy the British peacefully.

3. On April 6, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi and his volunteers manufactured salt by boiling sea water. It was an open challenge to the British laws. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Thus, the Salt March proved to be an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

Question 3.
Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer:
When I walked with thousands of the like-minded women in a march under the Civil Disobedience Movement, the feeling of having done something for my beloved country came to my mind. I also participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign clothes and liquor shops. Like other women, I also went to jail. During the movement, I found that basically, women in urban areas from high caste families were more active, while in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. While I marched on Gandhiji’s call, I also began to realize service to the nation as my sacred duty. Like other women, I also felt that some radical change in the position of women was visualized. I felt, that this movement put the women at par with Indian men, in company of a great guide – Mahatma Gandhi.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Question 4.
Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer:
Political leaders represented the different classes and communities of Indian society. For example, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led oppressed classes or Dalits of India. Similarly, Muhammad Ali Jinnah represented muslim social group of Indians. These leaders wanted to uplift the status of their followers by securing some special political rights, securing separate electorates for them. But in Congress party, especially Gandhiji believed that separate electorates would adversely affect the unity of India. He was against it, and took fast unto death at a point of time. That’s why, the political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates.

Knowledge Basket

Find out about the anti-colonial movement in Indo-China. Compare and contrast India’s national movement with the ways in which Indo – China became independent.
Answer:
Anti-Colonial Movement in Indo – China: Indo-China is a part of the Asian continent. Indo – China comprises the modem countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Its early history shows many different groups of people living in this area under the shadow of the powerful empire of China. Even when an independent country was established in what is now northern and central Vietnam. Its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture. The colonization of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict with the colonizers in all areas of life. Nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against the French, and all they represented.

Comparison between India’s National Movement with that of Indo-China :

  1. India was a colony of the British while Indo-China was a colony of the France.
  2. Both countries carried on struggle for many years against colonial power.
  3. One leader of freedom struggle of India was Mahatma Gandhi, while the leader of Indo-China freedom struggle was Ho-ch-Minh.
  4. In both countries, peasants played a great role in the freedom struggle.
  5. Both India and Vietnam underwent turbulent pertitions.

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HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

HBSE 10th Class History The Age of Industrialisation Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Page No. 83)

The Age Of Industrialisation HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
The way in which historians focus on industrialisation rather than on small workshops is a good example of how what we believe today about the past is influenced by what historians choose to notice and what they ignore. Note down one event or aspect of your own life which adults such as your parents or teachers may think is unimportant, but which you believe to be important.
Answer:
Students may attempt themselves.

The Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 Questions And Answers Question 2.
Look at text book figs. 4 and 5. Can you see any difference in the way the two images show industrialisation ? Explain your view briefly.
Answer:
(i) In figure 4, a Lancashire cotton mill is glowing with electricity in the twilight, which adds to the beauty of the city.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation - 2
(ii) On the other hand, if we see we can notice the chimneys of industrial units in Manchester are blowing, and the smoke which is thus emitted characterises the industrial landscape. It symbolises environmental pollution. Therefore, the main difference between both the figures is that while figure 4 is indicating beauty, figure 5 is indicating pollution.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation - 3

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Activity (Page No. 85)

Age Of Industrialisation HBSE 10th Class Question 1.
Imagine that you are a merchant writing back to a salesman who has been trying to persuade you to buy a new machine. Explain in your letter what you have heard and why you do not wish to invest in the new technology.
Answer:
Dear salesman, I have heard that machines require large capital investment. Their maintenance is expensive. Machines are oriented for producing uniform and standardised goods for a mass market, but the demand in the market is often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. Therefore, I do not wish to invest in new technology.

Thanks for your approach.
John Patrick

Activity (Page No. 89)

On a map of Asia, find and draw the sea and land links of the textile trade from India to Central Asia, West Asia and South-east Asia.
Answer:
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation - 1

Discuss (Page No. 87)

Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 HBSE Question 1.
Look at Figs. 3, 7 and 11. Then re-read source B. Explain why many workers were opposed to the use of the Spinning Jenny.
Answer:
Spinning Jenny was the machine that made it possible to yam many spindles from one wheel. Whereas, in earlier times, one wheel could yam only one spindle. At that time, all members of a family were employed. But, productivity increased due to Spinning Jenny and so, many spindles could be yarned at one time from one wheel. This led to increase in unemployment. Therefore, many workers opposed to the use of Spinning Jenny.
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation - 4 HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation - 5
HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation - 6

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

HBSE 10th Class History The Age of Industrialisation Textbook Questions and Answers

The Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 HBSE Question 1.
Explain the following:
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Answer:
Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in the year 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demands.
(a) Women workers in Britain, attacked the Spinning Jenny because by turning one single wheel, a worker could set in motion, a number of spindles and spin’ several threads at the same time. This increased not only the productivity but also led to unemployment of women, who survived on hand spinning. Therefore, angry women attacked the Spinning Jenny.

