HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Important Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 10th Class Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

Multiple Choice Questions

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Important Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
The term ‘Third wave country” is used for which country in the chapter?
(a) Japan
(b) Bolivia
(c) India
(d) Nepal.
Answer:
(d) Nepal.

HBSE 10th Class Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Question 2.
Who was the last king of Nepal?
(a) King Vir Pratap
(b) King Birendra
(c) King Gyanendra
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) King Gyanendra

Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements HBSE 10th Class Civics Question 3.
SPA was a:
(a) Seven Party Alliance ¡n Nepal
(b) Socialist Party Alliance in India
(c) Seven Party Alliance in Sri Lanka
(d) Separate party i mce in Japan.
Answer:
(a) Seven Party Alliance ¡n Nepal

Question 4.
Which organisation as set up by the Nepalese people to restore democracy in NepaF?
(a) The Seven Party Alliance
(b) The Dual Alliance
(c) The Triple Alliance
(d) The Four Party Alliance.
Answer:
(c) The Triple Alliance

Question 5.
Where is Bolivia situated?
(a) Latin America
(b) Africa
(c) Asia
(d) Europe.
Answer:
(a) Latin America

Question 6.
The struggle in Bolivia in 2000 was:
(a) to have a re-election
(b) due to increase in price of water
(c) to establish democracy
(d) due to racial discrimination.
Answer:
(b) due to increase in price of water

Question 7.
The city of Cochabamba is related to which issue?
(a) Narmada Bachao Andolan
(b) Nepal’s popular struggle
(c) Bolivia’s water war
(d) Social Movement.
Answer:
(c) Bolivia’s water war

Question 8.
Identify the element which is not shared, both by the movement in Nepal and the struggle in Bolivia :
(a) The struggle involved mass mobilisation.
(b) A political conflict that led to popular struggle.
(c) It was about the foundation of the country’s politics.
(d) It involved critical role of political organisations.
Answer:
(c) It was about the foundation of the country’s politics.

Question 9.
Democracy can be evolved through :
(a) Popular struggle
(b) Mass mobilisation
(c) New political organisations
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 10.
Backward and Minorities Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) is an example of which one of the following?
(a) Public Interest Group
(b) A Movement for equality
(c) A Sectional interest group
(d) A Regional political party.
Answer:
(a) Public Interest Group

Question 11.
The Narmada Bachao Andolan was started against which one of these dams?
(a) Hirakud Dam
(b) Sardar Sarovar Dam
(c) Gandhi Sagar Dam
(d) Bhakra Dam.
Answer:
(b) Sardar Sarovar Dam

Question 12.
National Alliance for People’s Movements (NAPM) is:
(a) an organisation of organisations
(b) an evironmental movement
(c) a political party
(d) an interest group.
Answer:
(a) an organisation of organisations

Fill in the blanks
1. …………… involves conflict of interests and viewpoints.
2. Nepal was one of the …………… countries in which democracy was established in 1990.
3. …………….. In , the monarchy was abolished in pa1 and it became a federal democratic republic.
4. ……………… is a poor country in Latin America.
5. Democracy evolves through ……………
6. The Bolivian government sold water supply rights for the city of ………….. to a multinational company.
7. The …………….. represent a particular section or group of society.
8. Most of the movements are …………….. that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame.
9. The aim of the is to influence government policies.
10. ………….. is a social movement in the area of politics.
Answer:
1. Democracy
2. Third Wave
3. 2008
4. Bolvia
5. popular Struggles
6. Cochabamba
7. sectional interest groups
8. issue specific movements
9. pressure groups
10. political movement

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which year did Nepal become a constitutional monarchy?
Answer:
In 1990, Nepal became a constitutional monarchy.

Question 2.
Which King of Nepal accepted the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy?
Answer:
King Birendra accepted the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy.

Question 3.
What was the main aim of popular movement of Nepal in April 2006?
Answer:
The main aim of popular movement of April in Nepal was to restore democracy in Nepal.

Question 4.
What is a pressure group?
Answer:
Pressure group is an organisation that attempts to influence government policies.

Question 5.
What is meant by SPA?
Answer:
SPA means Seven Party Alliance.

Question 6.
Name the ‘Third Wave’ country that had won democracy in 1990. CBSE 2012
Answer:
Nepal was one of the Third Wave’ country that had won democracy in 1990.

