Haryana State Board HBSE 10th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Life Processes Notes.
Haryana Board 10th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Life Processes
The base of differentiating living organisms and non-living things:
Movement is one of the basic criterions to identify life. All living organisms show movement without any external help.
Molecular movement:
The movements of molecules within living organisms which we cannot see through our naked eyes but are critical for carrying life processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, excretion, etc. are called molecular movements.
Life processes:
All living organisms perform certain important functions to maintain their survival. These main functions are called life processes.
The main life processes are:
- Nutrition
- Respiration
- Transportation,
- Excretion
- Control and coordination
- Movement and
- Reproduction.
Nutrition:
The process of transferring a source of energy which we call food, from outside the body of the organism to the inside is called nutrition.
Autotrophic nutrition:
The mode of ‘nutrition’ in which the organism ‘itself’ synthesizes its own food from the simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water with the help of the sunlight, is called autotrophic nutrition.
Photosynthesis:
The process by which the green plants make their own food by converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic nutrition:
The mode of nutrition in which the living organisms cannot synthesis their own food material from the simple inorganic material is known as Heterotrophic nutrition.
Types:
- Saprophytic nutrition
- Parasitic nutrition,
- Holozoic nutrition
Saprophytic nutrition:
Some organisms break down the complex food material outside their bodies and then absorb it. Such a mode of nutrition is called saprophytic nutrition. Example: Bacteria, fungi, yeast, mushrooms.
Holozoic nutrition:
Some organisms undertake either a part or whole of animals or plants and then break down such sources inside their bodies. Such nutrition is known as holozoic nutrition. Example: Human beings, dog.
Parasitic nutrition:
The organisms that live inside or outside of other organisms and obtain nutrition from them are known as parasites. The mode of their nutrition is called parasitic nutrition. Example: Several bacteria, lice, tape warm, ascaris, cuscuta (plant).
Nutrition in Human Beings:
The main functions of human digestive system are:
- Ingestion: To take in food,
- Digestion: Converting food into small, simple and absorbable molecules,
- Absorption: To absorb the digested food,
- Egestion: To remove the undigested food from the body
The main organs of the human digestive system are : Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
The main glands associated with digestion are: Salivary gland, liver and pancreas.
Respiration:
The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body, and use it in the process of break-down of food-sources for cellular needs, is known as respiration. There are two types of respiration:
- Aerobic respiration and
- Anaerobic respiration
Breathing:
- The function of human respiratory system is to breathe in O2 and to breathe out CO2.
- The alternate process of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation) is known as breathing.
Transportation:
The process through which absorbed substances are transported to various parts of the body is called transportation.
In humans, heart does works as a pump for pumping the blood throughout the body. It is made up of four chambers.
Evolution of heart:
- Fishes have 2-Chambered heart,
- Amphibians and reptiles have 3-Chambered heart and
- Birds and mammals including humans have 4-Chambered heart
Blood vessels:
Closed hollow tubes which transport blood from the heart to different organs and from different organs to the heart are called blood vessels. There are three types of blood vessels. They are:
- Arteries
- Veins and
- Blood capillaries
Lymph: Lymph is a colourless fluid which is also involved in transportation. It is also called tissue fluid. It consists of plasma and proteins.
Transportation in Plants Plants have two transport systems:
(A) Xylem – For transporting water and minerals,
(B) Phloem – For transporting food material produced by the plants
Process of transport:
- Through diffusion and
- Through conduction (transpiration)
Translocation:
The transportation of food and other substances i.e. the soluble products of photosynthesis is known as translocation.
Excretion:
Waste materials produced in various cells of the body are removed by the process of excretion.
- Human excretory system is made up of the following organs:
(a) A pair of kidneys, (b) A pair of ureter, (c) A urinary bladder and (d) A urethra - The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from the blood.
- Urine contains nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid which are removed from blood in the kidneys.
Excretion in plants:
For plants, oxygen is one of the end products of photosynthesis and can also be considered