(b) In the seventeenth century, with the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But, merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because, here, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So, they turned to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.

(c) The port of Surat on the west coast of India was the major port to handle the Indian foreign trade with the west, before the age of machines. It linked India to the Gulf and the Red Sea ports. But towards the end of the 18th century, various European companies gradually gained power by securing the monopoly rights of trade. They developed and patronised their own ports like Bombay and Calcutta. This resulted in a decline of the old port of Surat, through which local merchants had operated. Exports from this port fell dramatically. In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ₹16 million. In 1740s, it had slumped to ₹3 million.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

(d) The Indian weavers produced coarse cloth for the East India Company as well as the French, Dutch and Portuguese. The East India Company wanted to assert a monopoly right to trade. It tried to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition and ensure regular supplies of Indian goods, especially Indian cotton and silk goods. In order to establish a direct control over the weavers, it decided to eliminate the existing traders and brokers. With this purpose in view, the East India Company appointed paid servants called the gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of clothes.

Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 Solutions HBSE Question 2.
Write True or False against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve’g|heir productivity.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True.

Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 3.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Answer:
‘Proto’ word indicates the first or early form of something. By proto industrialisation, historians refer to the period before industrialisation. The presence of cottage industries was named as Proto-industrialisation. It was a mixture of production in factories and cottage industries.

Discuss:

Question 1.
Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines ?
Answer:
Some European industrialists in nineteenth-century preferred hand labour over machines due to the following reasons:
(i) In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and workers moved to the cities in large numbers in search of jobs, waiting for work. So, industrialists had no problem of labour shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that made them get rid of cheaply available human labour and required large capital investment.

(ii) In many industries, like gas works and breweries, book-binding and printing, etc. the demand for labour was seasonal. Therefore, industrialists usually preferred hand labour in all such industries, employing workers for the season.

(iii) Machines were oriented to produce uniform standardised goods for a mass market. But, the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.

(iv) Many articles like hammers, axes, etc. required human skill, not mechanical technology, to produce.

(v) In Victorian Britain, the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products symbolised refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Question 2.
How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Answer:
1. Appointment of Gomastha: The East India Company appointed Gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.

2. Monopoly over Company Weavers: East India Company prevented company weavers from dealing with other buyers. One way of doing this was through the system of advances.

3. Loan availability for Weavers: Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans, had to hand over the cloth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader. In this way, the company weavers were prevented from dealing with other buyers.

Question 3.
Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your views using information from the entire chapter.
Answer:
Britain and History of Cotton:
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s, but it was only in the late eighteenth century, that the number of factories multiplied. Cotton was the first symbol of the new era in Britain. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In 1760, Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787, this import increased to 22 million pounds. A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling).

They made possible, the production of stronger threads and yam. Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation, upto the 1840s. A cotton mill was set up in Lancashire in Britain. A spinning factory was set up in 1830s, in which giant wheels, moved by steam power, could set in motion hundreds of spindles to manufacture thread. James Hargreaves devised a Spinning Jenny which was used to speed up the spinning process.

Britain had successfully controlled and dominated the trade in cotton-raw materials, cotton fabrics, coarse or fine varieties. It had established markets all over its colonies for selling the Manchester-made cotton textiles, which were cheaper than the hand-made cotton clothes. Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe. The East India Company indebted Indian weavers and supervised them with the help of Gomasthas. This ensured regular supply of both, hand-made fine variety of cotton fabric, as well as raw cotton. In this way, Britain dominated the textile industries over the centuries.

HBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Question 4.
Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Answer:
Industrial production in India increased during the First World War due to the following reasons :

  1. The war created a dramatically new situation.
  2. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.
  3. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
  4. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items.
  5. Many new factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts.
  6. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed.

Knowledge Basket

Match the following terms of Column ‘A’ with suitable options from Column ‘B’.

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
(a) ‘Proto’(i)  an agent or a middleman between the merchant and weavers.
(b) Gomastha(ii) A person employed by the Industrialist to get new recruits.
(c) Jobber(iii) Indicating the first or early form of something.
(d) Fuller(iv) an Indian soldier in the service of the British army.
(e) Sepoy(v) A person who fulls, i.e. gathers cloth by pleating.

Answer:
(a) → (iii)
(b) → (i)
(c) → (ii)
(d) → (v)
(e) → (iv)

Select any one industry in your region and find out its history. How has the technology changed? Where do the workers come from? How are the products advertised and marketed? Try and talk to the employers and some workers to get their views about the industry’s history.
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of your teacher.

Collect pictures of Spinning Jenny, Fly Shuttle, Steam Engine through Internet. Now paste them on a chart paper.
Answer:
Do yourself.

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