Question 7.
Who gave the call for an indefinite strike in Nepal?
Answer:
Seven Party Alliance (SPA) gave the call for an indefinite strike in Nepal.

Question 8.
Name the capital of Nepal.
Answer:
Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal.

Question 9.
With what objective was the second movement of Nepal started?
Answer:
The second movement of Nepal was started to make Nepal a ‘Democratic Country’.

Question 10.
Which country’s struggle has been an inspiration for the lovers of democracy?
Answer:
The struggle of Nepal has been an inspiration for the lovers of democracy.

Question 11.
Where is Bolivia situated?
Answer:
Bolivia is situated in Latin America.

Question 12.
Why was the struggle started in Bolvia in 2000? WBSE 201fl
Answer:
The multinational company immediately increased the price of water four times, and as a result, the struggle was started in Bolivia.

Question 13.
Name the city for which the Bolivian government sold the rights of water supply to a Multi-National Company.
Answer:
The Bolivian government sold their rights for water supply for the city o Cochabamba to a Multi-National Company.

Question 14.
How much times was the price of water increased by the Multi-National Company?
Answer:
The Multi-National Company increased the price of water four times.

Question 15.
What was the average income of the people of Bolivia at the time of water war?
Answer:
The average income of the people of Bolivia then was around 5000 per month.

Question 16.
Who pressurised the government of Bolivia to give up its control on municipal water supply of Cochabamba to a multinational company?
Answer:
The World Bank pressurised the Bolivian government to give up its control of municipal water supply of Cochabamba to a multinational company.

Question 17.
Which organisation led the struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia?
Answer:
FEDECOR.

Question 18.
What was the main role of FEDECOR’ in Bolivia?
Answer:
To protest against water privatisation in Bolivia was the main role of FEDECOR.

Question 19.
Give a point of difference between the movements of Nepal and Bolivia.
Answer:
The movement in Nepal aimed at the restoration of democracy while Bolivia’s movement was to compel the democratic government to honour the wishes of the electorates.

Question 20.
Which organisations were involved in the movement of Nepal?
Answer:
Seven Party Alliance (SPA), Nepalese Commuñist Party, Major Labour Union8, Human Rights Groups, etc.

Question 21.
In which year did the Socialist Party Conic into power in Bolivia?
Answer:
In 2006, the Socialist Party carne into power in Bolivia.

Question 22.
What is a pressure group?
Answer:
Pressure group is an organisation that attempts to influence government policies.

Question 23.
Define the term ‘interest group’.
Answer:
Group that seeks to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society is called interest group.

Question 24.
Give an example of Public interest group.
Answer:
FEDECOR is an example of public interest group.

Question 25.
Are the interest groups or pressure groups the same? Give examples.
Answer:
Yes, interest groups or pressure groups are the same. Examples are-Trade unions,?rofessional bodies, etc.

Question 26.
dive any two features of a pressure group.
Answer:
(i) Organisation
(ii) Universal Character.

Question 27.
Define the term ‘Movement’.
Answer:
A movement is a loose organisation which depends heavily on spontaneous mass participation.

Question 28.
What are the two types of movement groups?
Answer:
Two types of movements are:
(i) Movement with single objective and specific issue for a short period.
(ii) Movement fir a long term with general and broad goal.

Question 29.
Give an example of long-term movement.
Answer:The environmental and the women’s movement are examples of long-term movement.

Question 30.
Why was Narmada Bachao Andolan started?
Answer:
To help people displaced by the creation of Sardur Sarovar dam on the Narmada river.

Question 31.
Give examples of single-issue movement’ and ‘long-term movement’.
Answer:
Single-Issue Movement-Chipko Movement and Long-term Movement-Women’s Empowerment Movement.

Question 32.
Give two examples of ‘Promotional groups’.
Answer:
(i) Human Rights Organisation in Nepal.
(ii) FEDECOR, a Bolivian organisation.

Question 33.
Expand the term BAMCEF.
Answer:
BAMCEF stands for’ Backward And Minority Communities Employees Federation’.

Question 34.
Define the term NAPM.
OR
What is NAPM?
Answer:
National Alliance for Peoples’ Movement (NAPM), is an organisation of organisations.

Question 35.
Name the movement under which three crore trees were planted in Kenya?
Answer:
During Green Belt Movement (or Harit Patti Movement), three crore trees were planted in Kenya.

