Haryana State Board HBSE 9th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
Haryana Board 9th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World
HBSE 9th Class Social Science History Pastoralists in the Modern World TextBook Questions and Answers
Pastoralists In The Modern World Class 9 Questions And Answers HBSE Question 1.
Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement?
Answer:
Nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another to earn their living. They do not have a permanent place to live on. With changes in seasons, they change their places. The Gujar Bakafwals of Jammu and Kashmir come down to the plains during winter and climb up to the hills during the summer. In plains, plateaus and deserts they keep moving from one area to another.
The nomadic tribes moved to newer places so to obtain new. avenues for their livelihood The search for pastureland takes these nomads to other, places. The environment is affected and positively affected by such movements. The nomadic and pastoral communities keep clean the environment and remove the harmful from the places, where they stay. They, thus, keep the environment clean.
Pastoralism In India Class 9 HBSE Question 2.
Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the. law changed the lives of pastoralists:
- Waste Land rules
- Forest Acts.
- Ciminal Tribes Act
- Grazing Tax.
Answer:
The colonial government in India brought, during their regime, numerous laws which changed the lives of the pastoralists. This is substantiated by the following:
(i) Wasteland Rules were enacted. By these rules, uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. In some places, the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists. This meant the decline of the pastures, and hence problems for the pastoralists who had to either change ^ to other professions of reducing their cattle x- number.
(ii) Forest Acts passed by the colonial government disallowed the pastoralists any access to the forests. Accordingly, their movements were restricted severely. They could remain in the forests for a limited time, and if they overstayed, they were punished. Their use of forests was restricted.
(iii) Criminal Tribes Act was another restriction on pastoralists. The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 classified certain communities to be criminal by nature and by birth; they were to live only in notified village settlements and not to move out without a permit. The village police kept a vigil on them.
(iv) The colonial government levied a. grazing lax in, mid T9th century. Then , contractors were given permits to collect taxes ‘ and extracted the tax from the pastoralists at their will.
Pastoralism In Africa Class 9 HBSE Question 3.
Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.
Ans.
The following may be stated as some of the major reasons responsible for the loss of grazing lands by the Maasais:
1. With an international boundary between British Kenya and the German Tanganyika in 1885, the Maasai pastoralists were pushed into a small area in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. The Massai lost about 60% of their pre-colonial land, now confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures.
2. From the late nineteenth century, the British colonial government in east. Africa also encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields, in pre-colonial times, the Maasai. pastoralists had dominated their agricultural neighbors both economically and politically. By the end of colonial rule the situation had reserved.
3. Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game, reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas. Very often these reserves were in areas that had. traditionally been regular grazing grounds for Maasai herds.
Pastoralists In The Modern World Class 9 Notes HBSE Question 4.
There are many similarities in the way in which the modem world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes that were similar for the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.
Answer:
There are true, numerous similarities in the way in which the modem world forced, changes in the lives of the nomadic and pastoral communities. The following are the two such examples that were similar for the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders:
1. The colonial governments put restrictions on the movement of the pastoralists in India and in East Africa so that they coujd not make use of the forests; they were not allowed grazing of the animals; they were not to use the forest land for their domestic purpose.
2. The colonial governments encouraged Cultivation by individual peasants, restricting pasture land for the nomadic/ pastoral communities.
HBSE 9th Class Socia Science History Pastoralists in the Modem World Important Questions and Answers
Pastoralists In The Modern World Class 9 HBSE Question 1.
Who are nomads?
Answer:
Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to their living.
Question 2.
Who are the Gujjar Bakarwals and to which place in India do they belong?
Answer:
The Gujjar Bakarwals are great herders of goats and sheep. They belong to Jammu and Kashmir.
Question 3.
What are burials?
Answer:
Burials are the vast meadows in the high mountains.
Question 4.
What do you mean by Bhabar?
Answer:
Bhabar is a dry forested area below the foothills of Garhwal and Kurhaus.
Question 5.
Who are the Dhangars?
Answer:
The Dhangars were an important pastoral community, of Maharashtra.
Question 6.
What are the economic activities of the Dhangars?
Answer:
Most of the fhoOhasvgats ate shepherds, some are blanket weavers and others are buffalo herders.
