HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europ

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europ Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europ

Multiple Choice Questions

Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europ HBSE 10th Class Important Questions and Answers Question 1.
The French artist, who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’ was:
(a) Carl Welcker
(b) Frederic Sorrieu
(c) Jacob Grimm
(d) Wilhelm Grimm.
Answer:
(b) Frederic Sorrieu

HBSE 10th Class Important Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Question 2.
Who was Ernst Renan?
(a) A French Philosopher
(b) A French artist
(c) A revolutionary
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) A French Philosopher

Chapter 1 Important Questions and Answers HBSE 10th Class Question 3.
In which of the following years, was the Civil Code, also known as the Napoleonic Code, framed?
(a) 1889
(b) 1804
(c) 1815
(d) 1813.
Answer:
(b) 1804

Question 4.
In which classes of Europe was the idea of national unification popularised ?
(a) Aristocratic class
(b) Business class
(c) Labour class
(d) Middle class.
Answer:
(d) Middle class.

Question 5.
The word ‘Liberalism’ derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means:
(a) slave
(b) freedom
(c) right
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(b) freedom

Question 6.
In which year was a custom union or ‘Zollverein’ formed at the initiative of Prussia?
(a) 1934
(b) 1950
(c) 1834
(d) 1813.
Answer:
(c) 1834

Question 7.
In which of the following years was the Vienna Peace Treaty organized?
(a) 1834
(b) 1813
(c) 1815
(d) 1915.
Answer:
(c) 1815

Question 8.
A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change is known as:
(a) Socialism
(b) Conservatism
(c) Capitalism
(d) Liberalism.
Answer:
(b) Conservatism

Question 9.
Who among the following established the organisation named ‘Young Italy’?
(a) Napoleon Bonaparte
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Frederic Sorrieu
(d) Grimm Fairytales.
Answer:
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini

Question 10.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini ?
(a) A French revolutionary
(b) An Italian revolutionary
(c) A British revolutionary
(d) A German revolutionary.
Answer:
(b) An Italian revolutionary

Question 11.
In which of the following years was the Frankfurt Parliament convened in St. Paul’s Church?
(a) 1848
(b) 1842
(c) 1925
(d) 1821
Answer:
(a) 1848

Question 12.
The movement of unification of Italy was led by:
(a) Emmanuel
(b) Bismarck
(c) Cavour
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(c) Cavou

Question 13.
Who was proclaimed the king of unified Italy in 1861?
(a) Emmanuel II
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) William I
(d) Bismark
Answer:
(a) Emmanuel II

Question 14.
Who is the most popular among the freedom fighters of Italy?
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(b) Cavour
(c) Giuseppe Mazzini
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi

Question 15.
In which of the following years was the “Act of Union” signed between England and Scotland, that resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain?
(a) 1905
(b) 1938
(c) 1707
(d) 1798.
Answer:
(c) 1707

Question 16.
Which of the following countries was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801?
(a) Belgium
(b) Ireland
(c) Germany
(d) Scotland.
Answer:
(b) Ireland

Question 17.
The German oak is a symbol of :
(a) heroism
(b) freedom
(c) slavery
(d) unity.
Answer:
(a) heroism

Fill in the Blanks

1. Frederic Sorrieu was a ………….. artist.
Answer:
French.

2. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the …………. revolution in ………..
Answer:
French, 1789.

3. Napoleon simplified ………… divisions, ………….. the …………. system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
Answer:
administrative, abolished, feudal.

4. ……………. and ………….. were divided into kingdoms.
Answer:
Italy, Switzerland.

5. A wave of ………….. nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist …………… growing at the time.
Answer:
economic, sentiments.

6. The first upheaval took place in France in July ……………
Answer:
1830

7. …………….. forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848.
Answer:
Conservative.

Nations were then …………. as female figures.
Answer:
portrayed.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Frederic Sorrieu?
Answer:
He was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints, visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’.

Question 2.
What is a utopian society?
Answer:
It is a vision of a society that is so ideal, that it is unlikely to actually exist.

Question 3.
In which year did the French Revolution take place?
Answer:
the french Revolution took place in 1789.

Question 4.
“the people must seize their own freedom.’ Who had given this slogan?
Ans.
Andreas Rebmann

Question 5.
of which organization was Andreas Rebmann a member?
Answer:
Rebmann was a member of a German Jacobin group.

Question 6.
Which social group was dominant in Europe in 18th century?
Answer:
The Aristocracy.

Question 7.
What was the nation-state?
Answer:
The nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens and rulers came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history.