Question 36.
What is Electorate?
Answer:
Electorate refers to voters who have a right to vote.

Question 37.
What is polarisation?
Answer:
Polarisation refers to the alignment of forces along distinct ideological lines.

Question 38.
Explain any one difference between a pressure group and a political party. (‘RSE 201’s’
Answer:
Pressure groups are organizations that attempt to influence government policies whereas political parties contest elections, form a government and run the government.

Question 39.
How do ‘Pressure groups’ form?
Answer:
Pressure groups are formed when people with common occupations, interests, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

Question 40.
Name any two sectional interest groups.
Answer:
Trade unions, business associations and professional bodies are examples of sectional interest groups.

Question 41.
Name any one political party of India which grew out of a movement.
Answer:
Asom Gana Parishad.

Question 42.
Given an example of any ‘Pressure group’ of India which functions as a branch of a political party.
Answer:
Trade Unions.

Short Answer Type Questions-I

Question 1.
What do you mean by Constitutional Monarchy?
Answer:
A Constitutional Monarchy is a form of government under which the Constitution of the country accepts a popularly elected representative as the head of the state.

Question 2.
When did Nepal become a Constitutional Monarchy?
Answer:
Nepal became a Constitutional monarchy in 1990. Its impact was that the hierarchwl king, who was the real head, became a constitutional head of the state. Now, the power passed into the hands of the elected representatives of the people.

Question 3.
Write a note on the mysterious massacre of 2001 which happened in Nepal.
Answer:
King Birendra accepted the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. But in 2001, a massacre happened in Nepal. King Birendra and the other members of royal family were killed in their palace in this massacre. Later, King Gyanendra became the new king of Nepal.

Question 4.
Write a note on the ‘Water-War of Bolivia. .
Answer:
Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. Under the pressure of World Bank, the government of Bolivia gave up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a Multi-National Company (MNC). The company increased the price of water by four times. Thus, a protest started.

Question 5.
How was the Bolivian struggle different from the movement in Nepal?
Ans.
(i) The movement in Nepal aimed at the restoration of democracy, while Bolivia’s struggle aimed to compel the elected democratic government to honor the wishes of electorates. country, while the Bolivian struggle aimed against the privatization of water.

Question 6.
What are the two different ways of participating in a struggle?
Answer:
There are two ways of participating in a struggle:
(i) Direct Participation: In this, the people directly participate in active politics.
(ii) Indirect Participation: In this, the people try to share power indirectly by forming organisations. .

Question 7.
What do you know about ‘FEDECOR’?
Answer:
In Bolivia, the protest against water privatization was led by an organization called ‘FEDECOR’. This organisation is comprised of local professionals including engineers and environmentalists. This movement was supported by the ‘Socialist Party’.

Question 8.
What are pressure groups?
Answer:
A. Pressure groups are organizations that try to influence government policies. They have no direct control over political power. These organizations are formed by them people of common occupation, opinions and objectives.

Question 9.
What are sectional interest groups?
Answer:
The groups of people who seek to promote the interests of a particular section of society are called Sectional interest groups’. For example- Trade Unions, Business Associations and Professional Groups, etc.

Question 10.
Differentiate between ‘sectional interest groups’ and ‘public interest groups’.
Answer:
Sectional interest groups represent one section of society that needs to be defended. Public interest groups are not about representing the interest of one ection of society. They represent some common interest that needs to be defended. The members of such organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation represents.

Question 11.
What role is played by sectional interest groups in deepening democracy?
Ans.
If one group puts pressure on the government to make policies in its favour, another puts counter pressure not to make policies in the way the first group desires. This leads to balance of power. This is a healthy sign for democracy.

Question 12.
Which groups are known as ‘Promotional groups’ or ‘Public interest groups’?
Answer:
The organisations, which are not about representing the interest of one section of society but which represent some common interests and concerns of ordinary citizens are known as Promotional groups or Public Interest groups.

Question 13.
Explain the meaning of the term BAMCEF. What are its objectives?
OR
What is the main aim of ‘BAMCEF’?
Answer:
BAMCEF stands for ‘Backward And Minority Communities Employees Federation’. Its main objectives are as follows:
(i) It campaigns against caste discrimination.
(ii) Its social concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.