Question 7.
Mention the usual activities of the Gollas, the Kurumas, and the Kurubas.
Answer:
The Gollas herd the cattle, the Kurumas and the Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold women blankets.
Question 8.
What do the Raikas do?
Answer:
The Raikas of Rajasthan usually combines cultivation with pastoralism.
Question 9.
Why are certain rights called customary rights?
Answer:
Those rights possessed by the people through customs and traditions are called customary rights.
Question 10.
Which forests are described as ‘Reserved Forests’?
Answer:
Reserved forests are. those which are permanently earmarked either to the production of timber or other forest produce. Grazing is seldom
allowed in such forests.
Question 11.
Which forests are described as ‘Protected Forests’?
Answer:
Protected forests are those in which grazing rights are allowed subject to a few minor restrictions. ,
Question 12.
When was the Criminal Tribes Act passed by the colonial government?
Answer:
The colonial government passed the Criminal Tribes Act in 1871.
Question 13.
Who are nomads? How do they live?
Answer:
Nomads are people who do not live in one place. They move from place fo place to earn their living. In many parts of India, we see the nomads on the move with their herds of goats, and sheep, or camel and cattle.
Question 14.
Write a brief note about the Guj jar Bakarwals.
Answer:
The Gujjar Bakarwals is a nomadic community. It belongs to Jammu and Kashmir. They move between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter, when the high mountains are covered with snow, they come to live with their herds in the low hills of the Shiwalik range and enter the valley of Kashmir. With the onset of summer, the snow melt and the mountainsides arelush green. By end September the Bakarwals are on the move, again, this time on their downwards journey, back to their winter base.
Question 15.
Bring out the factors through which pastoral groups could sustain their life in different conditions.
Answer:
The life of the pastoral groups is sustained through a host of factors. These groups alone have to judge how long the herds could stay in one area and know where they could find water and pasture. They need to calculate the timing of their movements and ensure that they could move through different territories. They have to set up a relationship with farmers on the way, so that the herds could graze in harvested fields and manure the soil. They combine a range of different activities-cultivation, trade, and herding-to, make their living.
Question 16.
How did the changes brought out by the colonial government affect the lives of pastoralists?
Answer:
The colonial government made changes that affected the lives of the pastoralists. When grazing lands were taken avvay and turned into cultivated fields, the ‘available area of pasture land declined. Similarly, the reservation of forests meant that shepherds and cattle herders could no longer freely pasture their cattle in the forests. As pasturelands disappeared under the plow, the existing animal stock had to feed on whatever grazing land remained. This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures. Underfed cattle died in large numbers during, scarcities and famines.
Question 17.
Write a brief note on pastoralism in Africa.
Answer:
Africa is a continent where over half of the world’s pastoral population lives. Even today, over 22 million Africans depend, directly or indirectly, on some form of pastoral activity for their livelihood, They include communities like Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran and Turkana. Most of them now live in the semi-arid grasslands or arid deserts where rainfed agriculture is difficult.
They raise cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys; and they sell milk, meat, animal skin and wool. Some also earn through trade and transport, others combine pastoral activity with agriculture; still others do a variety of odd jobs to supplement their meagre and uncertain earnings from pastoralism.
Question 18.
Explain the word ‘Maasai’.
Answer:
The title Maasai derives from the world Maa. Maa-sai ‘My People’. The Maasai are traditionally nomadic and pastoral people who depend on milk and meat for subsistence.
Q.19.
Briefly describe the life, of the Gujars of Kangra.
Answer:
The Gujars of Kangra are a pastrol tribe. They cultivate scarcely at ail. The Guddis keep flock of sheep and goats and the Gujar’s, wealth consists of buffaloes. These people live in the skirts of the forests, and maintain their existence exclusively by the sale of the milk, ghee, and other produce of their herds. The men graze the cattle, and frequently lie out for weeks in the woods tending their herds.
The women move to the markets e very morning with baiskets on their heads, with little earthen pots filled with milk, butter-milk and ghee, each of these pots containing the proportion required for a day’s meal. During the hot weather, the Gujars usually drive their herds to the Upper range, where the buffaloes rejoice in the rich grass which the rains bring forth and at the same time attain conditions from the temperate climate and the immunity from venomous flies that torment their existence in the plains.