Question 8.
Give the meaning of liberalism.
Answer:
Liberalism stands for freedom for the individuals and equality of all before the law.

Question 9.
What was Zollverein?
Answer:
Zollverein was a customs union that was established in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia.

Question 10.
Which European powers defeated Napoleon in 1815?
Answer:
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria.

Question 11.
Who hosted the Vienna Peace Treaty convened in 1815?
Answer:
Duke Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor.

Question 12.
What was the main objective of the Vienna Peace Treaty convened in 1815?
Answer:
Its main objective was to restore the power of monarchies that had been over, thrown by Napoleon.

Question 13.
What is conservatism?
Answer:
It is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development
to quick change.

Question 14.
When and where was Giuseppe Mazzini born?
Answer:
In 1807 in Genoa.

Question 15.
Name two underground organisations formed by Giuseppe Mazzini.
Answer:
(i) Young Italy
(ii) Young Europe.

Question 16.
At which place was the Young Italy formed ?
Answer:
Young Italy was formed in Marseilles.

Question 17.
At which place did Giuseppe Mazzini form Young Europe?
Answer:
Giuseppe Mazzini formed Young Europe in Berne.

Question 18.
Who were the members of both organizations of Mazzini-The Young Italy and Young Europe?
Answer:
Poland, France, Italy and Germany were members of both organizations.

Question 19.
What did Mazzini believe?
Answer:
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

Question 20.
‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’. Who made this remark?
Answer:
Duke Metternich.

Question 21.
In which year did Belgium break away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands?
Answer:
Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1830. –

Question 22.
Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation ?
Answer:
The Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.

Question 23.
What is Romanticism?
Answer:
It is an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th century to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.

Question 24.
Which philosopher claimed that true German culture was discovered among the common people?
Answer:
Johann Gottfried. –

Question 25.
What were Polonaise and Mazurka ?
Answer:
Polonaise and Mazurka were the folk dances of Poland.

Question 26.
Who led an armed rebellion against Russia in 1831?
Answer:
Poland led an armed rebellion against Russia in 1831.

Question 27.
Who saw French domination as a threat for German culture?
Answer:
Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm.

Question 28.
Who gained the credit of the success of German unification?
Answer:
Otto von Bismarck gained credit of the success of German unification.

Question 29.
When was the Prussian King William I proclaimed the Emperor of Germany?
Answer:
In January 1871.

Question 30.
When has Germany declared an independent nation?
Answer:
Germany was declared an independent nation in 1871.

Question 31.
Who declared the new German Emperor in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles?
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia.

Question 32.
In which year did Napoleon invade Italy?
Answer:
Napoleon invaded Italy in 1797.

Question 33.
Who led the movement of the unification of Italy?
Answer:
The chief minister Cavour led the movement of the unification of Italy.

Question 34.
When did Giuseppe Mazzini seek to put together a coherent program for the unitary Italian Republic?
Answer:
In the decade of 1830s.

Question 35.
Which country has the national anthem ‘God Save Our Noble King1?
Answer:
Great Britain.

Question 36.
When was the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed?
Answer:
The United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707.

Question 37.
Which country did Marianne represent?
Answer:
The Republic of France.

Question 38.
Which country did Germania represent?
Answer:
Germany.

Question 39.
Name the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871.
Answer:
The Balkans.

Question 40.
Who was broadly known as Slavs?
Answer:
The inhabitants of the Balkan region.

Question 41.
What is plebiscite ?
Answer:
A direct vote, by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

Question 42.
What is suffrage?
Answer:
The right to vote.

Question 43.
What was the symbol of the strength of the German empire?
Answer:
Breastplate with eagle.

Short Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
What according to Ernst Renan is the definition of a nation?
Answer:
Ernst Renan was a French Philosopher. According to Ernst Renan, a nation is a culmination of a long past of endeavors, devotion and sacrifice. A heroic past, great men, glory, is the social capital, upon which, one bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, are the essential conditions of being a unified nation. A nation is, therefore, large-scale solidarity. Its existence is a daily plebiscite.

Question 2.
What was the Napoleonic Code?
Answer:
The Civil Code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon. It did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property for all citizens.

Question 3.
What were the reactions of the local population towards the French rule in the areas conquered?
Answer:
Initially, in many places, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But, the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies, etc. all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes and were vehemently opposed by the local people.

Question 4.
Write the chief characteristics of the powerful aristocracy of Europe.
Answer:
The chief characteristics of the aristocracy of Europe are :

• Common way of living a life: The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
• Estate owning: They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
• Use of French language: They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
• Inter-connected marital relations: Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.