Question 14.
Which are the two forms of movements?
Answer:
The two forms of movements are:
(i) General or Generic Movements:
These movements seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long-term. For example-The Environmental Movement.
(ii) Issue-specific Movements: These seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time. For example-Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Question 15.
How are issue-specific movements different from generic movements? (CBSE 2010)
Answer:
Issue-specific movements referes to specific groups, that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame. Whereas, movements that have more than one issue and seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long term are known as generic movements.

Question 16.
Give the chief features of a movement.
Answer:
(i) A movement has a loose organisation. It depends on mass participation.
(ii) It attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral composition.
(iii) Its decision-making is more informal and flexible.

Question 17.
Why do movements like ‘Chipko Movement have a shorter life as compared to ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’?
Answer:
Initially, ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ started with the specific issue related to rehabilitation of people displaced from the site of the Sardar Sarovar Dam. Later, it started questioning the justification for building of big dams. That’s why, it continued even when Chipko Movement ceased much earlier.

Question 18.
Mention the indirect ways in which people can get governments to listen to their demands.
Answer:

• The people can organise protest meetings.
• They can organise strikes to draw government attention towards their problems.
• Professional lobbyists can be employed.
• People can carry out information campaigns and they can also file petitions.

Question 19.
Distinguish between pressure groups and political parties stating one point of distinction.
Answer:
Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies, and unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power. On the other hand, a political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

Question 20.
In what respect arc trade unions different from social groups?
Answer:
Trade unions work only for the welfare of a particular group of workers while social groups work differently, as they are long-term and involve more than one issue.

Question 21.
In what ways is a movement different from a political party? Mention two differences.
Answer:
(i) Political party seeks to gain power through elections but movement does not seek to gain political power.
(ii) The decision-making process in respect of a movement is informal and flexible.

Question 22.
Give the similarities between movement and political parties.
OR
what respect are movement and political parties related tu each other?
Answer:
(i) Most of the movement groups subscribe to a political ideology without being a political party. For example, AITUC is the labour wing of the Communist party.
(ii) Political parties like ‘Asom Gana Parishad’ were born from a movement.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

Question 1.
Describe the second popular movement fr democracy of Nepal.
OR
Explain the various stages of second movement of democracy in Nepal.
Answer:
In 1990, Nepal won democracy but in 2001 King Gyaiiendra, the new king, was not prepared to accept democracy. In February 2005, the King dismissed the Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. All major political parties in Parliament farmed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called a four-day strike in Ktithrnnndu, the country’s capital. Soon, Maoists awl other organisations also
joined the strike.

The leaders were rigid on three demands:

• Restoration of parliament
• Power to an all-party government
• A new constituent assenibly.

On 24th April 2006, the last day of ultimatum, the king accepted the This struggle is known as Nepal’s second movement Ibr democracy.

Question 2.
What led the people of Bolivia to protest?
Answer:
Due to economic crisis, Bolivian government turned to the World Bank for financial aid. The World Bank pressurised the government to privatise the municipal water supply. The government sold these rights fir the city of Codmbamba to a Multinational Company (MNC). The company immediately increased the prices of water by four times. This led to a mass protest by the people of Bolivia.

Question 3.
What role do mobilisation and organisations play in the popular struggles?
Answer:
The mobilisation and organisations play their role in the popular struggles in the following ways:

• They influence the decisions in a democracy by directly taking part in competitive politics. This is done by the direct way of protest.
• They can also influence the government through indirect ways. They can do 5(1 by forming an organisation. These are called ‘Interest Groups’ or ‘Pressure Groups’.
• Sonwtinìes people decide to act together without forming an organisation. This is the way of ‘Indirect Participation’.

Question 4.
What are ‘Public Interest Groups’? How do they look after the public interests? Explain.
Answer:
The groups that promote the interests of the people of society are known as ‘Public Interest Groups’. These interests may be of a particular section of the society or of the society as a whole. They work for the general good of the society. They work for collective interests and not for selective interests. Their activities are beneficial for the entire society. For example, BAMCEF.

Question 5.
How do pressure groups influence politics? Explain with examples. CBSE 2OJ I
Answer:
Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in various ways:.