Question 20.
How did the Dhangars live their life ? Explain.
Answer:
The Dhangars are a nomadic community of Maharashtra. In the early twentieth century their population in this region whs estimated to be 467,000. Most of them were shepherds, some were blanket weavers, and still others were buffalo herders. The Dhangar shepherds stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. This was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil.
It was covered with thorny scrub. In the monsoon this tract became a vast grazing ground for the Dhangar flocks. By October the Dahangars harvested their bajra and started on their move west. After a march of about a month they reached the Konkan. This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here the shepherds were welcomed by Konkani peasants. After the kharif harvest was cut at this time, the fields had to be fertilized and madeready for the rabi harvest.
Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the stubble. The Kbnkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to tire plateau where gram was scarce. With the onset of the monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with their flocks and, returned to their settlements on the dry plateau.
Question 21.
What was the grazing tax? How did the colonial government extract such a -tax from the pastoral communities?
Answer:
The colonial government, in India as elsewhere, looked for any and every possible source of taxation. So tax was imposed on land, on canal water, On salt, on trade goods; and even on animals. Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. In most pastoral tracts of India, a grazing tax was introduced in the mid-nineteenth century. The tax per head of cattle went up rapidly and the system of the collection was made increasingly efficient.
In the decades between the 185s and 1880s the right to collect the tax was auctioned out to contractors. These contractors tried to extract as high a tax as they could to recover the money they had paid to the state and earn/ as much profit as they could within the year.
By the 1980s the government began collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists. Each of them was given a pass. To enter a grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the pass and pay the tax. The number of cattle heads he had and the amount of tax he paid was entered on the pass.
Question 22.
What were the measures introduced by the British in Maasai ?
Answer:
To administer the affairs of the Maasai, the British introduced a series of measures that had important implications. They appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe. The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare.
Consequently, the traditional authority of beth elders and warriors was adversely affected. The chiefs appointed by the colonial government often accumulated wealth over time. They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land. They lent money to poor neighbours who needed cash to pay taxes.
Many of them began living in towns, and became involved in trade. Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals. These Chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought. They had both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
But the life history of the poor pastoralists who depended only on their livestock was different. Most often, they did not have the resources to tide overbad times. In times of war and famine, they lost nearly everything. They had to go looking for work in the towns. Some lived as charcoal burners, others did odd jobs.
Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Choose right (✓) or wrong (✗) from the following:
(i) Nomads keep moving from one place to another.
(ii) The Gaddi Shephards belong the Jammu and Kashmir.
(iii) Dhangaxs were a pastoral community of Maharashtra.
(iv) Rabi is harvested after September.
(v) Raikas are a nomadic tribe of Raj.
Answer:
(i) (✓)
(ii) (✗)
(iii) (✓)
(iv) (✗)
(v) (✓).
Question 2.
Fill in the blanks from the words given in the brackets:
(i) ………….. constitute an African pastoral tribe. (Maasai, Guj jars)
(ii) ………….. constitute an Indian pastoral tribe. (Somalis, Dhangars)
(iii) Kharif is a …………. crop. (spring, autumn)
(iv) Raika Maru are expert in …………… training. (elephant, camel)
(v) Pushkar is in the state of ……………. (Rajashtan, Maharashtra)
Answer:
(i) Maasai
(ii) Dhangars
(iii) autumn
(iv) camel
(v) Rajasthan.
Question 3.
Choose the correct answer from the alternatives below:
(i) One of the following is a pastoral tribe of Jammu and Kashmir:
(a) Bakarwals
(b) Gaddis
(c) Dhangars
(d) Banjaras
Answer:
(a) Bakarwals
(ii) One of the following belongs to the Rajsthan pastoral communities:
(a) Kuruman
(b) Raikas
(с) Goals
(d) Kurubas
Answer:
(b) Raikas
(iii) The Criminal Tribals Act was passed by the colonial government in:
(a) 1869
(b) 1870
(c) 1871
(d) 1872
Answer:
(c) 1871
(iv) One of the following is not an African pastoral community:
(a) Kuruman
(b) Maasai
(c) Boran
(d) Turkana
Answer:
(d) Turkana