Question 5.
Explain the ideology of liberalism which was developed in the early nineteenth-century Europe. (CBSE, Delhi Board 2020 )
Answer:
The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root ‘liber’ meaning ‘free’. For the few middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Question 6.
What do you know about Zollverein?
Answer:
In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. This union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies, from over thirty, to two. The aim of the Zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation. It was thought to be capable to awakening and raise national sentiments through a fusion of individual and provincial interests.

Question 7.
“Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.” Give reasons. –
Answer:
Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society¬like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. They realized, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong.
Therefore, most European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.

Question 8.
What were the major demands of liberal revolutionaries of Europe in 1848?
Answer:

• Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
• They demanded for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association.
• Women demanded their political rights.

Question 9.
What were the consequences of the liberal revolution in 1848 in Europe?
Answer:

• The autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.
• Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished, both in the Habsburg dominions, and in Russia.
• The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

Question 10.
What do you know about Allegory ?
Answer:
When an abstract idea for instance, greed, freedom, envy and liberty is expressed through a person or a thing, it is known as Allegory. An allegorical story has two meanings- one literal and the other symbolic. During the French Revolution, the artists used the female allegory to portray ideas like Liberty, Justice and the Republic. In France, the nation was christened as Marianne, in Germany, Germania become the allegory of the German nation.

Short Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he incorporated revolutionary principles.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer:

• The Napoleonic Code: This Civil Code of 1804 did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured for citizens, the right to property.
• Reforms in rural areas: Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
• Reforms in urban areas: In the towns, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.
• Reforms in Trade: Uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency were adopted to facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Question 2.
What were the reasons for the emergence of middle classes in Europe ?
Answer:
The reasons for the emergence of middle classes in Europe were:

• In Western and Central parts of Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes, whose existence was based on production for the market.
• Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century, but in France and parts of the German states, it occurred only during the nineteenth century.
•  In its wake, new social groups came into being : a working class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
•  In Central and Eastern Europe, these groups were smaller in number till late 19th century.
• It was among the educated, liberal middle classes, that ideas of national unity, gained popularity, following the abolition of aristocratic privileges.

Question 3.
Compare the views of liberals and conservatives.
Answer:
Comparison between the views of liberals and conservatives
Liberals:

• Most of the people of middle classes followed the principle of liberalism.
• Liberalism argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, but did not believe in universal adult suffrage.
• The liberals were in favour of radical changes.

Conservatives:

• Most of the people who belonged to upper classes or associated with them followed conservatism.
• They believed in autocracy.
• They favoured only those changes which could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe.

Question 4.
By the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the 19th century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends. Explain.
Answer:
(1) Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other, and ever ready to go to war.
(2) The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.
(3) Many great powers were involved in the Balkans power struggle. The Balkan region became an area of intense conflict.
(4) The rivalries among the European powers over trade and colonies were increasing day by day.
(5) There were a series of wars among big powers like Russia, Germany, England, etc. which finally led to the First World War.
(6) The German confederation of thirty-nine states, that had been set up by Napoleon, f was left untouched.

Question 5.
What were the major proposals of Vienna Congress ?
OR
Describe in brief any four features of the ‘Vienna Treaty of 1815.’
Answer:
In 1815, representatives of Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia met at Vienna, to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.

The major proposals of Vienna Congress were:

• The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was
  restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north, and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
• Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• In the east, Russia was given part of Poland, while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
• The German confederation of thirty-nine states, that had been set up by’Napoleon, was left untouched.

Question 6.
‘The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe’. Give reasons.^
Answer:

• In the 1830s, an enormous increase in population was seen all over Europe.
• In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than the employment opportunities
  available.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• Small producers in towns often faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.
• In many regions of Europe, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues | and obligations.
• The rise of food prices, due to a year of bad harvest, led to widespread pauperism in towns and the countryside.

Question 7.
By giving examples, explain how Italy was politically more fragmented before the unification.
Answer:

• Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.
• During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states.
• Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon king of Spain.
• Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form, and still had many regional and local variations.

From the above examples, it is clear that Italy was politically more fragmented before the unification.

Question 8.
Describe Count Cavour and the part played by him in the unification of Italy.
Answer:
Count Camillo de Cavour Camilla de was the Chief Minister of the Sardinia- Piedmont (Italy). He was a great administrator and an able reformer. The real credit for the unification of Italy goes to Count Cavour. He dedicated himself to achieve his goal of independence and unification of Italy. For this purpose, he took recourse to shrewd diplomacy. He took sides in many wars to persuade other states like Lombardy, Modena, Parma and Tuscany, to throw off the Austrian yoke and Join Sardinia. Before he died, he had unified the whole of Italy under Sardinia, except the Papal territories of Venetia and Rome. The historians bestow upon him, the honour of being ‘The Bismarck of Italy’.

Question 9.
Explain the role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the freedom struggle of Italy.
Answer:
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82) was a great freedom fighter of Italy. He came from a family engaged in coastal trade and was a sailor in the merchant navy. Garibaldi is known as the ‘physical force’ or the ‘sword of Italy’. He, along with Mazzini, launched the ‘Young Italy’ movement for the unification of Italy. He inspired the Sardinian sailors to revolt in 1835 AD, whose action, however failed.

In 1848 A.D., he alongwith Mazzini, overthrew the Papal authority over Rome and declared it to be a republic. In 1860 A.D., his ‘Red Shirt/troops defeated Austria to secure the independence of Naples and Sicily, which later on joined Saridinia. In this way, Garibaldi’s contribution to achieve the unification of Italy is unforgettable.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in detail the first clear expression of Nationalism that came within the French Revolution in 1789.
Answer:
The details of the French Revolution in 1789 are as follows :
1. Changes brought by the French Revolution: The political and constitutional changes, that came in the wake of the French Revolution in 1789, led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

2. Various steps were taken by French Revolutionaries: To create a sense of common identity amongst the French people, the French revolutionaries took the following steps :

• The idea of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community, employing common rights under a constitution.
• A new French flag, the tricolor was chosen to replace the French royal standard.
• The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens, known as the national assembly.
• New hymns were composed, martyrs commemorated and oaths taken, all in the name of the nation.
• A centralised administrative system was set up to formulate uniform laws for all citizens within French territory.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French was adopted as common language of the nation.
• Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
• The revolutionaries further declared, that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words, to help other people of Europe to become nations.

3. Influence of the French revolution on Europe : The main influence of the French revolution on Europe was as follows :

• The French revolution developed Nationalism.
• The French revolution gave a democratic theory to the whole world.
• The French revolution helped other people of Europe to become nations.
• Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
• The activities and campaigns of the Jacobin clubs prepared the way for the French armies, which moved into Belgium, Switzerland, Holland and Italy in the 1790s.
• The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism into various countries.

Question 2.
Why was the time period from 1830 to 1848 known as the age of revolutions ?
Explain.
Answer:
Many revolutions occurred during 1830 to 1848. As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberals and nationalists opposed them. During this period, revolutions occurred in Italy, the German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. These revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite.

(1) Upheaval in France:
The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings, who had been restored to power after the Vienna Congress by the conservatives, were now overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy, with Louis Philippe as its head.

(2) Uprising in Brussels:
The July revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

(3) Uprising in Greece:
Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greece, which began in 1821 and resulted in the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832, recognising Greece as an independent nation.

Question 3.
Explain in detail the German Liberal Movement of 1848.
Answer:
(1) The German Liberal Movement was led by a large number of political associations, whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans. They all came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for all-German National Assembly.
(2) On 18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession with the new constitution to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament, convened in the Church of St. Paul.
(3) The new constitution was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King of Prussia. He joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
(4) The newly elected members never supported the demands of the poor class, so they lost their support.
(5) A large number of women also participated in this movement, though they were not given political rights.
(6) In the end, troops were called in, and the assembly was forced to disband.

Question 4.
How did England establish its supremacy over Scotland and Ireland to build a new British kingdom?
OR
Explain the incorporation of Scotland and Ireland into England.
Answer:
Incorporation of Scotland into the United Kingdom : The Act of Union (1707), between England and Scotland, resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom. The growth of a British identity in the parliament meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political * institutions were systematically supressed. The Catholic clans, that inhabited the Scottish Highlands, suffered terrible repression, whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large number of people were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

Incorporation of Ireland into the United Kingdom:
Before its incorporation, the country was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to impose their dominance over a largely Catholic country. In 1798, after a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen party, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801, under the Act of Union, 1801.

Question 5.
Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans ?
OR
“After 1871, the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe was the Balkans.” Explain the statement with reasons.
Answer:

• The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation, comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
• The Balkan peninsula had been under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
• However, in the 19th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of major European Powers increased.
• In the 19th century, the European subject nationalities of the Ottoman Empire broke away from its control, and declared independence.
• As different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkans area became an area of intense conflict.
• Each power-Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area.
• This led to a series of wars in the region, and finally, the First World War.

Map Work

Question 1.
On the political map show the Europe of Vienna Congress 1815.
Answer:

Question 2.
On the political map, show the unification of Germany. Ans.