• They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and activities by carrying out information campagns, organising meetings, filing petitions.
• Most of these groups try to influence the media into giving more attention to their issues.
• They organise protest activities like strikes or disrupting government programmes. Business groups often employ professional lobbyists.
• Some members from pressure groups participate in official bodies and communities that offer advice to the government.
• The pressure groups arc either formed or led by the leaders of political parties or act as extended arms of political parties.
• Sometimes, political parties grow out of movenwnts.
• In most cases the relationship between parties and movenwnts is not so direct. They often take positions that are opposed to each other.

Question 6.
How do pressure groups and movements exert pressure on politics? Explain with an example.
OR
Explain three ways under which pressure groups exert influence on politics.
Answer:
Pressure groups try to gain publie support and, sympathy for their goals :

• They often organise ProI(’st activity like strikes.
• Ilusiness groups olteit employ professional lobbyists.
• Some persons from movement groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer advise to the government.
• In some instances, the pressure groups are formed or led by the leaders of political parties.
• Sometimes political parties grow out of movements.
• In most cases, the relationship between parties and interest groups is not so direct.
• They often take positions that are opposed to each other.

Question 7.
Explain how the relationship between political parties and pressure groups can take different forms.
Answer:
The relationship between political parties and pressure groups can take different forms:

• Generally, pressure groups do not directly engage in politics, they seek to exert influence on political parties.
• Some pressure groups have political ideology and political position on major issues.
• In some cases, the pressure groups are either formed or led by leaders of the political parties.
• Most of the trade unions and students’ organisations are either established by one or the other major political parties.
• Sometimes, political parties grow out of movements.
• When the Assam movement led by students against the ‘Foreigners’ came to an end, it led to the formation of the Asom Gana Parishad.
• The DMR and the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can be traced to a long drawn social reform movement during 1930 s and 1940s.

Question 8.
“Popular struggles do not end with the establishment of democracy, they are integral part of the working of a democracy.” Explain this statement with reference to the struggle in Bolivia. WBSE 20 lii
Answer:
The popular struggle for establishing democracy in Nepal and the peoples struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia remind us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy:

• It is only in democracy that different individual groups can express their feelings. It they do not agree with policies of the government, they can oppose it with all their might. They can start struggles to achieve their goal.
• As you have seen in the case of Nepal, many organisation were involved in the struggle other than political parties.
• The protest against water privatisation in Bolivia was not led by any political party. It was led by an organisation called FEDECOR.
• This organisation comprised local professional, including engineers and environmentalists. They were supported by a federation of farmers also.
• The struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected democratic government, while the struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the countrys politics.
• Both these struggles were successful.

Question 9.
What are the main characteristics of pressure groups?
Answer:
The main characteristics of pressure groups are following:

• Pressure groups exist in all the countries. But, they have more opportunities to play an active role in democratic countries.
• They work in an organised manner to get their interests fulfilled through government and administration.
• To promote their interests, they try to influence government policies and programmes.
• They are non-political in character.
• They are extra-constitutional bodies.
• They never feel obliged towards any individual or institution.

Question 10.
What is an Interest group? When does an Interest group change into a pressure group?
Answer:
In a society, there are people having different interests – lawyers, teachers, doctors, students, capitalists, businessmen, workers and other professional groups. etc. When people having a common interest organise themselves, they form an Interest group. When any interest group begins seeking government help for the promotion of its interests and tries to influence the members of the legislature in such a way as to keep the interests of the group in mind while passing any law on framing any policy, it changes itself into a pressure group. Pressure groups pressurise the government to promote the interest of its members and prevents it from working against their interests.

Question 11.
how do pressure groups and movements influence politics ? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Pressure groups and movements try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activities by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc.

• They try to influence the media into giving more attention to their views.
• They often organise protest activities like strikes or disrupting government programmes.
• Business groups often employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements.
• Some persons from pressure groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer advice to the government.
• Sometimes, political parties grow out of movements.

Question 12.
Analyze the role of popular struggles in the development of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy evolves through popular struggles. It is possible, that some significant decisions may take place through consensus and may not involve any conflict at all.

• Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institution like the Parliament or the judiciary.
• These conflicts and mobilisations are based on new political organisations.
• There is an element of spontaneity in all such historic movements.

Question 13.
Explain any two similarities and two dissimilarities between struggles in Nepal and Bolivia.
Answer:
Similaritìes:

• Popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia are instances of political conflict that led to struggles.
• In both cases, the struggle involved mass mobilisation.
• Public demonstratio of mass support clinched the dispute.
• In both instances, critical role of political orgsnisations was involved.

Dissimilarities:

• The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy while the struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected government.
• The struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country’s politics, while the struggle in Bolivia was about one specific policy.
• Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in brief the chief features pf the struggle for democracy in Nepal.
Answer:
Geographical Position: Nepal is a Himalayan kingdom in South Asia. It is a land locked country. It shares a common boundary with India in the North. Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world lies in Nepal.

Background:
Nepal won democracy in 1990. The king was made the constitutional monarch while the real powers went into the hands of elected representatives. King Birendra of Nepal was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family• in 2001. Then the King Gyanendra was not willing to accept democratic rule. In February 2005, he dismissed the Prime Minister and dissolved the Parliament.

Movement:
In April 2006, a movement was started to restore democracy. All the major political parties formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA). The Maoists and other organisations also joined hands in the movement.

Establishment of Democracy:
24 April 2006 was the last day of ultimatum. The king was forced to accept the demands. Girija Prasad Koirala was appointed the new Prime Minister of the interim government. This struggle is known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy.

Question 2.
How are popular struggles an integral part of democracy? Describe with an example of Bolivia’s struggle for water.
Answer:
We know that popular struggles are an important part of democracy. It is only in a democratic system that various individual groups can express their true feelings and if they do not agree with the policies and programmes of the government, they can oppose it with all their power and even start popular struggles to acheive their goals. Many struggles were started by depressed classes, workers and women and they acheived their goals. Narmada Bachao Andolan was one such movement.

Example:
Bolivia’s Struggle for Water: In Bolivia, the movement for drinking water was such a popular movement. Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. Due to economic crisis, the Bolivian government turned to the World Bank for financial aid. The World Bank pressurised the government to privatise the municipal water supply. The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a Multi-National Company (MNC). The company immediately increased the prices of water by four times. This affected the poor people of the country severely. This resulted in non-payment of water hills by the poor families and the company cut-off their supplies of water.

This led to a spontaneous popular protest by the people of the country. In January 2000, various labour, human rights and community leaders joined together to protest against the privatisation of water. They organised various strikes in the country. At last, the agitation of the people forced the government to agree to their demand and the contract with the Multi-National Company was cancelled. As a conclusion we can say that expression of dissatisfaction with the government shows the success of the democratic set up.

Question 3.
ExpIin the chief features each of sectional interest groups and public interest groups.
Answer:
Features of sectional groups:

• They seek Lo promote the interest of a particular section of society.
• They are sectional groups because they represent a section of a society.
• They promote selective good and are concerned only about the interest of their section of the society.
• Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not of society in general.
• Trade unions, business associations and professional bodies are sorne examples of this type.

Features of public interest groups:

• They seek to promote the collective interest rather than selective ones.
• They are public groups because they represent the general people of the society.
• They promote collective good and are concerned with welfare of the society and not just their own members
• A group fighting against bonded labour fights not for itself but for all those tho are suffering under such bondage.
• In some instances, the members of a public interest group may undertake activities that benefit them as well as others too. For example, BAMCEF.

Question 4.
What conclusions can be drawn from the popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia’s struggle for water?
Answer:
The below-mentioned conclusions can be drawn from the two popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia:
(i) Democracy Develops through Popular Struggles: It is a fact that democracy develops through popular struggles. Sometimes decisions that are taken in a democratic system may result in conflicts between those groups who are in power, and those, who desire a share in power. Such instances occur during transition to democracy, expansion of democracy, or strengthening of democracy.

(ii) Democratic Conflict is Resolved through Mass Mobilisation: Nepal and Bolivia’s popular struggles show that role of the people in resolving a serious dispute where the demo cratic institutions such as the Parliament or the judiciary are involved, is impor tant. In such cases, the analysis has to come from outside, from the people. This has happened in Bolivia as well as in Nepal. There was mass mobilisation against the decision of the govern ment in both the countries.

(iii) Organised Politics: These types of struggles and mobilisation are the forms of political organisation, and although there is spontaneous public participation, it can become effective only through organised politics. The agencies for organised politics are political parties, pressure groups and movement groups.

Map Work

Question
Show Nepal and Bolivia on an outline map of the world.
Answer: